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Laojun S, Changbunjong T, Chaiphongpachara T. Integrating wing morphometrics and mitochondrial DNA analysis to assess the filaria vector Mansonia uniformis (Diptera: Culicidae) populations in Thailand. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:283. [PMID: 39042222 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08295-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Mansonia uniformis (Diptera: Culicidae) is recognized as a vector of Brugia malayi and has been reported to transmit Wuchereria bancrofti, both causing lymphatic filariasis in humans. This study employed geometric morphometrics (GM) to investigate wing shape variation and analyzed genetic diversity through cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene analyses in Ma. uniformis populations across Thailand. Wing GM analyses indicated significant differences in wing shape based on Mahalanobis distances among nearly all population pairs (p < 0.05), with no significant correlation between wing shape and geographic distance (r = 0.210, p > 0.05). Genetic analyses identified 63 haplotypes and 49 polymorphic sites, with the overall population exhibiting a nucleotide diversity of 0.006 (± 0.001) and a haplotype diversity of 0.912 (± 0.017). Deviations from neutrality, as indicated by Tajima's D and Fu's FS tests for the overall Ma. uniformis populations in Thailand, were statistically significant and negative, suggesting population expansion (both p < 0.05). Analysis of molecular variance revealed no significant genetic structure when all populations were categorized based on collection sites and geographic regions. However, significant differences in FST values were observed between some populations. These findings enhance our understanding of the geographical and genetic factors influencing Ma. uniformis populations, which are crucial for developing effective control strategies in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedthapong Laojun
- Department of Public Health and Health Promotion, College of Allied Health Sciences, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Samut Songkhram, 75000, Thailand
| | - Tanasak Changbunjong
- Department of Pre-Clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals (MoZWE), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Tanawat Chaiphongpachara
- Department of Public Health and Health Promotion, College of Allied Health Sciences, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Samut Songkhram, 75000, Thailand.
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Pramasivan S, Ngui R, Jeyaprakasam NK, Low VL, Liew JWK, Vythilingam I. Spatial analyses of Plasmodium knowlesi vectors with reference to control interventions in Malaysia. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:355. [PMID: 37814287 PMCID: PMC10563288 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05984-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria parasites such as Plasmodium knowlesi, P. inui, and P. cynomolgi are spread from macaques to humans through the Leucosphyrus Group of Anopheles mosquitoes. It is crucial to know the distribution of these vectors to implement effective control measures for malaria elimination. Plasmodium knowlesi is the most predominant zoonotic malaria parasite infecting humans in Malaysia. METHODS Vector data from various sources were used to create distribution maps from 1957 to 2021. A predictive statistical model utilizing logistic regression was developed using significant environmental factors. Interpolation maps were created using the inverse distance weighted (IDW) method and overlaid with the corresponding environmental variables. RESULTS Based on the IDW analysis, high vector abundances were found in the southwestern part of Sarawak, the northern region of Pahang and the northwestern part of Sabah. However, most parts of Johor, Sabah, Perlis, Penang, Kelantan and Terengganu had low vector abundance. The accuracy test indicated that the model predicted sampling and non-sampling areas with 75.3% overall accuracy. The selected environmental variables were entered into the regression model based on their significant values. In addition to the presence of water bodies, elevation, temperature, forest loss and forest cover were included in the final model since these were significantly correlated. Anopheles mosquitoes were mainly distributed in Peninsular Malaysia (Titiwangsa range, central and northern parts), Sabah (Kudat, West Coast, Interior and Tawau division) and Sarawak (Kapit, Miri, and Limbang). The predicted Anopheles mosquito density was lower in the southern part of Peninsular Malaysia, the Sandakan Division of Sabah and the western region of Sarawak. CONCLUSION The study offers insight into the distribution of the Leucosphyrus Group of Anopheles mosquitoes in Malaysia. Additionally, the accompanying predictive vector map correlates well with cases of P. knowlesi malaria. This research is crucial in informing and supporting future efforts by healthcare professionals to develop effective malaria control interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandthya Pramasivan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya (UM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Romano Ngui
- Department of ParaClinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - Nantha Kumar Jeyaprakasam
- Biomedical Science Program, Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Van Lun Low
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre (TIDREC), Universiti Malaya (UM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Indra Vythilingam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya (UM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Pramasivan S, Low VL, Jeyaprakasam NK, Liew JWK, Ngui R, Vythilingam I. Cryptic Diversity and Demographic Expansion of Plasmodium knowlesi Malaria Vectors in Malaysia. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1369. [PMID: 37510274 PMCID: PMC10378955 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Although Malaysia is considered free of human malaria, there has been a growing number of Plasmodium knowlesi cases. This alarming trend highlighted the need for our understanding of this parasite and its associated vectors, especially considering the role of genetic diversity in the adaptation and evolution among vectors in endemic areas, which is currently a significant knowledge gap in their fundamental biology. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity of Anopheles balabacensis, Anopheles cracens, Anopheles introlatus, and Anopheles latens-the vectors for P. knowlesi malaria in Malaysia. Based on cytochrome c oxidase 1 (CO1) and internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) markers, the genealogic networks of An. latens showed a separation of the haplotypes between Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysia Borneo, forming two distinct clusters. Additionally, the genetic distances between these clusters were high (2.3-5.2% for CO1) and (2.3-4.7% for ITS2), indicating the likely presence of two distinct species or cryptic species within An. latens. In contrast, no distinct clusters were observed in An. cracens, An. balabacensis, or An. introlatus, implying a lack of pronounced genetic differentiation among their populations. It is worth noting that there were varying levels of polymorphism observed across the different subpopulations, highlighting some levels of genetic variation within these mosquito species. Nevertheless, further analyses revealed that all four species have undergone demographic expansion, suggesting population growth and potential range expansion for these vectors in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandthya Pramasivan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Van Lun Low
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre (TIDREC), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Nantha Kumar Jeyaprakasam
- Biomedical Science Program, Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Jonathan Wee Kent Liew
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore 569874, Singapore
| | - Romano Ngui
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Malaria Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Kota Samarahan 94300, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Indra Vythilingam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
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Nguyen AHL, Nugraheni YR, Nguyen TT, Aung A, Narapakdeesakul D, Kaewlamun W, Asada M, Kaewthamasorn M. Molecular characterization of anopheline mosquitoes from the goat malaria-endemic areas of Thailand. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 37:381-395. [PMID: 36598082 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that over a 100 anopheline mosquito species have been identified as human malaria vectors, little is known about ungulate malaria vectors. Consequently, we focused on investigating the bionomics and genetic characterizations of anopheline mosquitoes in goat malaria-endemic regions. We also attempted to screen for ungulate malaria potential vectors. A total of 1019 female anopheline mosquitoes were collected from six goat farms in four provinces of Thailand from 2020 to 2021. Mosquitoes were morphologically identified and subsequently confirmed using the mitochondrial DNA barcoding region-cytochrome oxidase c subunit I (MtDNA-COI), mitochondrial DNA-cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (MtDNA-COII), and ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer 2 (rDNA-ITS2) sequences. The current study reveals the genetic characteristics and distribution of nine mosquito species within the Anopheles and Cellia subgenera. Four dominant species, including Anopheles peditaeniatus, Anopheles subpictus, Anopheles vagus, and Anopheles aconitus exhibited significant intraspecific gene flow within their corresponding species. Although malaria parasites were not found in 126 mosquito pools, meaning more investigation is necessary, the current study adds to the existing DNA barcoding data collection and improves the current understanding of the genetic structure and distribution of anopheline mosquito species, which could be useful for effective control of mosquito-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Hoang Lan Nguyen
- The International Graduate Program of Veterinary Science and Technology (VST), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Veterinary Parasitology Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yudhi Ratna Nugraheni
- The International Graduate Program of Veterinary Science and Technology (VST), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Veterinary Parasitology Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Trang Thuy Nguyen
- The International Graduate Program of Veterinary Science and Technology (VST), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Veterinary Parasitology Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Aung Aung
- The International Graduate Program of Veterinary Science and Technology (VST), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Veterinary Parasitology Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Duriyang Narapakdeesakul
- Veterinary Parasitology Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Veterinary Pathobiology Graduate Program, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Winai Kaewlamun
- School of Agricultural Resources, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Masahito Asada
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Department of Global Cooperation, Research Unit for Global Infection Control, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Morakot Kaewthamasorn
- Veterinary Parasitology Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Cooper DJ, Rajahram GS, William T, Jelip J, Mohammad R, Benedict J, Alaza DA, Malacova E, Yeo TW, Grigg MJ, Anstey NM, Barber BE. Plasmodium knowlesi Malaria in Sabah, Malaysia, 2015-2017: Ongoing Increase in Incidence Despite Near-elimination of the Human-only Plasmodium Species. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 70:361-367. [PMID: 30889244 PMCID: PMC7768742 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaysia aims to eliminate malaria by 2020. However, while cases of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax have decreased substantially, the incidence of zoonotic malaria from Plasmodium knowlesi continues to increase, presenting a major challenge to regional malaria control efforts. Here we report incidence of all Plasmodium species in Sabah, including zoonotic P. knowlesi, during 2015-2017. METHODS Microscopy-based malaria notification data and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results were obtained from the Sabah Department of Health and State Public Health Laboratory, respectively, from January 2015 to December 2017. From January 2016 this was complemented by a statewide prospective hospital surveillance study. Databases were matched, and species was determined by PCR, or microscopy if PCR was not available. RESULTS A total of 3867 malaria cases were recorded between 2015 and 2017, with PCR performed in 93%. Using PCR results, and microscopy if PCR was unavailable, P. knowlesi accounted for 817 (80%), 677 (88%), and 2030 (98%) malaria cases in 2015, 2016, and 2017, respectively. P. falciparum accounted for 110 (11%), 45 (6%), and 23 (1%) cases and P. vivax accounted for 61 (6%), 17 (2%), and 8 (0.4%) cases, respectively. Of those with P. knowlesi, the median age was 35 (interquartile range: 24-47) years, and 85% were male. CONCLUSIONS Malaysia is approaching elimination of the human-only Plasmodium species. However, the ongoing increase in P. knowlesi incidence presents a major challenge to malaria control and warrants increased focus on knowlesi-specific prevention activities. Wider molecular surveillance in surrounding countries is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Cooper
- Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.,Infectious Diseases Society Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research Clinical Research Unit, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
| | - Giri S Rajahram
- Infectious Diseases Society Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research Clinical Research Unit, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah.,Clinical Research Centre - Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Ministry of Health, Sabah.,Sabah Department of Health, Kota Kinabalu, Ministry of Health, Sabah
| | | | - Jenarun Jelip
- Malaysian Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rashidah Mohammad
- Sabah Department of Health, Kota Kinabalu, Ministry of Health, Sabah
| | - Joseph Benedict
- Infectious Diseases Society Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research Clinical Research Unit, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
| | - Danshy A Alaza
- Infectious Diseases Society Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research Clinical Research Unit, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
| | - Eva Malacova
- QIMR Berghofer Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Tsin W Yeo
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Matthew J Grigg
- Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.,Infectious Diseases Society Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research Clinical Research Unit, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
| | - Nicholas M Anstey
- Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.,Infectious Diseases Society Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research Clinical Research Unit, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
| | - Bridget E Barber
- Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.,Infectious Diseases Society Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research Clinical Research Unit, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah.,QIMR Berghofer Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
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Davidson G, Chua TH, Cook A, Speldewinde P, Weinstein P. The Role of Ecological Linkage Mechanisms in Plasmodium knowlesi Transmission and Spread. ECOHEALTH 2019; 16:594-610. [PMID: 30675676 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-019-01395-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Defining the linkages between landscape change, disease ecology and human health is essential to explain and predict the emergence of Plasmodium knowlesi malaria, a zoonotic parasite residing in Southeast Asian macaques, and transmitted by species of Anopheles mosquitos. Changing patterns of land use throughout Southeast Asia, particularly deforestation, are suggested to be the primary drivers behind the recent spread of this zoonotic parasite in humans. Local ecological changes at the landscape scale appear to be increasing the risk of disease in humans by altering the dynamics of transmission between the parasite and its primary hosts. This paper will focus on the emergence of P. knowlesi in humans in Malaysian Borneo and the ecological linkage mechanisms suggested to be playing an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gael Davidson
- CENRM and School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Tock H Chua
- Department of Pathobiology and Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia.
| | - Angus Cook
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Philip Weinstein
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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