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Ahmad P, Moussa DG, Siqueira WL. Metabolomics for dental caries diagnosis: Past, present, and future. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024. [PMID: 38940512 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Dental caries, a prevalent global infectious condition affecting over 95% of adults, remains elusive in its precise etiology. Addressing the complex dynamics of caries demands a thorough exploration of taxonomic, potential, active, and encoded functions within the oral ecosystem. Metabolomic profiling emerges as a crucial tool, offering immediate insights into microecosystem physiology and linking directly to the phenotype. Identified metabolites, indicative of caries status, play a pivotal role in unraveling the metabolic processes underlying the disease. Despite challenges in metabolite variability, the use of metabolomics, particularly via mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, holds promise in caries research. This review comprehensively examines metabolomics in caries prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, highlighting distinct metabolite expression patterns and their associations with disease-related bacterial communities. Pioneering in approach, it integrates singular and combinatory metabolomics methodologies, diverse biofluids, and study designs, critically evaluating prior limitations while offering expert insights for future investigations. By synthesizing existing knowledge, this review significantly advances our comprehension of caries, providing a foundation for improved prevention and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paras Ahmad
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Dina G Moussa
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Walter L Siqueira
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Carreira de Paula J, García Olmedo P, Gómez-Moracho T, Buendía-Abad M, Higes M, Martín-Hernández R, Osuna A, de Pablos LM. Promastigote EPS secretion and haptomonad biofilm formation as evolutionary adaptations of trypanosomatid parasites for colonizing honeybee hosts. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2024; 10:27. [PMID: 38514634 PMCID: PMC10957890 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-024-00492-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Bees are major pollinators involved in the maintenance of all terrestrial ecosystems. Biotic and abiotic factors placing these insects at risk is a research priority for ecological and agricultural sustainability. Parasites are one of the key players of this global decline and the study of their mechanisms of action is essential to control honeybee colony losses. Trypanosomatid parasites and particularly the Lotmaria passim are widely spread in honeybees, however their lifestyle is poorly understood. In this work, we show how these parasites are able to differentiate into a new parasitic lifestyle: the trypanosomatid biofilms. Using different microscopic techniques, we demonstrated that the secretion of Extracellular Polymeric Substances by free-swimming unicellular promastigote forms is a prerequisite for the generation and adherence of multicellular biofilms to solid surfaces in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, compared to human-infective trypanosomatid parasites our study shows how trypanosomatid parasites of honeybees increases their resistance and thus resilience to drastic changes in environmental conditions such as ultralow temperatures and hypoosmotic shock, which would explain their success thriving within or outside their hosts. These results set up the basis for the understanding of the success of this group of parasites in nature and to unveil the impact of such pathogens in honeybees, a keystones species in most terrestrial ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Carreira de Paula
- Department of Parasitology, Biochemical and Molecular Parasitology Group CTS-183, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Pedro García Olmedo
- Department of Parasitology, Biochemical and Molecular Parasitology Group CTS-183, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Tamara Gómez-Moracho
- Department of Parasitology, Biochemical and Molecular Parasitology Group CTS-183, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - María Buendía-Abad
- Laboratorio de Patología Apícola, Centro de Investigación Apícola y Agroambiental (CIAPA), IRIAF - Instituto Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario y Forestal, Consejería de Agricultura de la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, Marchamalo, Spain
- Instituto de Recursos Humanos para la Ciencia y la Tecnología, Fundación Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Castilla-La Mancha, 02006, Albacete, Spain
| | - Mariano Higes
- Laboratorio de Patología Apícola, Centro de Investigación Apícola y Agroambiental (CIAPA), IRIAF - Instituto Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario y Forestal, Consejería de Agricultura de la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, Marchamalo, Spain
- Instituto de Recursos Humanos para la Ciencia y la Tecnología, Fundación Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Castilla-La Mancha, 02006, Albacete, Spain
| | - Raquel Martín-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Patología Apícola, Centro de Investigación Apícola y Agroambiental (CIAPA), IRIAF - Instituto Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario y Forestal, Consejería de Agricultura de la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, Marchamalo, Spain
- Instituto de Recursos Humanos para la Ciencia y la Tecnología, Fundación Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Castilla-La Mancha, 02006, Albacete, Spain
| | - Antonio Osuna
- Department of Parasitology, Biochemical and Molecular Parasitology Group CTS-183, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Luis Miguel de Pablos
- Department of Parasitology, Biochemical and Molecular Parasitology Group CTS-183, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
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Lee D, Lee J, Ahn SH, Song W, Li L, Seol YJ, Lee YM, Koo KT. Adjunctive effect of 470-nm and 630-nm light-emitting diode irradiation in experimental periodontitis treatment: a preclinical study. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2024; 54:13-24. [PMID: 37336520 PMCID: PMC10901685 DOI: 10.5051/jpis.2203580179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the adjunctive effect of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in the treatment of experimental periodontitis. METHODS Experimental periodontitis was induced by placing ligatures around the mandibular second, third, and fourth premolars of 6 beagles for 3 months. After ligature removal, periodontitis progressed spontaneously for 2 months. The animals' hemimandibles were allocated among the following 3 groups: 1) no treatment (control), 2) scaling and root planing (SRP), and 3) SRP with LED irradiation at 470-nm and 630-nm wavelengths (SRP/LED). The probing pocket depth (PPD) and gingival recession (GR) were measured at baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks. The clinical attachment level (CAL) was calculated. After 12 weeks, histological and histomorphometric assessments were performed. The distances from the gingival margin to the apical extent of the junctional epithelium (E) and to the connective tissue (CT) attachment were measured, as was the total length of soft tissue (ST). RESULTS PPD and CAL increased at 12 weeks compared with baseline in the control group (6.31±0.43 mm to 6.93±0.50 mm, and 6.46±0.60 mm to 7.61±0.78 mm, respectively). PPD and CAL decreased at 12 weeks compared with baseline in the SRP group (6.01±0.59 to 4.81±0.65 mm, and 6.51±0.98 to 5.39±0.93 mm, respectively). PPD and CAL decreased at 12 weeks compared with baseline in the SRP/LED group (6.03±0.39 to 4.46±0.47 mm, and 6.11±0.47 to 4.78±0.57 mm, respectively). The E/ST and CT/ST ratios significantly differed among the 3 groups (P<0.05). The clinical parameters and histologic findings demonstrated that 470-nm and 630-nm wavelength LED irradiation accompanying SRP could improve treatment results. CONCLUSIONS Within the study limitations, 470 nm and 630 nm wavelength LED irradiation might provide additional benefits for periodontitis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongseob Lee
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University and Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Periodontology, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jungwon Lee
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University and Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- One-Stop Specialty Center, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Sun-Hee Ahn
- Medical & Bio Photonics Research Center, Korea Photonics Technology Institute (KOPTI), Gwangju, Korea
| | - Woosub Song
- Medical & Bio Photonics Research Center, Korea Photonics Technology Institute (KOPTI), Gwangju, Korea
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University and Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yang-Jo Seol
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University and Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Periodontology, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Moo Lee
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University and Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Periodontology, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki-Tae Koo
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University and Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Periodontology, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
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Velázquez-Moreno S, Zavala-Alonso NV, Oliva Rodríguez R, Quintana M, Ojeda-Galván HJ, Gonzalez-Ortega O, Martinez-Gutierrez F. Multispecies oral biofilm and identification of components as treatment target. Arch Oral Biol 2023; 156:105821. [PMID: 37857227 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Endodontic infections involve a multispecies biofilm, making it difficult to choose an antimicrobial treatment. Characteristics such as the pathogens involved and number of microorganisms, nutrients, material surface to develop the biofilm, flow and oxygenation conditions are important for biofilm development using in vitro models. OBJECTIVE To develop a standardized biofilm model, which replicates the main features (chemical, microbiological, and topographical) of an infected root canal tooth to detect components as treatment target. DESIGN Clinical strains of Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans, and Actinomyces israelii were isolated, and a multispecies biofilm was developed using continuous laminar flow reactors under anaerobic conditions in human dental roots. The microbiological composition was determined by counting colony-forming units and scanning electron microscope micrographs. In addition, the chemical composition of the exopolymeric matrix was determined by vibrational Raman spectroscopy and liquid chromatography of biofilm supernatant treated with enzyme. RESULTS E. faecalis turned out to be the main microorganism in mature biofilm, this was related to the presence of β-galactosidase detected by vibrational Raman spectroscopy. After the enzymatic treatment of the extracellular polymeric substance, the presence of mannose and glucose was established. CONCLUSIONS The present work contributes to better understanding of standard conditions to develop a multispecies biofilm in human dental roots, which could have an impact on the generation of new root canal disinfection techniques in endodontic pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selene Velázquez-Moreno
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava No. 6, Zona Universitaria, CP 78210 San Luis Potosi, SLP, Mexico
| | - Norma V Zavala-Alonso
- Especialidad en Ortodoncia, Facultad de Estomatologia, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava No. 2, Zona Universitaria, CP 78290 San Luis Potosi, SLP, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Oliva Rodríguez
- Maestria en Ciencias Odontologicas, Facultad de Estomatologia, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava No. 2, Zona Universitaria, CP 78290 San Luis Potosi, SLP, Mexico
| | - Mildred Quintana
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, Av. Parque Chapultepec 1570, CP 78210 San Luis Potosi, SLP, Mexico; Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, Sierra Leona No. 550, Lomas CP 28210, San Luis Potosi, SLP, Mexico
| | - Hiram Joazet Ojeda-Galván
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, Sierra Leona No. 550, Lomas CP 28210, San Luis Potosi, SLP, Mexico
| | - Omar Gonzalez-Ortega
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava No. 6, Zona Universitaria, CP 78210 San Luis Potosi, SLP, Mexico; Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, Sierra Leona No. 550, Lomas CP 28210, San Luis Potosi, SLP, Mexico
| | - Fidel Martinez-Gutierrez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava No. 6, Zona Universitaria, CP 78210 San Luis Potosi, SLP, Mexico; Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, Sierra Leona No. 550, Lomas CP 28210, San Luis Potosi, SLP, Mexico.
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Niu Y, Zhang Y, Huo H, Jin X, Wang J. Effect of silver sulfadiazine on mature mixed bacterial biofilms on voice prostheses. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2023; 52:74. [PMID: 37990258 PMCID: PMC10664368 DOI: 10.1186/s40463-023-00672-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biofilm formation on voice prostheses disrupts the function and limits the lifespan of voice prostheses. There is still no effective clinical strategy for inhibiting or removing these biofilms. Silver sulfadiazine (SSD), as an exogenous antibacterial agent, has been widely used in the prevention and treatment of infection, however, its effect on voice prosthesis biofilms is unknown. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of SSD on the mature mixed bacterial biofilms present on voice prostheses. METHODS Quantitative and qualitative methods, including the plate counting method, real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR, crystal violet staining, the 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide) (XTT) reduction assay, scanning electron microscopy, and laser confocal microscopy, were used to determine the effect of SSD on the number of bacterial colonies, biofilm formation ability, metabolic activity, and ultrastructure of biofilms in a mature mixed bacterial (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis and Candida albicans) voice prosthesis biofilm model. The results were verified in vitro on mature mixed bacterial voice prosthesis biofilms from patients, and the possible mechanism of action was explored. RESULTS Silver sulfadiazine decreased the number of bacterial colonies on mature mixed bacterial voice prosthesis biofilm, significantly inhibited the biofilm formation ability and metabolic activity of mature voice prosthesis biofilms, inhibited the formation of the complex spatial structure of voice prosthesis biofilms, and inhibited the synthesis of polysaccharides and proteins in the biofilm extracellular matrix. The degree of inhibition and removal effect increased with SSD concentration. CONCLUSIONS Silver sulfadiazine can effectively inhibit and remove mature mixed bacterial voice prosthesis biofilms and decrease biofilm formation ability and metabolic activity; SSD may exert these effects by inhibiting the synthesis of polysaccharides and proteins among the extracellular polymeric substances of voice prosthesis biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Niu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1# ShuaiFuYuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongli Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1# ShuaiFuYuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Huo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1# ShuaiFuYuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Jin
- Department of Otolaryngology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1# ShuaiFuYuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1# ShuaiFuYuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China.
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Kumar A, Boradia VM, Mahajan A, Kumaran S, Raje M, Raje CI. Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv enolase (Rv1023)- expression, characterization and effect of host dependent modifications on protein functionality. Biochimie 2023; 214:102-113. [PMID: 37385399 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis enolase is an essential glycolytic enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 2, phosphoglycerate (PGA) to phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP). It is also a crucial link between glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) pathway. The depletion of PEP has recently been associated with the emergence of non-replicating drug resistant bacteria. Enolase is also known to exhibit multiple alternate functions, such as promoting tissue invasion via its role as a plasminogen (Plg) receptor. In addition, proteomic studies have identified the presence of enolase in the Mtb degradosome and in biofilms. However, the precise role in these processes has not been elaborated. The enzyme was recently identified as a target for 2-amino thiazoles - a novel class of anti-mycobacterials. In vitro assays and characterization of this enzyme were unsuccessful due to the inability to obtain functional recombinant protein. In the present study, we report the expression and characterization of enolase using Mtb H37Ra as a host strain. Our study demonstrates that the enzyme activity and alternate functions of this protein are significantly impacted by the choice of expression host (Mtb H37Ra or E. coli). Detailed analysis of the protein from each source revealed subtle differences in the post-translational modifications. Lastly, our study confirms the role of enolase in Mtb biofilm formation and describes the potential for inhibiting this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Phase X, Sector 67, SAS Nagar, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Vishant Mahendra Boradia
- Department of Biotechnology National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Phase X, Sector 67, SAS Nagar, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Apurwa Mahajan
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research -Institute of Microbial Technology (CSIR-IMTECH), Sector 39 A, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - S Kumaran
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research -Institute of Microbial Technology (CSIR-IMTECH), Sector 39 A, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - Manoj Raje
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research -Institute of Microbial Technology (CSIR-IMTECH), Sector 39 A, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - Chaaya Iyengar Raje
- Department of Biotechnology National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Phase X, Sector 67, SAS Nagar, Punjab, 160062, India.
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Kher L, Santoro D. Biofilm Models: Different Ways of Biofilm Characterization and Drug Discovery. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e894. [PMID: 37732719 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The ability of bacteria to develop biofilms and its added effect on antimicrobial resistance have been a concern for both animal and human medicine. The need to understand biofilm biology has been addressed with the help of three biofilm models, i.e., in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. Due to the implications of animal welfare involved in in vivo models, this article is mainly focused on in vitro and ex vivo study models to analyze biofilm biology. In in vitro biofilm models, the microtiter plate and Calgary biofilm device are the most commonly used techniques for biofilm analysis. Quantification of the biofilm biomass generated by these two techniques can be assessed with the help of a crystal violet assay. Although in vitro biofilm models help advance understanding of the biology of biofilm and are easy to perform, they fail to address certain important questions, such as the importance of the substrate on which biofilm grows and the interaction between the organisms and the substrate. To address this concern, an ex vivo model can be utilized to characterize the behavior and characteristics of biofilms on different substrates. Ex vivo biofilm models are considered a bridge between the in vitro and in vivo biofilm models. Although neither of the currently available biofilm assessment models is considered the gold standard, they have significantly increased understanding of biofilm behavior. Further studies are warranted to develop more refined biofilm models. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: In vitro biofilm models for microtiter plate/crystal violet assay for biofilm growth assessment Basic Protocol 2: Crystal violet assay/tissue culture plate method for testing of antibiofilm agents Alternate Protocol: Calgary biofilm device to determine biofilm susceptibility to antimicrobial agents Basic Protocol 3: Ex vivo biofilm skin models: canine/porcine skin explants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lopamudra Kher
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Domenico Santoro
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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Ali IAA, Neelakantan P. Antibiofilm activity of phytochemicals against Enterococcus faecalis: A literature review. Phytother Res 2022; 36:2824-2838. [PMID: 35522168 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is a leading causative pathogen of recalcitrant infections affecting heart valves, urinary tract, surgical wounds and dental root canals. Its robust biofilm formation, production of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance contribute significantly to its pathogenicity in persistent infections. The decreased effectiveness of most of antibiotics in preventing and/or eradicating E. faecalis biofilms mandates the discovery of alternative novel antibiofilm agents. Phytochemicals are potential sources of antibiofilm agents due to their antivirulence activity, diversity of chemical structure and multiple mechanisms of action. In this review, we describe the phenotypic and genetic attributes that contribute to antimicrobial tolerance of E. faecalis biofilms. We illuminate the benefits of implementing the phytochemicals to tackle microbial pathogens. Finally, we report the antibiofilm activity of phytochemicals against E. faecalis, and explain their mechanisms of action. These compounds belong to different chemical classes such as terpenes, phenylpropenes, flavonoids, curcuminoids and alkaloids. They demonstrate the ability to inhibit the formation of and/or eradicate E. faecalis biofilms. However, the exact mechanisms of action of most of these compounds are not fully understood. Therefore, the future studies should elucidate the underlying mechanisms in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam A A Ali
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
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Mgomi FC, Yuan L, Chen CW, Zhang YS, Yang ZQ. Bacteriophages: A weapon against mixed-species biofilms in the food processing environment. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 133:2107-2121. [PMID: 34932868 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mixed-species biofilms represent the most frequent actual lifestyles of microorganisms in food processing environments, and they are usually more resistant to control methods than single-species biofilms. The persistence of biofilms formed by foodborne pathogens is believed to cause serious human diseases. These challenges have encouraged researchers to search for novel, natural methods that are more effective towards mixed-species biofilms. Recently, the use of bacteriophages to control mixed-species biofilms have grown significantly in the food industry as an alternative to conventional methods. This review highlights a comprehensive introduction of mixed-species biofilms formed by foodborne pathogens and their enhanced resistance to anti-biofilm removal strategies. Additionally, several methods for controlling mixed-species biofilms briefly focused on applying bacteriophages in the food industry have also been discussed. This article concludes by suggesting that using bacteriophage, combined with other 'green' methods, could effectively control mixed-species biofilms in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fedrick C Mgomi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225127, PR China
| | - Lei Yuan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225127, PR China
| | - Cao-Wei Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225127, PR China
| | - Yuan-Song Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225127, PR China
| | - Zhen-Quan Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225127, PR China
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Ali IAA, Lévesque CM, Neelakantan P. Fsr quorum sensing system modulates the temporal development of Enterococcus faecalis biofilm matrix. Mol Oral Microbiol 2021; 37:22-30. [PMID: 34862746 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS) is a cell-to-cell communication process that regulates major pathogenic attributes in bacteria including biofilm formation, secretion of virulence factors, and antimicrobial resistance. The two-component Fsr-QS system of the nosocomial pathogen Enterococcus faecalis controls the production of extracellular gelatinase that contributes to biofilm development by enhancing the release of nucleic acids into the biofilm matrix. However, the contribution of this system to the deposition of other biofilm matrix components such as polysaccharides and proteins remains unknown. Using wild type and mutant strains, we discovered that biofilm formation was attenuated by inactivation of the Fsr system or its downstream gelatinase production. Inactivation of the Fsr system caused a modest, yet significant reduction in biofilm metabolic activity without affecting cell counts. Inactivation of the QS-signal sensor FsrC and response regulator FsrA resulted in decreased extracellular polysaccharides and proteins in biofilms in a temporal manner. Irrespective of biofilm age, eDNA levels were reduced in the gelatinase mutant strain. Our results collectively suggest that the Fsr system contributes to the temporal deposition of polysaccharides and proteins into the extracellular polymeric matrix (EPS) of E. faecalis biofilm, without affecting bacterial viability. This understanding of the role of the Fsr-QS system in biofilm development may reveal a novel target to develop effective antibiofilm agents to tackle E. faecalis-mediated infections such as in dental root canals, heart valves, and surgical sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam A A Ali
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Prasanna Neelakantan
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Activity of Antimicrobial Peptides and Ciprofloxacin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173843. [PMID: 32847059 PMCID: PMC7503749 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is increasingly resistant to conventional antibiotics, which can be compounded by the formation of biofilms on surfaces conferring additional resistance. P. aeruginosa was grown in sub-inhibitory concentrations of the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) melimine and Mel4 or ciprofloxacin for 30 consecutive days to induce the development of resistance. Antibiofilm effect of AMPs and ciprofloxacin was evaluated using crystal violet and live/dead staining with confocal microscopy. Effect on the cell membrane of biofilm cells was evaluated using DiSC(3)-5 dye and release of intracellular ATP and DNA/RNA. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ciprofloxacin increased 64-fold after 30 passages, but did not increase for melimine or Mel4. Ciprofloxacin could not inhibit biofilm formation of resistant cells at 4× MIC, but both AMPs reduced biofilms by >75% at 1× MIC. At 1× MIC, only the combination of either AMP with ciprofloxacin was able to significantly disrupt pre-formed biofilms (≥61%; p < 0.001). Only AMPs depolarized the cell membranes of biofilm cells at 1× MIC. At 1× MIC either AMP with ciprofloxacin released a significant amount of ATP (p < 0.04), but did not release DNA/RNA. AMPs do not easily induce resistance in P. aeruginosa and can be used in combination with ciprofloxacin to treat biofilm.
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Siddik A, Satheesh S. Characterization and assessment of barnacle larval settlement-inducing activity of extracellular polymeric substances isolated from marine biofilm bacteria. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17849. [PMID: 31780773 PMCID: PMC6882797 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54294-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) are the hydrated gelatinous matrix produced by microorganisms for attachment in a biofilm environment. In this study, the compositional variation between EPSs of three marine biofilm bacteria (Pseudoalteromonas shioyasakiensis, Vibrio harveyi and Planomicrobium sp.) were analysed by GC-MS, 1H NMR, FT-IR and XRD and SEM. The ecological significance of exopolymers was assessed in vivo using marine model organism barnacle larvae for their settlement-inducing activity. Chemical analysis revealed the presence of glycan fucosylated oligosaccharides, tetraose, trisaccharides, iso-B-Pentasaccharides, sialyllactose, oligomannose, galacto-N-biose, difucosyl-para-lacto-N-neohexaose, 3′-sialyl N-acetyllactosamine and isoglobotriaose-β-N(Acetyl)-Propargyl in all extracted EPSs. Bioassay results indicated that treatment of the barnacle larvae with EPSs from three bacterial strains enhanced settlement on substrates. In conclusion, this study highlighted the role of water-soluble EPSs in the invertebrate larval settlement on artificial materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aboobucker Siddik
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sathianeson Satheesh
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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Chen P, Wang JJ, Hong B, Tan L, Yan J, Zhang Z, Liu H, Pan Y, Zhao Y. Characterization of Mixed-Species Biofilm Formed by Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Listeria monocytogenes. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2543. [PMID: 31787947 PMCID: PMC6856058 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mixed-species biofilms are the predominant form of biofilms found in nature. Research on biofilms have typically concentrated on single species biofilms and this study expands the horizon of biofilm research, where the characterization and dynamic changes of mono and mixed-species biofilms formed by the pathogens, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Listeria monocytogenes were investigated. Compared to mono-species biofilm, the biomass, bio-volume, and thickness of mixed-species biofilms were significantly lower, which were confirmed using crystal violet staining, confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Further experimental analysis showed these variations might result from the reduction of bacterial numbers, the down-regulation of biofilm-regulated genes and loss of metabolic activity in mixed-species biofilm. In addition, V. parahaemolyticus was located primarily on the surface layers of the mixed-species biofilms thus accruing competitive advantage. This competitive advantage was evidenced in a higher V. parahaemolyticus population density in the mixed-species biofilms. The adhesion to surfaces of the mixed-species biofilms were also reduced due to lower concentrations of extracellular polysaccharide and protein when the structure of the mixed-species was examined using Raman spectral analysis, phenol-sulfuric acid method and Lowry method. Furthermore, the minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration to antibiotics obviously decreased when V. parahaemolyticus co-exited with L. monocytogenes. This study firstly elucidated the interactive behavior in biofilm development of two foodborne pathogens, and future studies for biofilm control and antibiotic therapy should take into account interactions in mixed-species biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Jing Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Hong
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Tan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Yan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaohuan Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiquan Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
- Engineering Research Center of Food Thermal-Processing Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingjie Pan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
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Cattò C, Cappitelli F. Testing Anti-Biofilm Polymeric Surfaces: Where to Start? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3794. [PMID: 31382580 PMCID: PMC6696330 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Present day awareness of biofilm colonization on polymeric surfaces has prompted the scientific community to develop an ever-increasing number of new materials with anti-biofilm features. However, compared to the large amount of work put into discovering potent biofilm inhibitors, only a small number of papers deal with their validation, a critical step in the translation of research into practical applications. This is due to the lack of standardized testing methods and/or of well-controlled in vivo studies that show biofilm prevention on polymeric surfaces; furthermore, there has been little correlation with the reduced incidence of material deterioration. Here an overview of the most common methods for studying biofilms and for testing the anti-biofilm properties of new surfaces is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cattò
- Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Cappitelli
- Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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