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Robinson JW, Roberts WW, Matzger AJ. Kidney stone growth through the lens of Raman mapping. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10834. [PMID: 38734821 PMCID: PMC11088632 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61652-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Bulk composition of kidney stones, often analyzed with infrared spectroscopy, plays an essential role in determining the course of treatment for kidney stone disease. Though bulk analysis of kidney stones can hint at the general causes of stone formation, it is necessary to understand kidney stone microstructure to further advance potential treatments that rely on in vivo dissolution of stones rather than surgery. The utility of Raman microscopy is demonstrated for the purpose of studying kidney stone microstructure with chemical maps at ≤ 1 µm scales collected for calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, uric acid, and struvite stones. Observed microstructures are discussed with respect to kidney stone growth and dissolution with emphasis placed on < 5 µm features that would be difficult to identify using alternative techniques including micro computed tomography. These features include thin concentric rings of calcium oxalate monohydrate within uric acid stones and increased frequency of calcium oxalate crystals within regions of elongated crystal growth in a brushite stone. We relate these observations to potential concerns of clinical significance including dissolution of uric acid by raising urine pH and the higher rates of brushite stone recurrence compared to other non-infectious kidney stones.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - William W Roberts
- Division of Endourology, Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Adam J Matzger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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2
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De Coninck V, Skolarikos A, Juliebø-Jones P, Joris M, Traxer O, Keller EX. Advancements in stone classification: unveiling the beauty of urolithiasis. World J Urol 2024; 42:46. [PMID: 38244083 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-023-04746-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Urolithiasis has become increasingly prevalent, leading to higher disability-adjusted life years and deaths. Various stone classification systems have been developed to enhance the understanding of lithogenesis, aid urologists in treatment decisions, and predict recurrence risk. The aim of this manuscript is to provide an overview of different stone classification criteria. METHODS Two authors conducted a review of literature on studies relating to the classification of urolithiasis. A narrative synthesis for analysis of the studies was used. RESULTS Stones can be categorized based on anatomical position, size, medical imaging features, risk of recurrence, etiology, composition, and morphoconstitutional analysis. The first three mentioned offer a straightforward approach to stone classification, directly influencing treatment recommendations. With the routine use of CT imaging before treatment, precise details like anatomical location, stone dimensions, and Hounsfield Units can be easily determined, aiding treatment planning. In contrast, classifying stones based on risk of recurrence and etiology is more complex due to dependencies on multiple variables, including stone composition and morphology. A classification system based on morphoconstitutional analysis, which combines morphological stone appearance and chemical composition, has demonstrated its value. It allows for the rapid identification of crystalline phase principles, the detection of crystalline conversion processes, the determination of etiopathogenesis, the recognition of lithogenic processes, the assessment of crystal formation speed, related recurrence rates, and guidance for selecting appropriate treatment modalities. CONCLUSIONS Recognizing that no single classification system can comprehensively cover all aspects, the integration of all classification approaches is essential for tailoring urolithiasis patient-specific management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent De Coninck
- Department of Urology, Augustijnslei 100, Klina, 2930, Brasschaat, AZ, Belgium.
- Young Academic Urologists (YAU), Urolithiasis and Endourology Working Party, Arnhem, The Netherlands.
| | - Andreas Skolarikos
- Department of Urology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Manu Joris
- Faculty of Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Olivier Traxer
- GRC N°20, Groupe de Recherche Clinique sur la Lithiase Urinaire, Hôpital Tenon, Sorbonne Université, Arnhem, The Netherlands
- Service d'Urologie, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Tenon, Sorbonne Université, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Etienne Xavier Keller
- Young Academic Urologists (YAU), Urolithiasis and Endourology Working Party, Arnhem, The Netherlands
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Elagamy SH, Sommer AJ, Williams JC. Sample preparation and analysis protocols for the elucidation of structure and chemical distribution in kidney stones. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 305:123561. [PMID: 37866258 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Examining intact kidney stones both qualitatively and quantitatively can be difficult due to their size and fragility. Many modern analysis methods often lead to the destruction of the stone's structure during sample preparation. Preserving the structural integrity is crucial for accurately determining the chemical distribution of the components of kidney stones, which, in turn, improves our understanding of the disease's etiology. Infrared microspectroscopy and imaging play a vital role in revealing the stone's microstructure and component distribution. Consequently, this research focuses on investigating the impact of different sample preparation techniques on kidney stone analysis using infrared microspectroscopy. Specifically, it explores how polishing the surface of cross-sectioned stones influences the results. The polishing was performed utilizing abrasive discs and lapping films. A polishing device was also designed for the optimization of sample preparation. Additionally, this work involved a comparison of reflection infrared imaging with Attenuated Total Internal Reflection (ATR) infrared microspectroscopic imaging for the analysis of the microstructure of urinary stones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar H Elagamy
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
| | - André J Sommer
- Molecular Microspectroscopy Laboratory, Miami University, Oxford, USA
| | - James C Williams
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Liu H, Jiang H, Liu X, Wang X. Physicochemical understanding of biomineralization by molecular vibrational spectroscopy: From mechanism to nature. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2023; 3:20230033. [PMID: 38264681 PMCID: PMC10742219 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20230033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
The process and mechanism of biomineralization and relevant physicochemical properties of mineral crystals are remarkably sophisticated multidisciplinary fields that include biology, chemistry, physics, and materials science. The components of the organic matter, structural construction of minerals, and related mechanical interaction, etc., could help to reveal the unique nature of the special mineralization process. Herein, the paper provides an overview of the biomineralization process from the perspective of molecular vibrational spectroscopy, including the physicochemical properties of biomineralized tissues, from physiological to applied mineralization. These physicochemical characteristics closely to the hierarchical mineralization process include biological crystal defects, chemical bonding, atomic doping, structural changes, and content changes in organic matter, along with the interface between biocrystals and organic matter as well as the specific mechanical effects for hardness and toughness. Based on those observations, the special physiological properties of mineralization for enamel and bone, as well as the possible mechanism of pathological mineralization and calcification such as atherosclerosis, tumor micro mineralization, and urolithiasis are also reviewed and discussed. Indeed, the clearly defined physicochemical properties of mineral crystals could pave the way for studies on the mechanisms and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Xuemei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
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LaLone V, Smith D, Diaz-Espinosa J, Rosania GR. Quantitative Raman chemical imaging of intracellular drug-membrane aggregates and small molecule drug precipitates in cytoplasmic organelles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 202:115107. [PMID: 37769851 PMCID: PMC10841539 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Raman confocal microscopes have been used to visualize the distribution of small molecule drugs within different subcellular compartments. This visualization allows the discovery, characterization, and detailed analysis of the molecular transport phenomena underpinning the Volume of Distribution - a key parameter governing the systemic pharmacokinetics of small molecule drugs. In the specific case of lipophilic small molecules with large Volumes of Distribution, chemical imaging studies using Raman confocal microscopes have revealed how weakly basic, poorly soluble drug molecules can accumulate inside cells by forming stable, supramolecular complexes in association with cytoplasmic membranes or by precipitating out within organelles. To study the self-assembly and function of the resulting intracellular drug inclusions, Raman chemical imaging methods have been developed to measure and map the mass, concentration, and ionization state of drug molecules at a microscopic, subcellular level. Beyond the field of drug delivery, Raman chemical imaging techniques relevant to the study of microscopic drug precipitates and drug-lipid complexes which form inside cells are also being developed by researchers with seemingly unrelated scientific interests. Highlighting advances in data acquisition, calibration methods, and computational data management and analysis tools, this review will cover a decade of technological developments that enable the conversion of spectral signals obtained from Raman confocal microscopes into new discoveries and information about previously unknown, concentrative drug transport pathways driven by soluble-to-insoluble phase transitions occurring within the cytoplasmic organelles of eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vernon LaLone
- Cambium Analytica Research Laboratories, Traverse City, MI, United States
| | - Doug Smith
- Cambium Analytica Research Laboratories, Traverse City, MI, United States
| | - Jennifer Diaz-Espinosa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Gus R Rosania
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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Yang E, Kim JH, Tressler CM, Shen XE, Brown DR, Johnson CC, Hahm TH, Barman I, Glunde K. RaMALDI: Enabling simultaneous Raman and MALDI imaging of the same tissue section. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 239:115597. [PMID: 37597501 PMCID: PMC10544780 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Multimodal tissue imaging techniques that integrate two complementary modalities are powerful discovery tools for unraveling biological processes and identifying biomarkers of disease. Combining Raman spectroscopic imaging (RSI) and matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to obtain fused images with the advantages of both modalities has the potential of providing spatially resolved, sensitive, specific biomolecular information, but has so far involved two separate sample preparations, or even consecutive tissue sections for RSI and MALDI MSI, resulting in images with inherent disparities. We have developed RaMALDI, a streamlined, integrated, multimodal imaging workflow of RSI and MALDI MSI, performed on a single tissue section with one sample preparation protocol. We show that RaMALDI imaging of various tissues effectively integrates molecular information acquired from both RSI and MALDI MSI of the same sample, which will drive discoveries in cell biology, biomedicine, and pathology, and advance tissue diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Yang
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Jeong Hee Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Caitlin M Tressler
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Xinyi Elaine Shen
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Dalton R Brown
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Cole C Johnson
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Tae-Hun Hahm
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Ishan Barman
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
| | - Kristine Glunde
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA; Departments of Oncology and Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
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Sofińska-Chmiel W, Goliszek M, Drewniak M, Nowicka A, Kuśmierz M, Adamczuk A, Malinowska P, Maciejewski R, Tatarczak-Michalewska M, Blicharska E. Chemical Studies of Multicomponent Kidney Stones Using the Modern Advanced Research Methods. Molecules 2023; 28:6089. [PMID: 37630341 PMCID: PMC10458485 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Defining the kidney stone composition is important for determining a treatment plan, understanding etiology and preventing recurrence of nephrolithiasis, which is considered as a common, civilization disease and a serious worldwide medical problem. The aim of this study was to investigate the morphology and chemical composition of multicomponent kidney stones. The identification methods such as infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and electron microscopy with the EDX detector were presented. The studies by the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were also carried out for better understanding of their chemical structure. The chemical mapping by the FTIR microscopy was performed to show the distribution of individual chemical compounds that constitute the building blocks of kidney stones. The use of modern research methods with a particular emphasis on the spectroscopic methods allowed for a thorough examination of the subject of nephrolithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Sofińska-Chmiel
- Analytical Laboratory, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie Skłodowska University, Maria Curie Skłodowska Sq. 2, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Marta Goliszek
- Analytical Laboratory, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie Skłodowska University, Maria Curie Skłodowska Sq. 2, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Marek Drewniak
- Analytical Laboratory, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie Skłodowska University, Maria Curie Skłodowska Sq. 2, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Aldona Nowicka
- Analytical Laboratory, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie Skłodowska University, Maria Curie Skłodowska Sq. 2, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Marcin Kuśmierz
- Analytical Laboratory, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie Skłodowska University, Maria Curie Skłodowska Sq. 2, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Adamczuk
- Institute of Agrophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4 Str., 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Paulina Malinowska
- Analytical Laboratory, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie Skłodowska University, Maria Curie Skłodowska Sq. 2, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ryszard Maciejewski
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4 Str., 20-090 Lublin, Poland
- Institute of Health Sciences, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Kostantynów 1 H Str., 20-708 Lublin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Tatarczak-Michalewska
- Department of Pathobiochemistry and Interdisciplinary Applications of Ion Chromatography, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki Str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Eliza Blicharska
- Department of Pathobiochemistry and Interdisciplinary Applications of Ion Chromatography, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki Str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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8
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Quantitative analysis of calcium oxalate monohydrate and dihydrate for elucidating the formation mechanism of calcium oxalate kidney stones. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282743. [PMID: 36893192 PMCID: PMC9997882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We sought to identify and quantitatively analyze calcium oxalate (CaOx) kidney stones on the order of micrometers, with a focus on the quantitative identification of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) and dihydrate (COD). We performed Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and microfocus X-ray computed tomography measurements (microfocus X-ray CT) and compared their results. An extended analysis of the FTIR spectrum focusing on the 780 cm-1 peak made it possible to achieve a reliable analysis of the COM/COD ratio. We succeeded in the quantitative analysis of COM/COD in 50-μm2 areas by applying microscopic FTIR for thin sections of kidney stones, and by applying microfocus X-ray CT system for bulk samples. The analysis results based on the PXRD measurements with micro-sampling, the microscopic FTIR analysis of thin sections, and the microfocus X-ray CT system observation of a bulk kidney stone sample showed roughly consistent results, indicating that all three methods can be used complementarily. This quantitative analysis method evaluates the detailed CaOx composition on the preserved stone surface and provides information on the stone formation processes. This information clarifies where and which crystal phase nucleates, how the crystals grow, and how the transition from the metastable phase to the stable phase proceeds. The phase transition affects the growth rate and hardness of kidney stones and thus provides crucial clues to the kidney stone formation process.
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Xie H, Wang R, Xie L, Wang X, Liu C. Study on the pathogenesis and prevention strategies of kidney stones based on GC-MS combined with metabolic pathway analysis. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9387. [PMID: 36039746 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Most kidney stone composition analyses include organic compounds, and only few organic volatile compounds have been reported. METHODS In the present study, a novel approach for studying the pathogenesis and prevention of kidney stones was established. First, common organic volatile compounds were detected using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in 137 kidney stone samples. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database and MetaboAnalyst 5.0 software were then used to analyze the metabolic pathways associated with the development of kidney stones. RESULTS The metabolic pathway analysis of the common component cholesterol revealed that two metabolic pathways, the steroid biosynthesis pathway and the primary bile acid biosynthesis pathway, were closely associated with the formation of kidney stones. The pretreatment process for stone analysis, including the solvent type, solvent volume, and extraction time, was optimized to improve the detection efficiency. The calibration curve was y = 756 299x - 8 000 000, with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.9992, which was obtained over the concentration range of 10-500 μg ml-1 of cholesterol. The recovery values of cholesterol ranged from 93.34% to 94.67%, 96.98% to 99.23%, and 87.27% to 93.00% when spiked with 0.75, 1.00, and 1.25 μg, respectively, with a relative standard deviation of no less than 3.18%. Finally, the content of common compounds was determined in 37 renal stone samples using the modified GC-MS method. CONCLUSIONS The common organic volatile compound in the kidney stone samples detected using GC-MS was cholesterol, and the steroid biosynthesis and primary bile acid biosynthesis pathways were determined to be closely associated with the formation of kidney stones. The GC-MS method for detecting cholesterol in kidney stones was optimized for efficiency and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijie Xie
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Linguo Xie
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xianhua Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Bazin D, Bouderlique E, Tang E, Daudon M, Haymann JP, Frochot V, Letavernier E, Van de Perre E, Williams JC, Lingeman JE, Borondics F. Using mid infrared to perform investigations beyond the diffraction limits of microcristalline pathologies: advantages and limitation of Optical PhotoThermal IR spectroscopy. CR CHIM 2022. [DOI: 10.5802/crchim.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Lucas IT, Bazin D, Daudon M. Raman opportunities in the field of pathological calcifications. CR CHIM 2022. [DOI: 10.5802/crchim.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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12
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Bazin D, Lucas IT, Rouzière S, Elkaim E, Mocuta C, Réguer S, Reid DG, Mathurin J, Dazzi A, Deniset-Besseau A, Petay M, Frochot V, Haymann JP, Letavernier E, Verpont MC, Foy E, Bouderlique E, Colboc H, Daudon M. Profile of an “at cutting edge” pathology laboratory for pathological human deposits: from nanometer to in vivo scale analysis on large scale facilities. CR CHIM 2022. [DOI: 10.5802/crchim.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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Tamosaityte S, Pucetaite M, Zelvys A, Varvuolyte S, Hendrixson V, Sablinskas V. Raman spectroscopy as a non-destructive tool to determine the chemical composition of urinary sediments. CR CHIM 2022. [DOI: 10.5802/crchim.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Bazin D, Reguer S, Vantelon D, Haymann JP, Letavernier E, Frochot V, Daudon M, Esteve E, Colboc H. XANES spectroscopy for the clinician. CR CHIM 2022. [DOI: 10.5802/crchim.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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15
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Bazin D, Bouderlique E, Daudon M, Frochot V, Haymann JP, Letavernier E, Tielens F, Weil R. Scanning electron microscopy—a powerful imaging technique for the clinician. CR CHIM 2022. [DOI: 10.5802/crchim.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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16
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Coic L, Sacré PY, Dispas A, De Bleye C, Fillet M, Ruckebusch C, Hubert P, Ziemons É. Selection of essential spectra to improve the multivariate curve resolution of minor compounds in complex pharmaceutical formulations. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1198:339532. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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17
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Ibis F, Yu TW, Penha FM, Ganguly D, Nuhu MA, van der Heijden AEDM, Kramer HJM, Eral HB. Nucleation kinetics of calcium oxalate monohydrate as a function of pH, magnesium, and osteopontin concentration quantified with droplet microfluidics. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2021; 15:064103. [PMID: 34853626 PMCID: PMC8610605 DOI: 10.1063/5.0063714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A droplet-based microfluidic platform is presented to study the nucleation kinetics of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM), the most common constituent of kidney stones, while carefully monitoring the pseudo-polymorphic transitions. The precipitation kinetics of COM is studied as a function of supersaturation and pH as well as in the presence of inhibitors of stone formation, magnesium ions (Mg2+), and osteopontin (OPN). We rationalize the trends observed in the measured nucleation rates leveraging a solution chemistry model validated using isothermal solubility measurements. In equimolar calcium and oxalate ion concentrations with different buffer solutions, dramatically slower kinetics is observed at pH 6.0 compared to pHs 3.6 and 8.6. The addition of both Mg2+ and OPN to the solution slows down kinetics appreciably. Interestingly, complete nucleation inhibition is observed at significantly lower OPN, namely, 3.2 × 10-8 M, than Mg2+ concentrations, 0.875 × 10-4 M. The observed inhibition effect of OPN emphasizes the often-overlooked role of macromolecules on COM nucleation due to their low concentration presence in urine. Moreover, analysis of growth rates calculated from observed lag times suggests that inhibition in the presence of Mg2+ cannot be explained solely on altered supersaturation. The presented study highlights the potential of microfluidics in overcoming a major challenge in nephrolithiasis research, the overwhelming physiochemical complexity of urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Ibis
- Complex Fluid Processing, Process & Energy Department, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628 CB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Tsun Wang Yu
- Complex Fluid Processing, Process & Energy Department, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628 CB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Frederico Marques Penha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 42, SE100-44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Debadrita Ganguly
- Complex Fluid Processing, Process & Energy Department, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628 CB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Manzoor Alhaji Nuhu
- Complex Fluid Processing, Process & Energy Department, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628 CB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Antoine E. D. M. van der Heijden
- Complex Fluid Processing, Process & Energy Department, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628 CB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Herman J. M. Kramer
- Complex Fluid Processing, Process & Energy Department, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628 CB Delft, The Netherlands
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Zhu W, Sun Z, Ye L, Zhang X, Xing Y, Zhu Q, Yang F, Jiang G, Chen Z, Chen K, Ma E, Wang L. Preliminary assessment of a portable Raman spectroscopy system for post-operative urinary stone analysis. World J Urol 2021; 40:229-235. [PMID: 34554297 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-021-03838-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to evaluate the reliability of a portable device that applies Raman spectroscopy at an excitation wavelength of 1064 nm for the post-operative analysis of urinary stone composition. MATERIALS AND METHODS Urinary stone samples were obtained post-operatively from 300 patients. All samples were analyzed by the portable Raman spectroscopy system at an excitation wavelength of 1064 nm as well as by infrared spectroscopy (IR), and the results were compared. RESULTS Both Raman spectroscopy and IR could detect multiple stone components, including calcium oxalate monohydrate, calcium oxalate dihydrate, calcium phosphate, uric acid, cystine, and magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate. The results from 1064-nm Raman analysis matched those from IR analysis for 96.0% (288/300) of cases. Although IR detected multiple components within samples more often than Raman analysis (239 vs 131), the Raman analysis required less time to complete than IR data acquisition (5 min vs 30 min). CONCLUSIONS These preliminary results indicate that 1064-nm Raman spectroscopy can be applied in a portable and automated analytical system for rapid detection of urinary stone composition in the post-operative clinical setting. TRIAL REGISTRATION Chinese Clinical Trail Register ID: ChiCTR2000039810 (approved WHO primary register) http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=63662 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhu
- Department of Urology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Zhouna Sun
- Department of General Clinic, Community Health Service Center, Lianqian Street, Siming district, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - Liefu Ye
- Department of Urology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yifei Xing
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Qingguo Zhu
- Department of Urology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Fengguang Yang
- Department of Urology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Guosong Jiang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Zhaohui Chen
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - En Ma
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361000, China.
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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19
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Trends in urinary stone composition in 23,182 stone analyses from 2011 to 2019: a high-volume center study in China. World J Urol 2021; 39:3599-3605. [PMID: 33779819 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-021-03680-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the distribution and dynamic trends in constituents of urinary stones in China. MATERIALS AND METHODS The composition of 23,182 stones were analyzed and then recorded between January 2011 and December 2019. The characteristics in terms of stone patient's gender, age and calendar year were analyzed. RESULTS Most stones (22,172, 95.64%) had several crystal components, among which 40.25% (8925/22,172) were mixtures with infection components. Calcium oxalate (CaOx) and uric acid (UA) stones were more commonly encountered in men, but calcium phosphate (CaP), magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) and carbonate apatite (CA) stones were more prevalent in women (p < 0.05). In males, the proportion of CaOx stones increased up to the age of 40, but subsequently decreased (p < 0.001). Interestingly, females showed an inverse trend regarding CaOx stones (p < 0.001). The proportion of UA stones increased with age (p < 0.001), and CA stones most frequently were recorded at age 20-49. Over the past 9 years, UA, CA, and MAP stones increased over time, whereas there was a tendency for CaOx stones to decrease (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The scarcity of pure stones and a certain proportion of mixtures with infection stone components (e.g., mixtures of CaOx and CA) suggest that treatment directed against a single stone component is insufficient for effective recurrence prevention. Age and gender were significant determinants of stone composition, and according to the observed chronological trends, it seems that in the future, more UA, CA and MAP stones and fewer CaOx stones may be encountered in the studied population.
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20
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Sivaguru M, Saw JJ, Wilson EM, Lieske JC, Krambeck AE, Williams JC, Romero MF, Fouke KW, Curtis MW, Kear-Scott JL, Chia N, Fouke BW. Human kidney stones: a natural record of universal biomineralization. Nat Rev Urol 2021; 18:404-432. [PMID: 34031587 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-021-00469-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
GeoBioMed - a new transdisciplinary approach that integrates the fields of geology, biology and medicine - reveals that kidney stones composed of calcium-rich minerals precipitate from a continuum of repeated events of crystallization, dissolution and recrystallization that result from the same fundamental natural processes that have governed billions of years of biomineralization on Earth. This contextual change in our understanding of renal stone formation opens fundamentally new avenues of human kidney stone investigation that include analyses of crystalline structure and stratigraphy, diagenetic phase transitions, and paragenetic sequences across broad length scales from hundreds of nanometres to centimetres (five Powers of 10). This paradigm shift has also enabled the development of a new kidney stone classification scheme according to thermodynamic energetics and crystalline architecture. Evidence suggests that ≥50% of the total volume of individual stones have undergone repeated in vivo dissolution and recrystallization. Amorphous calcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite spherules coalesce to form planar concentric zoning and sector zones that indicate disequilibrium precipitation. In addition, calcium oxalate dihydrate and calcium oxalate monohydrate crystal aggregates exhibit high-frequency organic-matter-rich and mineral-rich nanolayering that is orders of magnitude higher than layering observed in analogous coral reef, Roman aqueduct, cave, deep subsurface and hot-spring deposits. This higher frequency nanolayering represents the unique microenvironment of the kidney in which potent crystallization promoters and inhibitors are working in opposition. These GeoBioMed insights identify previously unexplored strategies for development and testing of new clinical therapies for the prevention and treatment of kidney stones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayandi Sivaguru
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA. .,Carl Zeiss Labs@Location Partner, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - Jessica J Saw
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Elena M Wilson
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - John C Lieske
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Amy E Krambeck
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Urology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - James C Williams
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Michael F Romero
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kyle W Fouke
- Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Matthew W Curtis
- Carl Zeiss Microscopy LLC, One North Broadway, White Plains, NY, USA
| | | | - Nicholas Chia
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Bruce W Fouke
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA. .,Carl Zeiss Labs@Location Partner, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA. .,School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA. .,Department of Geology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA. .,Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA. .,Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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21
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Magnesium whitlockite - omnipresent in pathological mineralisation of soft tissues but not a significant inorganic constituent of bone. Acta Biomater 2021; 125:72-82. [PMID: 33610767 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Whitlockite is a calcium phosphate that was first identified in minerals collected from the Palermo Quarry, New Hampshire. The terms magnesium whitlockite [Mg-whitlockite; Ca18Mg2(HPO4)2(PO4)12] and beta-tricalcium phosphate [β-TCP; β-Ca3(PO4)2] are often used interchangeably since Mg-whitlockite is not easily distinguished from β-Ca3(PO4)2 by powder X-ray diffraction although their crystalline structures differ significantly. Being both osteoconductive and bioresorbable, Mg-whitlockite is pursued as a synthetic bone graft substitute. In recent years, advances in development of synthetic Mg-whitlockite have been accompanied by claims that Mg-whitlockite is the second most abundant inorganic constituent of bone, occupying as much as 20-35 wt% of the inorganic fraction. To find evidence in support of this notion, this review presents an exhaustive summary of Mg-whitlockite identification in biological tissues. Mg-whitlockite is mainly found in association with pathological mineralisation of various soft tissues and dental calculus, and occasionally with enamel and dentine. With the exception of high-temperature treated tumoural calcified deposits around interphalangeal and metacarpal joints and rhomboidal Mg-whitlockite crystals in post-apoptotic osteocyte lacunae in human alveolar bone, this unusual mineral has never been detected in the extracellular matrix of mammalian bone. Characterisation techniques capable of unequivocally distinguishing between different calcium phosphate phases, such as high-resolution imaging, crystallography, and/or spectroscopy have exclusively identified bone mineral as poorly crystalline, ion-substituted, carbonated apatite. The idea that Mg-whitlockite is a significant constituent of bone mineral remains unsubstantiated. Contrary to claims that such biomaterials represent a bioinspired/biomimetic approach to bone repair, Mg-whitlockite remains, exclusively, a pathological biomineral. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Magnesium whitlockite (Mg-whitlockite) is a unique calcium phosphate that typically features in pathological calcification of soft tissues; however, an alarming trend emerging in the synthetic bioceramics community claims that Mg-whitlockite occupies 20-35 wt% of bone mineral and therefore synthetic Mg-whitlockite represents a biomimetic approach towards bone regeneration. By providing an overview of Mg-whitlockite detection in biological tissues and scrutinising a diverse cross-section of literature relevant to bone composition analysis, this review concludes that Mg-whitlockite is exclusively a pathological biomineral, and having never been reported in bone extracellular matrix, Mg-whitlockite does not constitute a biomimetic strategy for bone repair.
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Coic L, Sacré PY, Dispas A, De Bleye C, Fillet M, Ruckebusch C, Hubert P, Ziemons E. Pixel-based Raman hyperspectral identification of complex pharmaceutical formulations. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1155:338361. [PMID: 33766319 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hyperspectral imaging has been widely used for different kinds of applications and many chemometric tools have been developed to help identifying chemical compounds. However, most of those tools rely on factorial decomposition techniques that can be challenging for large data sets and/or in the presence of minor compounds. The present study proposes a pixel-based identification (PBI) approach that allows readily identifying spectral signatures in Raman hyperspectral imaging data. This strategy is based on the identification of essential spectral pixels (ESP), which can be found by convex hull calculation. As the corresponding set of spectra is largely reduced and encompasses the purest spectral signatures, direct database matching and identification can be reliably and rapidly performed. The efficiency of PBI was evaluated on both known and unknown samples, considering genuine and falsified pharmaceutical tablets. We showed that it is possible to analyze a wide variety of pharmaceutical formulations of increasing complexity (from 5 to 0.1% (w/w) of polymorphic impurity detection) for medium (150 x 150 pixels) and big (1000 x 1000 pixels) map sizes in less than 2 min. Moreover, in the case of falsified medicines, it is demonstrated that the proposed approach allows the identification of all compounds, found in very different proportions and, sometimes, in trace amounts. Furthermore, the relevant spectral signatures for which no match is found in the reference database can be identified at a later stage and the nature of the corresponding compounds further investigated. Overall, the provided results show that Raman hyperspectral imaging combined with PBI enables rapid and reliable spectral identification of complex pharmaceutical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laureen Coic
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, Vibra-Santé Hub, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000, Liege, Belgium.
| | - Pierre-Yves Sacré
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, Vibra-Santé Hub, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Amandine Dispas
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, Vibra-Santé Hub, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000, Liege, Belgium; University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, MaS-Santé Hub, Laboratory for the Analysis of Medicines, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Charlotte De Bleye
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, Vibra-Santé Hub, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Marianne Fillet
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, MaS-Santé Hub, Laboratory for the Analysis of Medicines, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Cyril Ruckebusch
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 LAboratoire de Spectroscopie pour les Interactions, la Réactivité et l'Environnement (LASIRE), F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Philippe Hubert
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, Vibra-Santé Hub, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Eric Ziemons
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, Vibra-Santé Hub, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000, Liege, Belgium
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23
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Vidavsky N, Kunitake JAMR, Estroff LA. Multiple Pathways for Pathological Calcification in the Human Body. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001271. [PMID: 33274854 PMCID: PMC8724004 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biomineralization of skeletal components (e.g., bone and teeth) is generally accepted to occur under strict cellular regulation, leading to mineral-organic composites with hierarchical structures and properties optimized for their designated function. Such cellular regulation includes promoting mineralization at desired sites as well as inhibiting mineralization in soft tissues and other undesirable locations. In contrast, pathological mineralization, with potentially harmful health effects, can occur as a result of tissue or metabolic abnormalities, disease, or implantation of certain biomaterials. This progress report defines mineralization pathway components and identifies the commonalities (and differences) between physiological (e.g., bone remodeling) and pathological calcification formation pathways, based, in part, upon the extent of cellular control within the system. These concepts are discussed in representative examples of calcium phosphate-based pathological mineralization in cancer (breast, thyroid, ovarian, and meningioma) and in cardiovascular disease. In-depth mechanistic understanding of pathological mineralization requires utilizing state-of-the-art materials science imaging and characterization techniques, focusing not only on the final deposits, but also on the earlier stages of crystal nucleation, growth, and aggregation. Such mechanistic understanding will further enable the use of pathological calcifications in diagnosis and prognosis, as well as possibly provide insights into preventative treatments for detrimental mineralization in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netta Vidavsky
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Jennie A M R Kunitake
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Lara A Estroff
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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The surgeon's role on chemical investigations of the composition of urinary stones. Urolithiasis 2020; 48:435-441. [PMID: 32436004 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-020-01195-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The chemical analysis of an urolith is often interpreted as "stone's composition". However, it must be taken into consideration, that in most cases, only a fragment of the stone has been sent to the laboratory. In some recurrent patients, stone compositions either vary considerably between episodes or the analytical result obtained from the stone fragment does not fit with the data of e.g. current 24 h-urinalysis or urinary pH-records. The question arises, whether this outcome may be the result of an improper stone sampling scheme. On a simple layered 2D-stone model composed of two mineral phases it is shown, how the choice of a stone fragment process may influence the result of "stone composition". Depending on the initial position of fragment within the whole stone, the respective calculated analyses can relevantly differ from the whole stone composition as well as strongly between two fragments. Even under the simplified conditions of a 2D-2-component-model "grown" under defined conditions, the differences between the analyses of the different specimens taken from a stone are in part remarkable. The more it can be argued that these differences increase if a real 3D-urolith is investigated. Further sampling biases may evolve and increase the problem of proper sampling:, e.g., if an urolith's more resistant parts remain intact while ESWL or laser-based stone fragmentation ("dusting"), the weak parts became fully disintegrated and removed from the body as fine-grained sludge-the stone's fine fraction is lost although its composition may carry important information on the stone's pathogenesis. Consequently, a "stone analysis" only obtained from the harder remains reveals an incomplete result, a fact that in principle limits its clinical interpretation. Choice of stone fragment is crucial. The extent of the uncertainty of an analysis resulting from potential selection biases should not be underestimated. Thus, sampling should be considered as an important part of the processes of quality assurance and management. Errors made at this early stage of diagnosis finding will affect the analytical result and thus influence the clarification of the underlying pathomechanism. This can lead to an improper metaphylactic strategy potentially causing recurrent stone formation which otherwise would have been prevented. A decision scheme for analysis of urinary stones removed using endoscopic methods is suggested.
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Clavaud RD, Sacré PY, Coic L, Avohou H, Hubert P, Ziemons E. WITHDRAWN: Vibrational spectroscopy for the pharmaceutical industry: From benchtop to handheld innovative applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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