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Ranfaing S, De Zorzi L, Ruyffelaere R, Honoré J, Critchley H, Sequeira H. The impact of attention bias modification training on behavioral and physiological responses. Biol Psychol 2024; 186:108753. [PMID: 38244853 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Attention bias modification training aims to alter attentional deployment to symptom-relevant emotionally salient stimuli. Such training has therapeutic applications in the management of disorders including anxiety, depression, addiction and chronic pain. In emotional reactions, attentional biases interact with autonomically-mediated changes in bodily arousal putatively underpinning affective feeling states. Here we examined the impact of attention bias modification training on behavioral and autonomic reactivity. Fifty-eight participants were divided into two groups. A training group (TR) received attention bias modification training to enhance attention to pleasant visual information, while a control group (CT) performed a procedure that did not modify attentional bias. After training, participants performed an evaluation task in which pairs of emotional and neutral images (unpleasant-neutral, pleasant-neutral, neutral-neutral) were presented, while behavioral (eye movements) and autonomic (skin conductance; heart rate) responses were recorded. At the behavioral level, trained participants were faster to orientate attention to pleasant images, and slower to orientate to unpleasant images. At the autonomic level, trained participants showed attenuated skin conductance responses to unpleasant images, while stronger skin conductance responses were generally associated with higher anxiety. These data argue for the use of attentional training to address both the attentional and the physiological sides of emotional responses, appropriate for anxious and depressive symptomatology, characterized by atypical attentional deployment and autonomic reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Ranfaing
- PSyCOS - ETHICS EA 7446, Université Catholique de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Lucas De Zorzi
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Rémi Ruyffelaere
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Jacques Honoré
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Hugo Critchley
- Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Henrique Sequeira
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, F-59000 Lille, France
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Sullivan AJ, Chung YS, Novotny S, Epperson CN, Kober H, Blumberg HP, Gross JJ, Ochsner KN, Pearlson G, Stevens MC. Estradiol effects on an emotional interference task in adolescents with current and remitted depression. Horm Behav 2024; 157:105450. [PMID: 37923628 PMCID: PMC10842169 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2023.105450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Attentional biases to emotional stimuli are thought to reflect vulnerability for mood disorder onset and maintenance. This study examined the association between the endogenous sex hormone estradiol and emotional attentional biases in adolescent females with either current or remitted depression. Three groups of participants (mean age ± SD) completed the Emotional Interrupt Task: 1) 20 adolescent females (15.1 ± 1.83 years) currently diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), 2) 16 adolescent females (16.4 ± 1.31 years) who had experienced at least one episode of MDD in their lifetime but currently met criteria for MDD in remission, and 3) 30 adolescent female (15.4 ± 1.83 years) healthy controls. Attentional interference (AI) scores were calculated as differences in target response reaction time between trials with emotional facial expressions versus neutral facial expressions. Estradiol levels were assayed by Salimetrics LLC using saliva samples collected within 30 min of waking on assessment days. Robust multiple regression with product terms evaluated estradiol's main effect on AI scores, as well as hypothesized estradiol × diagnostic group interactions. Although neither mean estradiol levels nor mean AI scores in the current-MDD and remitted-MDD groups differed from controls, the relationship between estradiol and overall AI score differed between control adolescents and the remitted-MDD group. Specifically, the remitted-MDD adolescents performed worse (i.e., showed greater attentional interference) when they had higher estradiol; no significant relationship existed in the current-MDD group. Because this finding was driven by angry and not happy stimuli, it appears higher estradiol levels were associated with greater susceptibility to the attention-capturing effects of negatively-valenced emotional content in girls at risk for MDD from prior history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail J Sullivan
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Hartford HealthCare, Hartford, CT 06106, United States of America.
| | - Yu Sun Chung
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Hartford HealthCare, Hartford, CT 06106, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Novotny
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Hartford HealthCare, Hartford, CT 06106, United States of America
| | - C Neill Epperson
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Hedy Kober
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States of America
| | - Hilary P Blumberg
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States of America
| | - James J Gross
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America
| | - Kevin N Ochsner
- Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, United States of America
| | - Godfrey Pearlson
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Hartford HealthCare, Hartford, CT 06106, United States of America; Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States of America
| | - Michael C Stevens
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Hartford HealthCare, Hartford, CT 06106, United States of America; Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States of America
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Qiu S, Luo X, Luo Y, Wei D, Mei G. State-dependent alterations of implicit emotional dominance during binocular rivalry in subthreshold depression. Psych J 2023; 12:809-823. [PMID: 37905936 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Binocular rivalry, a visual perception phenomenon where two or more percepts alternate every few seconds when distinct stimuli are presented to the two eyes, has been reported as a biomarker in several psychiatric disorders. It is unclear whether abnormalities of binocular rivalry in depression could occur when emotional rivaling stimuli are used, and if so, whether an emotional binocular rivalry test could provide a trait-dependent or state-dependent biomarker. In the current study, 34 individuals with subthreshold depression and 31 non-depressed individuals performed a binocular rivalry task associated with implicit emotional processing. Participants were required to report their perceived orientations of the rival gratings in the foreground and to neglect emotional face stimuli in the background. The participants were retested after an approximately 4-month time interval. Compared to the non-depressed group, the subthreshold depression group showed significantly longer perceptual dominance durations of the grating with emotional faces as the background (i.e., implicit emotional dominance) at the initial assessment. However, the abnormality was not found at the follow-up assessment. More importantly, we found smaller changes in depressive severity at the follow-up assessment for individuals displaying longer emotional dominance at the initial assessment than for individuals with weaker emotional dominance. The current emotional binocular rivalry test may provide an objective, state-dependent biomarker for distinguishing individuals with subthreshold depression from non-depressed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiming Qiu
- School of Psychology, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Luo
- School of Psychology, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhong Luo
- School of Psychology, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Wei
- School of Psychology, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaoxing Mei
- School of Psychology, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
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Lovell B, McCarty K, Penfold P, Wetherell MA. Clinically elevated depression scores do not produce negative attentional biases in caregivers of autistic children. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1192669. [PMID: 37743984 PMCID: PMC10512861 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1192669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Depression scores in caregivers of autistic children often fall in the clinical range. The attention of clinically depressed individuals tends to be biased toward negatively toned information. Whether caring for an autistic child might also be characterized by a negative attentional bias was explored here. Methods A sample of N = 98 (57 caregivers and 41 controls) completed questionnaires assessing depressive symptoms. Orienting attention to (i.e., vigilance), and shifting attention away from (i.e., disengagement), negative information was assessed via an online version of the emotional face dot probe task. Results Mean depression scores in caregivers, falling in the borderline clinical range, were significantly higher compared with controls. Groups, however, were indistinguishable with respect to vigilance and disengagement, and these attentional indices were unrelated to depression scores. Conclusion Caring for an autistic child, while associated with borderline clinical depression scores, was not characterized by a negative attentional bias. Findings are discussed in the context of methodological shortcomings and recommendations for future research.
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Zhang X, Wang X, Dong D, Sun X, Zhong X, Xiong G, Cheng C, Lei H, Chai Y, Yu M, Quan P, Gehrman PR, Detre JA, Yao S, Rao H. Persistent Ventral Anterior Cingulate Cortex and Resolved Amygdala Hyper-responses to Negative Outcomes After Depression Remission: A Combined Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Study. Biol Psychiatry 2023; 93:268-278. [PMID: 36567087 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a highly prevalent mood disorder affecting more than 300 million people worldwide. Biased processing of negative information and neural hyper-responses to negative events are hallmarks of depression. This study combined cross-sectional and longitudinal experiments to explore both persistent and resolved neural hyper-responses to negative outcomes from risky decision making in patients with current MDD (cMDD) and remitted MDD (rMDD). METHODS A total of 264 subjects participated in the cross-sectional study, including 117 patients with medication-naïve, first-episode current depression; 45 patients with rMDD with only 1 episode of depression; and 102 healthy control subjects. Participants completed a modified balloon analog risk task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. In the longitudinal arm of the study, 42 patients with cMDD were followed and 26 patients with rMDD were studied again after 8 weeks of antidepressant treatment. RESULTS Patients with cMDD showed hyper-responses to loss outcomes in multiple limbic regions including the amygdala and ventral anterior cingulate cortex (vACC). Amygdala but not vACC hyperactivity correlated with depression scores in patients with cMDD. Furthermore, amygdala hyperactivity resolved while vACC hyperactivity persisted in patients with rMDD in both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide consistent evidence supporting differential patterns of amygdala and vACC hyper-responses to negative outcomes during depression remission. Amygdala hyperactivity may be a symptomatic and state-dependent marker of depressive neural responses, while vACC hyperactivity may reflect a persistent and state-independent effect of depression on brain function. These findings offer new insights into the neural underpinnings of depression remission and prevention of depression recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocui Zhang
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Changsha, China; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; School of Educational Science, Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.
| | - Xiang Wang
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Changsha, China
| | - Daifeng Dong
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Sun
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xue Zhong
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ge Xiong
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chang Cheng
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Lei
- College of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ya Chai
- Key Laboratory of Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Meichen Yu
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Peng Quan
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Research Center for Quality of Life and Applied Psychology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Philip R Gehrman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John A Detre
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shuqiao Yao
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Changsha, China
| | - Hengyi Rao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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Shamai-Leshem D, Linetzky M, Bar-Haim Y. Attention Biases in Previously Depressed Individuals: A Meta-Analysis and Implications for Depression Recurrence. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-022-10331-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Todd J, Wilson E, Coutts-Bain D, Clarke PJF. Attentional bias variability and its association with psychological and health symptoms: A meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 140:104812. [PMID: 35931220 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The present meta-analysis sought to assess the association between an emerging neurocognitive marker of psychopathology in attentional bias variability (ABV) and key psychological and health outcomes. A comprehensive literature review yielded 53 studies in 43 manuscripts (N = 5428). Overall, clinical and sub-clinical samples exhibited greater ABV than control samples (g = 0.462). Trauma samples showed significantly greater ABV than control samples (g = 0.782, medium-large effect), whereas social anxiety samples did not (g = 0.147). Similarly, ABV was associated with degree of trauma symptoms (r = 0.21 - 0.25). ABV was associated with some symptoms of depression and anxiety, although these were small and inconsistent. These findings suggest a specific relationship between ABV and post-traumatic stress symptoms, with evidence equivocal for other psychological difficulties (although also less research). Key recommendations for future research include investigating mechanisms underlying ABV and the importance of controlling for non-attentional processes, such as reaction time variability, to ensure the validity of ABV measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemma Todd
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Emily Wilson
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Patrick J F Clarke
- Cognition and Emotion Research Group, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
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Zhang Z, Meng J, Li Z, Sun Y, Li Y, Luo J. The role of creative cognitive reappraisals in positively transforming negative emotions. Psych J 2022; 11:837-851. [PMID: 36053876 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have found the connections between cognitive reappraisals' creativity and their regulatory efficacy. The present study proposed and tested a novel hypothesis on the function of cognitive reappraisals, especially creative ones. That is, whether they could positively alter negative emotional arousal toward unpleasant stimuli. To this end, two questions were investigated: (a) whether the creative reappraisals were more capable than ordinary ones of transforming the negative stimuli (pictures) to be perceived as positive, and (b) whether these two kinds of reappraisals made the "negative-to-positive transformation" through different mechanisms. To answer the first question, we examined the power of the creative and ordinary reappraisals in making the "negative-to-positive transformation" using an indirect and delayed "positive-or-negative" picture-sorting task (Exp. 1, n = 41 with a statistical power of 0.877), or using a direct and immediate subjective rating (Exp. 2, n = 31 with a statistical power of 0.768). To answer the second question, we checked how the factor of creativeness (creative vs. ordinary reappraisal) interacted with the factor of "timing" (simultaneous vs. delayed reappraisal delivery, Exp. 1), or with that of "dose" (one vs. three reappraisal applications; Exp. 2), in making the "negative-to-positive transformation," respectively, and examined if the variation of "timing" or "dose" factors would exert different effects on the creative and ordinary reappraisals' regulatory function. Our results generally proved that creative reappraisal was more capable of making the "negative-to-positive transformation" than the ordinary reappraisal, regardless of the direct and indirect emotion evaluation ratings as well as the variations in the timing and dose of reappraisal delivery. Moreover, we found that these two kinds of reappraisals could show dissociable dose-dependent effects (but not timing-dependent ones), thus partially implying that creative and ordinary reappraisal might make the "negative-to-positive transformation" through fundamentally different processes or mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianning Meng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyi Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yabing Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
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Wang Y, Tang Z, Zhang X, Yang L. Auditory and cross-modal attentional bias toward positive natural sounds: Behavioral and ERP evidence. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:949655. [PMID: 35967006 PMCID: PMC9372282 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.949655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, researchers have expanded the investigation into attentional biases toward positive stimuli; however, few studies have examined attentional biases toward positive auditory information. In three experiments, the present study employed an emotional spatial cueing task using emotional sounds as cues and auditory stimuli (Experiment 1) or visual stimuli (Experiment 2 and Experiment 3) as targets to explore whether auditory or visual spatial attention could be modulated by positive auditory cues. Experiment 3 also examined the temporal dynamics of cross-modal auditory bias toward positive natural sounds using event-related potentials (ERPs). The behavioral results of the three experiments consistently demonstrated that response times to targets were faster after positive auditory cues than they were after neutral auditory cues in the valid condition, indicating that healthy participants showed a selective auditory attentional bias (Experiment 1) and cross-modal attentional bias (Experiment 2 and Experiment 3) toward positive natural sounds. The results of Experiment 3 showed that N1 amplitudes were more negative after positive sounds than they were after neutral sounds, which further provided electrophysiological evidence that positive auditory information enhances attention at early stages in healthy adults. The results of the experiments performed in the present study suggest that humans exhibit an attentional bias toward positive natural sounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenwei Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Libing Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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Neural basis of positive and negative emotion regulation in remitted depression. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 34:102988. [PMID: 35298997 PMCID: PMC8924423 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.102988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
RRMDD patients show deviant uninstructed neural emotion regulation. This is reflected in residual problems in daily strategy use. RRMDD patients are capable to engage frontolimbic areas upon instructed reappraisal. Neural regulation capacity is related to inadequate rumination. Positive, next to negative, affect is highly relevant for understanding vulnerability.
The recurrent nature of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) necessitates a better understanding of mechanisms facilitating relapse. MDD has often been associated with abnormal emotion regulation, underpinned by aberrant interactions between the prefrontal cortex and subcortical areas. We assessed whether neural regulation abnormalities remain after remission and relate to emotion regulation problems in daily life. At the baseline measurement of a randomized controlled trial, an emotion regulation task was performed during fMRI scanning by 46 remitted recurrent (rrMDD) patients and 24 healthy controls. We assessed both fMRI peak activity and the temporal dynamics of the neural response during passive attendance and explicit regulation of positive and negative emotions. Furthermore, we assessed regulation strategy use in daily life using questionnaires, and attentional biases using a modified attentional dot-probe task. RrMDD patients showed lower activation and different temporal dynamics in occipital, parietal, and prefrontal brain regions during passive attendance of emotional material compared to healthy controls. During explicit downregulation of negative emotions, no group differences were found. However, during explicit upregulation of positive emotions, rrMDD patients showed a different neural response over time in the insula. Behaviourally, rrMDD patients were characterized by dysfunctional regulation strategies in daily life. Within rrMDD patients, rumination was associated with activation within a limbic- prefrontal network. After remission, immediate emotional processing seems unaffected, but regulatory abnormalities remain, especially uninstructed and in daily life. Abnormal insula activation during positive upregulation suggests decreased monitoring of positive emotions. The relation between inadequate rumination and brain activity during emotion regulation suggests that regulation of both positive and negative affect is important in understanding neurocognitive underpinnings of resilience.
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11
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Cladder-Micus M, Vrijsen JN, de Putter L, de Raedt R, Spijker J, Speckens AEM, Becker ES, Koster EHW. A multi-method assessment of attentional processes in chronic, treatment-resistant depression. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 140:68-76. [PMID: 34098388 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Attentional deficits as well as attentional biases towards negative material are related to major depression and might maintain chronicity. However, studies investigating attentional deficits and attentional biases in chronic, treatment-resistant depressed are lacking. The aim of the current study was to compare measures of attentional deficits and attentional bias between chronic, treatment-resistant depressed outpatients and never-depressed control participants. Attentional deficits were assessed with the attentional control scale (ACS) and the Stroop Color naming task. Attentional bias was measured with the exogenous cueing task (ECT) and an emotional Stroop task. Chronic, treatment-resistant depressed patients (n = 80) showed significantly more attentional deficits than never-depressed controls (n = 113) on the ACS and Stroop color-naming task. However, in contrast with hypotheses, no differences were found between chronic, treatment-resistant depressed patients and never-depressed individuals on the ECT or emotional Stroop task. The current findings indicate that chronic, treatment-resistant depressed patients present attentional deficits. The results however question whether this patient group shows attentional biases for negative material. Future research should include comparisons of chronic, treatment-resistant and non-chronically depressed patients. If replicated, these current results might indicate that focusing on improving attentional deficits could be a more promising target for treatment than addressing attentional biases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Cladder-Micus
- Depression Expertise Centre, Pro Persona Mental Health Care, the Netherlands; Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Janna N Vrijsen
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Laura de Putter
- Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Rudi de Raedt
- Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Jan Spijker
- Depression Expertise Centre, Pro Persona Mental Health Care, the Netherlands
| | - Anne E M Speckens
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Eni S Becker
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ernst H W Koster
- Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium
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12
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Baroni M, Frumento S, Cesari V, Gemignani A, Menicucci D, Rutigliano G. Unconscious processing of subliminal stimuli in panic disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 128:136-151. [PMID: 34139247 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Attentional biases to threat exist in panic disorder (PD), probably related to altered subliminal processing. We systematically reviewed studies investigating subliminal processing in PD. Studies were retrieved from MEDLINE and Scopus®. We meta-analytically compared PD (n = 167) and healthy controls (HC, n = 165) for processing of masked panic-related and neutral words. We also compared subliminal and supraliminal presentations of panic-related words relative to neutral words within PD subjects and HC. We found a significantly enhanced Stroop interference to masked panic-related words in PD vs HC (Hedges' g = 0.60, p = 0.03; Q = 14.83, I2 = 66.3 %, p = 0.01). While both PD subjects and HC tended to be slower to respond to supraliminal threat words than to neutral words, PD subjects only showed a marginally significant slower response to subliminal panic-related words vs neutral words. Findings remain inconclusive regarding comparison to other mental disorders, neural correlates, and the effect of psychotherapy. Even if possibly flawed by methodological weaknesses, our findings support the existence of a sensitivity to subliminal threat cues in PD, which could be targeted to improve treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Baroni
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, via Savi, 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy; Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC), National Research Council, via Giuseppe Moruzzi, 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sergio Frumento
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, via Savi, 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Valentina Cesari
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, via Savi, 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Angelo Gemignani
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, via Savi, 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Danilo Menicucci
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, via Savi, 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Grazia Rutigliano
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, via Savi, 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy
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13
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Ranfaing S, De Zorzi L, Honoré J, Critchley H, Sequeira H. Attention orientation to pleasantness and depressive symptomatology predict autonomic reactivity. Cogn Emot 2021; 35:1203-1213. [PMID: 34041998 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2021.1929852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Depression is characterised by attentional bias to emotional information and dysregulated autonomic reactivity. Despite its relevance to understanding depressive mechanisms, the association between attentional bias and autonomic reactivity to emotional information remains poorly characterised. This study compared behavioural and autonomic responses to emotional images in 32 participants in whom subclinical depressive symptomatology was quantified using the Beck Depression Inventory. Pairs of emotional and neutral images (unpleasant-neutral, U-N; pleasant-neutral, P-N; neutral-neutral, N-N) were presented while attentional indices (eye movements) and autonomic activity (skin conductance responses, SCRs; heart rate, HR) were recorded. Results showed that all recorded ocular parameters indicated a preferential orientation and maintenance of attention to emotional images. SCRs were associated with a valence effect on fixation latency: lower fixation latency to pleasant stimuli leads to lower SCRs whereas the opposite was observed for unpleasant stimuli. Finally, stepwise linear regression analysis revealed that latency of fixation to pleasant images and scores of depression predicted SCRs of participants. Thus, our research reveals an association between autonomic reactivity and attentional bias to pleasant information, on the one hand, and depressive symptomatology on the other. Present findings therefore suggest that depressive individuals may benefit from attention training towards pleasant information in association with autonomic biofeedback procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Ranfaing
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, Lille, France
| | - Lucas De Zorzi
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, Lille, France
| | - Jacques Honoré
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, Lille, France
| | - Hugo Critchley
- Clinical Imaging Sciences Centre, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom.,Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom.,Psychiatry, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Henrique Sequeira
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, Lille, France
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14
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Bártolo A, Santos IM, Guimarães R, Reis S, Monteiro S. Reproduction-related cognitive processing and distress among young adult women: the role of personal breast cancer history. Cogn Process 2021; 22:569-578. [PMID: 33797684 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-021-01026-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer diagnosis can threaten fertility and biological motherhood in women of reproductive age due to the gonadotoxic effects of treatments. Much evidence documents these women fertility-related concerns and distress, but no study has attempted to understand how implicit cognitive processes can contribute to this maladjustment. In this research, we explored whether reproduction-related stimuli interfere with cognition among cancer survivors with infertility risk using an emotional Stroop task. Furthermore, we investigated the relationship between reproduction-related cognitive processing and psychological morbidity. Young cancer survivors aged 18-40 years who received anticancer treatments and an age-matched non-cancer control group without known fertility problems were compared. Color-naming times and error rates were assessed. Participants in both groups were slower naming the color of reproduction-related words in comparison to unrelated negative valence words. Although in the same direction, this difference did not reach statistical significance for positive and neutral unrelated word lists. Further analysis suggested that biased attention toward reproduction-related information was associated with higher depression levels in young women with personal breast cancer history, but not in healthy women. These findings suggest that biased processing of reproduction-related cues might be a vulnerability factor after a breast cancer diagnosis. Additionally, this study puts in evidence the potential usefulness of using experimental tasks to investigate attentional bias in a context where fertility is at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Bártolo
- Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Isabel M Santos
- William James Center for Research, Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Raquel Guimarães
- Breast Center, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Salomé Reis
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Monteiro
- Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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15
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Gladwin TE, Vink M. Anticipated Attack Slows Responses in a Cued Virtual Attack Emotional Sternberg Task. EUROPES JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 17:31-43. [PMID: 33737972 PMCID: PMC7957854 DOI: 10.5964/ejop.1896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Threatening stimuli have varying effects, including reaction time (RT) increase in working memory tasks. This could reflect disruption of working memory or, alternatively, a reversible state of freezing. In the current series of experiments, reversible slowing due to anticipated threat was studied using the cued Virtual Attack Emotional Sternberg Task (cVAEST). In this task visually neutral cues indicate whether a future virtual attack could or could not occur during the maintenance period of a Sternberg task. Three studies (N = 47, 40, and 40, respectively) were performed by healthy adult participants online. The primary hypothesis was that the cVAEST would evoke anticipatory slowing. Further, the studies aimed to explore details of this novel task, in particular the interval between the cue and probe stimuli and the memory set size. In all studies it was found that threat anticipation slowed RTs on the working memory task. Further, Study 1 (memory set size 3) showed a decrease in RT when the attack occurred over all Cue Stimulus Intervals (CSIs). In Study 2 a minimal memory set of one item was used, under which circumstances RTs following attacks were only faster shortly after cue presentation (CSI 200 and 500 ms), when RTs were high for both threat and safe cues. Study 3 replicated results of Study 2 with more fine-grained time intervals. The results confirm that anticipation of attack stimuli can reversibly slow responses on an independent working memory task. The cVAEST may provide a useful method to study such threat-induced response slowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. Gladwin
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, University of Chichester, Chichester, United Kingdom
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Mental Health, Institute for Lifecourse Development, The University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthijs Vink
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Developmental Psychology and Experimental Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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16
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Peräkylä J, Järventausta K, Haapaniemi P, Camprodon JA, Hartikainen KM. Threat-Modulation of Executive Functions-A Novel Biomarker of Depression? Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:670974. [PMID: 34276442 PMCID: PMC8283506 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.670974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Alterations in executive functions, emotion regulation, and their interaction are common concomitants of depression. Executive dysfunction frequently lingers after treatment, has adverse effects on daily life, and predisposes to recurrence of depression. Yet, sensitive measures of executive function for reliable assessment of cognitive outcomes are still lacking in clinical practice. To better understand the impact of depression and its most effective treatment, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), on cognition, we assessed executive functions pre- and post-ECT and whether objective measures reflecting alterations in emotion-executive function interaction correlate with depression severity or with cognitive outcome. Methods: Executive functions were assessed in 21 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) before and after ECT using subjective measures from the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult version (BRIEF-A) and objective cognitive performance measures derived from computer-based test of executive function, Executive Reaction Time (RT) Test. In addition, we created novel indices reflecting emotional modulation of cognitive performance by subtracting different performance measures in the context of neutral distractors from those in the context of threat-related distractors. We correlated these indices with Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and BRIEF-A scores. Results: Depression was significantly alleviated, and executive functions improved post-ECT, as seen in reduced BDI scores, BRIEF-A scores, and number of errors in Executive RT Test. Pre-ECT BDI scores correlated with threat modulation of RT (tmRT) and threat modulation of working memory (tmWM). Post-ECT tmRT correlated with several Behavioral Regulation scales and tmWM with several Metacognition scales of BRIEF-A. Conclusion: While caution is warranted, results from both subjective and objective measures suggest that ECT significantly improves executive functions and emotion regulation along with alleviation of depression. Novel indices derived from threat modulation of executive function and working memory show promise as objective biomarkers of depression severity pre-ECT and cognitive outcome post-ECT with potential for guiding depression treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jari Peräkylä
- Behavioral Neurology Research Unit, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kaija Järventausta
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Piia Haapaniemi
- Behavioral Neurology Research Unit, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Joan A Camprodon
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kaisa M Hartikainen
- Behavioral Neurology Research Unit, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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17
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Lu T, Yang J, Zhang X, Guo Z, Li S, Yang W, Chen Y, Wu N. Crossmodal Audiovisual Emotional Integration in Depression: An Event-Related Potential Study. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:694665. [PMID: 34354614 PMCID: PMC8329241 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.694665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is related to the defect of emotion processing, and people's emotional processing is crossmodal. This article aims to investigate whether there is a difference in audiovisual emotional integration between the depression group and the normal group using a high-resolution event-related potential (ERP) technique. We designed a visual and/or auditory detection task. The behavioral results showed that the responses to bimodal audiovisual stimuli were faster than those to unimodal auditory or visual stimuli, indicating that crossmodal integration of emotional information occurred in both the depression and normal groups. The ERP results showed that the N2 amplitude induced by sadness was significantly higher than that induced by happiness. The participants in the depression group showed larger amplitudes of N1 and P2, and the average amplitude of LPP evoked in the frontocentral lobe in the depression group was significantly lower than that in the normal group. The results indicated that there are different audiovisual emotional processing mechanisms between depressed and non-depressed college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Lu
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zihan Guo
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengnan Li
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weiping Yang
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Nannan Wu
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
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18
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Krings A, Heeren A, Fontaine P, Blairy S. Attentional biases in depression: Relation to disorder severity, rumination, and anhedonia. Compr Psychiatry 2020; 100:152173. [PMID: 32359726 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION According to cognitive models of depression, selective attentional biases (ABs) for mood-congruent information are core vulnerability factors of depression maintenance. However, findings concerning the presence of these biases in depression are mixed. This study aims to clarify the presence of these ABs among individuals with clinical and subclinical depression. METHOD We compared three groups based on a semi-structured diagnostic interview and a depressive symptoms scale (BDI-II): 34 individuals with major depressive disorder (clinically depressed); 35 with a dysphoric mood but without the criteria of major depressive disorder (i.e., subclinically depressed), and 26 never been depressed individuals. We examined AB for sad and happy materials in three modified versions of the exogenous cueing task using scenes, facial expressions, and words. Brooding, anhedonia, and anxiety were also evaluated. RESULTS In contrast to our hypotheses, there were no ABs for negative or positive information, regardless of the task and the groups. Neither the association between AB toward negative information and brooding nor the one between AB away from positive stimuli and anhedonia was significant. Bayes factors analyses revealed that the present pattern of findings does not result from a lack of statistical power. DISCUSSION Our results raise questions about how common AB is in depression. From a theoretical point of view, because individuals with depression did not exhibit AB, our results also seemingly challenge the claim that AB figures prominently in the maintenance of depression. We believe the present null results to be particularly useful for future meta-research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Krings
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, University of Liège, Place des Orateurs, 1, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Alexandre Heeren
- Psychological Science Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Cardinal Mercier 10, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 53, 1200 Woluwe-Saint-Lambert, Belgium.
| | - Philippe Fontaine
- Psychiatry service, CHC Clinique Montlégia, bd Patience et Beaujonc 9 - (B), 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Sylvie Blairy
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, University of Liège, Place des Orateurs, 1, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
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19
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van Kleef RS, Bockting CLH, van Valen E, Aleman A, Marsman JBC, van Tol MJ. Neurocognitive working mechanisms of the prevention of relapse in remitted recurrent depression (NEWPRIDE): protocol of a randomized controlled neuroimaging trial of preventive cognitive therapy. BMC Psychiatry 2019; 19:409. [PMID: 31856771 PMCID: PMC6921462 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-019-2384-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a psychiatric disorder with a highly recurrent character, making prevention of relapse an important clinical goal. Preventive Cognitive Therapy (PCT) has been proven effective in preventing relapse, though not for every patient. A better understanding of relapse vulnerability and working mechanisms of preventive treatment may inform effective personalized intervention strategies. Neurocognitive models of MDD suggest that abnormalities in prefrontal control over limbic emotion-processing areas during emotional processing and regulation are important in understanding relapse vulnerability. Whether changes in these neurocognitive abnormalities are induced by PCT and thus play an important role in mediating the risk for recurrent depression, is currently unclear. In the Neurocognitive Working Mechanisms of the Prevention of Relapse In Depression (NEWPRIDE) study, we aim to 1) study neurocognitive factors underpinning the vulnerability for relapse, 2) understand the neurocognitive working mechanisms of PCT, 3) predict longitudinal treatment effects based on pre-treatment neurocognitive characteristics, and 4) validate the pupil dilation response as a marker for prefrontal activity, reflecting emotion regulation capacity and therapy success. METHODS In this randomized controlled trial, 75 remitted recurrent MDD (rrMDD) patients will be included. Detailed clinical and cognitive measurements, fMRI scanning and pupillometry will be performed at baseline and three-month follow-up. In the interval, 50 rrMDD patients will be randomized to eight sessions of PCT and 25 rrMDD patients to a waiting list. At baseline, 25 healthy control participants will be additionally included to objectify cross-sectional residual neurocognitive abnormalities in rrMDD. After 18 months, clinical assessments of relapse status are performed to investigate which therapy induced changes predict relapse in the 50 patients allocated to PCT. DISCUSSION The present trial is the first to study the neurocognitive vulnerability factors underlying relapse and mediating relapse prevention, their value for predicting PCT success and whether pupil dilation acts as a valuable marker in this regard. Ultimately, a deeper understanding of relapse prevention could contribute to the development of better targeted preventive interventions. TRIAL REGISTRATION Trial registration: Netherlands Trial Register, August 18, 2015, trial number NL5219.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozemarijn S. van Kleef
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 2, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Claudi L. H. Bockting
- 0000000084992262grid.7177.6Department of Psychiatry and Urban Mental Health Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location AMC, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Evelien van Valen
- 0000000090126352grid.7692.aDepartment of Geriatrics, Heidelberglaan 100, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - André Aleman
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 2, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Bernard C. Marsman
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 2, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-José van Tol
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 2, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
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20
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Gupta RS, Kujawa A, Vago DR. The neural chronometry of threat-related attentional bias: Event-related potential (ERP) evidence for early and late stages of selective attentional processing. Int J Psychophysiol 2019; 146:20-42. [PMID: 31605728 PMCID: PMC6905495 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and accurate detection of threat is adaptive. Yet, threat-related attentional biases, including hypervigilance, avoidance, and attentional disengagement delays, may contribute to the etiology and maintenance of anxiety disorders. Behavioral measures of attentional bias generally indicate that threat demands more attentional resources; however, indices exploring differential allocation of attention using reaction time fail to clarify the time course by which attention is deployed under threatening circumstances in healthy and anxious populations. In this review, we conduct an interpretive synthesis of 28 attentional bias studies focusing on event-related potentials (ERPs) as a primary outcome to inform an ERP model of the neural chronometry of attentional bias in healthy and anxious populations. The model posits that both healthy and anxious populations display modulations of early ERP components, including the P1, N170, P2, and N2pc, in response to threatening and emotional stimuli, suggesting that both typical and abnormal patterns of attentional bias are characterized by enhanced allocation of attention to threat and emotion at earlier stages of processing. Compared to anxious populations, healthy populations more clearly demonstrate modulations of later components, such as the P3, indexing conscious and evaluative processing of threat and emotion and disengagement difficulties at later stages of processing. Findings from the interpretive synthesis, existing bias models, and extant neural literature on attentional systems are then integrated to inform a conceptual model of the processes and substrates underlying threat appraisal and resource allocation in healthy and anxious populations. To conclude, we discuss therapeutic interventions for attentional bias and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Resh S Gupta
- Contemplative Neuroscience & Integrative Medicine Laboratory, Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 3401 West End Ave., Suite 380, Nashville, TN 37203, USA.
| | - Autumn Kujawa
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Peabody College #552, 230 Appleton Place, Nashville, TN 37203-5721, USA.
| | - David R Vago
- Contemplative Neuroscience & Integrative Medicine Laboratory, Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 3401 West End Ave., Suite 380, Nashville, TN 37203, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2201 Children's Way, Suite 1318, Nashville, TN 37212, USA.
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21
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Newman K, Quigley L, Fernandez A, Dobson K, Sears C. Concurrent and Prospective Relations Between Attentional Biases for Emotional Images and Relapse to Depression. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-019-10017-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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22
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Elgersma HJ, Koster EHW, Vugteveen J, Hoekzema A, Penninx BWJH, Bockting CLH, de Jong PJ. Predictive value of attentional bias for the recurrence of depression: A 4-year prospective study in remitted depressed individuals. Behav Res Ther 2019; 114:25-34. [PMID: 30665123 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Previous research showed that individuals who were remitted from a depressive disorder displayed heightened attention towards negative adjectives (e.g., worthless). We tested if this attentional bias (AB) is predictive of future recurrence of depressive episodes and/or having depressive symptoms at 2- and 4-year follow-up. We used a longitudinal approach within the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA) and selected participants who were remitted from Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) (n = 918). AB was measured with a verbal Exogenous Cueing Task; using 2 presentation times (500 and 1250 ms) and 3 stimulus types (negative, positive, neutral). Over 4 years, we prospectively assessed recurrence of depressive episodes and depressive symptomatology after participants completed the ECT. Diagnosis of depressive disorder was measured with clinical rating-scales and self-report questionnaires. A heightened probability of recurrence was neither associated with (heightened) AB for negative nor with (lowered) AB for positive adjectives. Thus, the findings do not support the view that an AB toward negative stimuli or away from positive stimuli plays a critical role in the recurrence of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermien J Elgersma
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Ernst H W Koster
- Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jorien Vugteveen
- Department of Psychometrics and Statistics, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Albert Hoekzema
- Department of Research Support, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Claudi L H Bockting
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter J de Jong
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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