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Passols M, Llobet-Cabau F, Sebastià C, Castelló A, Valdés-Hernández J, Criado-Mesas L, Sánchez A, Folch JM. Identification of genomic regions, genetic variants and gene networks regulating candidate genes for lipid metabolism in pig muscle. Animal 2023; 17:101033. [PMID: 38064855 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.101033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The intramuscular fat content and fatty acid composition of porcine meat have a significant impact on its quality and nutritional value. This research aimed to investigate the expression of 45 genes involved in lipid metabolism in the longissimus dorsi muscle of three experimental pig backcrosses, with a 25% of Iberian background. To achieve this objective, we conducted an expression Genome-Wide Association Study (eGWAS) using gene expression levels in muscle measured by high-throughput real-time qPCR for 45 target genes and genotypes from the PorcineSNP60 BeadChip or Axiom Porcine Genotyping Array and 65 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in 20 genes genotyped by a custom-designed Taqman OpenArray in a cohort of 354 animals. The eGWAS analysis identified 301 eSNPs associated with 18 candidate genes (ANK2, APOE, ARNT, CIITA, CPT1A, EGF, ELOVL6, ELOVL7, FADS3, FASN, GPAT3, NR1D2, NR1H2, PLIN1, PPAP2A, RORA, RXRA and UCP3). Three cis-eQTL (expression quantitative trait loci) were identified for GPAT3, RXRA, and UCP3 genes, which indicates that a genetic polymorphism proximal to the same gene is affecting its expression. Furthermore, 24 trans-eQTLs were detected, and eight candidate regulatory genes were located in these genomic regions. Additionally, two trans-regulatory hotspots in Sus scrofa chromosomes 13 and 15 were identified. Moreover, a co-expression analysis performed on 89 candidate genes and the fatty acid composition revealed the regulatory role of four genes (FABP5, PPARG, SCD, and SREBF1). These genes modulate the levels of α-linolenic, arachidonic, and oleic acids, as well as regulating the expression of other candidate genes associated with lipid metabolism. The findings of this study offer novel insights into the functional regulatory mechanism of genes involved in lipid metabolism, thereby enhancing our understanding of this complex biological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Passols
- Plant and Animal Genomics, Centre for Research in Agrigenomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, España.
| | - F Llobet-Cabau
- Plant and Animal Genomics, Centre for Research in Agrigenomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, España; Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, España
| | - C Sebastià
- Plant and Animal Genomics, Centre for Research in Agrigenomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, España; Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, España
| | - A Castelló
- Plant and Animal Genomics, Centre for Research in Agrigenomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, España; Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, España
| | - J Valdés-Hernández
- Plant and Animal Genomics, Centre for Research in Agrigenomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, España; Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, España
| | - L Criado-Mesas
- Plant and Animal Genomics, Centre for Research in Agrigenomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, España
| | - A Sánchez
- Plant and Animal Genomics, Centre for Research in Agrigenomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, España; Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, España
| | - J M Folch
- Plant and Animal Genomics, Centre for Research in Agrigenomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, España; Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, España
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Cirlini M, Righetti L, Del Vecchio L, Tonni E, Lucini L, Dall’Asta C, Galaverna G. Untargeted Metabolomics of Meat Digests: Its Potential to Differentiate Pork Depending on the Feeding Regimen. Molecules 2023; 28:7306. [PMID: 37959726 PMCID: PMC10650005 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Meat quality seems to be influenced by the dietary regimes applied for animal feeding. Several research studies are aimed at improving meat quality, preserving it from oxidative processes, by the incorporation of antioxidant components in animal feeding. The main part of these studies evaluates meat quality, determining different parameters directly on meat, while few research studies take into account what may happen after meat ingestion. To address this topic, in this study, an in vitro gastrointestinal digestion protocol was applied to two different pork muscles, longissimus dorsi and rectus femoris, obtained from pigs fed with different diets. In detail, two groups of 12 animals each were subjected to either a conventional diet or a supplemented diet with extruded linseeds as a source of omega-3 fatty acids and plant extracts as a source of phenolics antioxidant compounds. The digested meat was subjected to an untargeted metabolomics approach. Several metabolites deriving from lipid and protein digestion were detected. Our untargeted approach allowed for discriminating the two different meat cuts, based on their metabolomic profiles. Nonetheless, multivariate statistics allowed clearly discriminating between samples obtained from different animal diets. In particular, the inclusion of linseeds and polyphenols in the animal diet led to a decrease in metabolites generated from oxidative degradation reactions, in comparison to the conventional diet group. In the latter, fatty acyls, fatty aldehydes and oxylipins, as well as cholesterol and vitamin D3 precursors and derivatives, could be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Cirlini
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (L.R.); (L.D.V.); (E.T.); (C.D.); (G.G.)
| | - Laura Righetti
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (L.R.); (L.D.V.); (E.T.); (C.D.); (G.G.)
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Del Vecchio
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (L.R.); (L.D.V.); (E.T.); (C.D.); (G.G.)
| | - Elena Tonni
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (L.R.); (L.D.V.); (E.T.); (C.D.); (G.G.)
| | - Luigi Lucini
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, University Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy;
| | - Chiara Dall’Asta
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (L.R.); (L.D.V.); (E.T.); (C.D.); (G.G.)
| | - Gianni Galaverna
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (L.R.); (L.D.V.); (E.T.); (C.D.); (G.G.)
- Interdepartmental Center for Safety, Technologies and Innovation in Agrifood (SITEIA.PARMA), University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, Padiglione 33, 43124 Parma, Italy
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Rocchetti G, Vitali M, Zappaterra M, Righetti L, Sirri R, Lucini L, Dall’Asta C, Davoli R, Galaverna G. A molecular insight into the lipid changes of pig Longissimus thoracis muscle following dietary supplementation with functional ingredients. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264953. [PMID: 35324931 PMCID: PMC8947141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, the Longissimus thoracis pig skeletal muscle was used as a model to investigate the impact of two different diets, supplemented with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from extruded linseed (L) and polyphenols from grape skin and oregano extracts (L+P), on the lipidomic profile of meat. A standard diet for growing-finishing pigs (CTRL) was used as a control. Changes in lipids profile were investigated through an untargeted lipidomics and transcriptomics combined investigation. The lipidomics identified 1507 compounds, with 195 compounds fitting with the MS/MS spectra of LipidBlast database. When compared with the CTRL group, the L+P diet significantly increased 15 glycerophospholipids and 8 sphingolipids, while the L diet determined a marked up-accumulation of glycerolipids. According to the correlations outlined between discriminant lipids and genes, the L diet may act preventing adipogenesis and the related inflammation processes, while the L+P diet promoted the expression of genes involved in lipids' biosynthesis and adipogenic extracellular matrix formation and functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Rocchetti
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Marika Vitali
- Interdepartmental centre for Industrial Agrifood research (CIRI-AGRO)—Università di Bologna, Cesena, Italy
- Department of Agricultural and Food sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum–Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Martina Zappaterra
- Department of Agricultural and Food sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum–Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Righetti
- Department of Food and Drug, Parco Area delle Scienze, Parma, Italy
| | - Rubina Sirri
- Interdepartmental centre for Industrial Agrifood research (CIRI-AGRO)—Università di Bologna, Cesena, Italy
- Department of Agricultural and Food sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum–Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luigi Lucini
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Chiara Dall’Asta
- Department of Food and Drug, Parco Area delle Scienze, Parma, Italy
| | - Roberta Davoli
- Interdepartmental centre for Industrial Agrifood research (CIRI-AGRO)—Università di Bologna, Cesena, Italy
- Department of Agricultural and Food sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum–Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianni Galaverna
- Department of Food and Drug, Parco Area delle Scienze, Parma, Italy
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Mohammadpour F, Darmani-kuhi H, Mohit A, Sohani MM. Effects of dietary fat source and green tea ( Camellia sinensis) extract on genes associated with lipid metabolism and inflammatory responses in female broiler chickens. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2021.1898292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Mohammadpour
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Hassan Darmani-kuhi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Ardeshir Mohit
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mohammad M. Sohani
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
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Huang C, Chiba L, Bergen W. Bioavailability and metabolism of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in pigs and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid-enriched pork: A review. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Oczkowicz M, Szmatoła T, Świątkiewicz M, Koseniuk A, Smołucha G, Witarski W, Wierzbicka A. 3'quant mRNA-Seq of Porcine Liver Reveals Alterations in UPR, Acute Phase Response, and Cholesterol and Bile Acid Metabolism in Response to Different Dietary Fats. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11091087. [PMID: 32961898 PMCID: PMC7565913 DOI: 10.3390/genes11091087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal fats are considered to be unhealthy, in contrast to vegetable fats, which are rich in unsaturated fatty acids. However, the use of some fats, such as coconut oil, is still controversial. In our experiment, we divided experimental animals (domestic pigs) into three groups differing only in the type of fat used in the diet: group R: rapeseed oil (n = 5); group B: beef tallow (n = 5); group C: coconut oil (n = 6). After transcriptomic analysis of liver samples, we identified 188, 93, and 53 DEGs (differentially expressed genes) in R vs. B, R vs. C, and B vs. C comparisons, respectively. Next, we performed a functional analysis of identified DEGs with String and IPA software. We observed the enrichment of genes engaged in the unfolded protein response (UPR) and the acute phase response among genes upregulated in B compared to R. In contrast, cholesterol biosynthesis and cholesterol efflux enrichments were observed among genes downregulated in B when compared to R. Moreover, activation of the UPR and inhibition of the sirtuin signaling pathway were noted in C when compared to R. The most striking difference in liver transcriptomic response between C and B was the activation of the acute phase response and inhibition of bile acid synthesis in the latest group. Our results suggest that excessive consumption of animal fats leads to the activation of a cascade of mutually propelling processes harmful to the liver: inflammation, UPR, and imbalances in the biosynthesis of cholesterol and bile acids via altered organelle membrane composition. Nevertheless, these studies should be extended with analysis at the level of proteins and their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Oczkowicz
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, ul Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland; (T.S.); (A.K.); (G.S.); (W.W.); (A.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48666081109
| | - Tomasz Szmatoła
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, ul Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland; (T.S.); (A.K.); (G.S.); (W.W.); (A.W.)
- Centre of Experimental and Innovative Medicine, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Świątkiewicz
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, National Research Institute of Animal Production, ul Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland;
| | - Anna Koseniuk
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, ul Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland; (T.S.); (A.K.); (G.S.); (W.W.); (A.W.)
| | - Grzegorz Smołucha
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, ul Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland; (T.S.); (A.K.); (G.S.); (W.W.); (A.W.)
| | - Wojciech Witarski
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, ul Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland; (T.S.); (A.K.); (G.S.); (W.W.); (A.W.)
| | - Alicja Wierzbicka
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, ul Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland; (T.S.); (A.K.); (G.S.); (W.W.); (A.W.)
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Zappaterra M, Gioiosa S, Chillemi G, Zambonelli P, Davoli R. Muscle transcriptome analysis identifies genes involved in ciliogenesis and the molecular cascade associated with intramuscular fat content in Large White heavy pigs. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233372. [PMID: 32428048 PMCID: PMC7237010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intramuscular fat content (IMF) is a complex trait influencing the technological and sensorial features of meat products and determining pork quality. Thus, we aimed at analyzing through RNA-sequencing the Semimembranosus muscle transcriptome of Italian Large White pigs to study the gene networks associated with IMF deposition. Two groups of samples were used; each one was composed of six unrelated pigs with extreme and divergent IMF content (0.67 ± 0.09% in low IMF vs. 6.81 ± 1.17% in high IMF groups) that were chosen from 950 purebred individuals. Paired-end RNA sequences were aligned to Sus scrofa genome assembly 11.1 and gene counts were analyzed using WGCNA and DeSeq2 packages in R environment. Interestingly, among the 58 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), several were related to primary cilia organelles (such as Lebercilin 5 gene), in addition to the genes involved in the regulation of cell differentiation, in the control of RNA-processing, and G-protein and ERK signaling pathways. Together with cilia-related genes, we also found in high IMF pigs an over-expression of the Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 (FGF2) gene, which in other animal species was found to be a regulator of ciliogenesis. Four WGCNA gene modules resulted significantly associated with IMF deposition: grey60 (P = 0.003), darkturquoise (P = 0.022), skyblue1 (P = 0.022), and lavenderblush3 (P = 0.030). The genes in the significant modules confirmed the results obtained for the DEGs, and the analysis with “cytoHubba” indicated genes controlling RNA splicing and cell differentiation as hub genes. Among the complex molecular processes affecting muscle fat depots, genes involved in primary cilia may have an important role, and the transcriptional reprogramming observed in high IMF pigs may be related to an FGF-related molecular cascade and to ciliogenesis, which in the literature have been associated with fibro-adipogenic precursor differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Zappaterra
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Division of Animal Science, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Gioiosa
- Super Computing Applications and Innovation Department (SCAI), CINECA, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Chillemi
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), CNR, Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Zambonelli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Division of Animal Science, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberta Davoli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Division of Animal Science, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre of Agri-food Industrial Research (CIRI-AGRO), University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Skugor A, Kjos NP, Sundaram AYM, Mydland LT, Ånestad R, Tauson AH, Øverland M. Effects of long-term feeding of rapeseed meal on skeletal muscle transcriptome, production efficiency and meat quality traits in Norwegian Landrace growing-finishing pigs. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220441. [PMID: 31390356 PMCID: PMC6685631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to investigate the effects of dietary inclusion of 20% rapeseed meal (RSM) as an alternative to soybean meal (SBM) in a three-month feeding experiment with growing finishing pigs. Dietary alteration affected growth performance, several carcass traits and transcriptional responses in the skeletal muscle, but did not affect measured meat quality traits. In general, pigs fed the RSM test diet exhibited reduced growth performance compared to pigs on SBM control diet. Significant transcriptional changes in the skeletal muscle of growing pigs fed RSM diet were likely the consequence of an increased amount of fiber and higher polyunsaturated fatty acids, and presence of bioactive phytochemicals, such as glucosinolates. RNAseq pipeline using Tophat2-Cuffdiff identified 57 upregulated and 63 downregulated genes in RSM compared to SBM pigs. Significantly enriched among downregulated pathways was p53-mediated signalling involved in cellular proliferation, while activation of negative growth regulators (IER5, KLF10, BTG2, KLF11, RETREG1, PRUNE2) in RSM fed pigs provided further evidence for reduced proliferation and increased cellular death, in accordance with the observed reduction in performance traits. Upregulation of well-known metabolic controllers (PDK4, UCP3, ESRRG and ESRRB), involved in energy homeostasis (glucose and lipid metabolism, and mitochondrial function), suggested less available energy and nutrients in RSM pigs. Furthermore, several genes supported more pronounced proteolysis (ABTB1, OTUD1, PADI2, SPP1) and reduced protein synthesis (THBS1, HSF4, AP1S2) in RSM muscle tissue. In parallel, higher levels of NR4A3, PDK4 and FGF21, and a drop in adropin, ELOVL6 and CIDEC/FSP27 indicated increased lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation, reflective of lower dressing percentage. Finally, pigs exposed to RSM showed greater expression level of genes responsive to oxidative stress, indicated by upregulation of GPX1, GPX2, and TXNIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrijana Skugor
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Nils Petter Kjos
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | | | - Liv Torunn Mydland
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Ragnhild Ånestad
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Anne-Helene Tauson
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Margareth Øverland
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
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