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Mason F, Pandey AC, Gadaleta M, Topol EJ, Muse ED, Quer G. AI-enhanced reconstruction of the 12-lead electrocardiogram via 3-leads with accurate clinical assessment. NPJ Digit Med 2024; 7:201. [PMID: 39090394 PMCID: PMC11294561 DOI: 10.1038/s41746-024-01193-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) is an integral component to the diagnosis of a multitude of cardiovascular conditions. It is performed using a complex set of skin surface electrodes, limiting its use outside traditional clinical settings. We developed an artificial intelligence algorithm, trained over 600,000 clinically acquired ECGs, to explore whether fewer leads as input are sufficient to reconstruct a 12-lead ECG. Two limb leads (I and II) and one precordial lead (V3) were required to generate a reconstructed 12-lead ECG highly correlated with the original ECG. An automatic algorithm for detection of ECG features consistent with acute myocardial infarction (MI) performed similarly for original and reconstructed ECGs (AUC = 0.95). When interpreted by cardiologists, reconstructed ECGs achieved an accuracy of 81.4 ± 5.0% in identifying ECG features of ST-segment elevation MI, comparable with the original 12-lead ECGs (accuracy 84.6 ± 4.6%). These results will impact development efforts to innovate ECG acquisition methods with simplified tools in non-specialized settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Mason
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, 92037, CA, USA
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Amitabh C Pandey
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, 92037, CA, USA
- Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, 92037, CA, USA
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, 70122, LA, USA
| | - Matteo Gadaleta
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, 92037, CA, USA
| | - Eric J Topol
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, 92037, CA, USA
- Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, 92037, CA, USA
| | - Evan D Muse
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, 92037, CA, USA.
- Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, 92037, CA, USA.
| | - Giorgio Quer
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, 92037, CA, USA.
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Mason F, Pandey AC, Gadaleta M, Topol EJ, Muse ED, Quer G. AI-Enhanced Reconstruction of the 12-Lead Electrocardiogram via 3-Leads with Accurate Clinical Assessment. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.01.30.24302001. [PMID: 38352465 PMCID: PMC10862987 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.30.24302001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) is an integral component to the diagnosis of a multitude of cardiovascular conditions. It is performed using a complex set of skin surface electrodes, limiting its use outside traditional clinical settings. We developed an artificial intelligence algorithm, trained over 600,000 clinically acquired ECGs, to explore whether fewer leads as input are sufficient to reconstruct a full 12-lead ECG. Two limb leads (I and II) and one precordial lead (V3) were required to generate a reconstructed synthetic 12-lead ECG highly correlated with the original ECG. An automatic algorithm for detection of acute myocardial infarction (MI) performed similarly for original and reconstructed ECGs (AUC=0.94). When interpreted by cardiologists, reconstructed ECGs achieved an accuracy of 81.4±5.0% in identifying ST elevation MI, comparable with the original 12-lead ECGs (accuracy 84.6±4.6%). These results will impact development efforts to innovate ECG acquisition methods with simplified tools in non-specialized settings.
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EPMoghaddam D, Banta A, Post A, Razavi M, Aazhang B. A novel method for 12-lead ECG reconstruction. CONFERENCE RECORD. ASILOMAR CONFERENCE ON SIGNALS, SYSTEMS & COMPUTERS 2023; 2023:1054-1058. [PMID: 39286539 PMCID: PMC11404295 DOI: 10.1109/ieeeconf59524.2023.10476822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
This paper presents a novel approach to synthesize a standard 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) from any three independent ECG leads using a patient-specific encoder-decoder convolutional neural network. The objective is to decrease the number of recording locations required to obtain the same information as a 12-lead ECG, thereby enhancing patients' comfort during the recording process. We evaluate the proposed algorithm on a dataset comprising fifteen patients, as well as a randomly selected cohort of patients from the PTB diagnostic database. To evaluate the precision of the reconstructed ECG signals, we present two metrics: the correlation coefficient and root mean square error. Our proposed method achieves superior performance compared to most existing synthesis techniques, with an average correlation coefficient of 0.976 and 0.97 for datasets, respectively. These results demonstrate the potential of our approach to improve the efficiency and comfort of ECG recording for patients, while maintaining high diagnostic accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorsa EPMoghaddam
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, United States of America
| | - Anton Banta
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, United States of America
| | - Allison Post
- Electrophysiology Clinical Research and Innovations, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, United States of America
| | - Mehdi Razavi
- Department of Cardiology, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, United States of America
| | - Behnaam Aazhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, United States of America
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Yoo H, Yum Y, Kim Y, Kim JH, Park HJ, Joo HJ. Restoration of missing or low-quality 12-lead ECG signals using ensemble deep-learning model with optimal combination. Biomed Signal Process Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2023.104690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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Shyam Kumar P, Ramasamy M, Kallur KR, Rai P, Varadan VK. Personalized LSTM Models for ECG Lead Transformations Led to Fewer Diagnostic Errors Than Generalized Models: Deriving 12-Lead ECG from Lead II, V2, and V6. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:1389. [PMID: 36772426 PMCID: PMC9920327 DOI: 10.3390/s23031389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The prevalence of chronic cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) has risen globally, nearly doubling from 1990 to 2019. ECG is a simple, non-invasive measurement that can help identify CVDs at an early and treatable stage. A multi-lead ECG, up to 15 leads in a wearable form factor, is desirable. We seek to derive multiple ECG leads from a select subset of leads so that the number of electrodes can be reduced in line with a patient-friendly wearable device. We further compare personalized derivations to generalized derivations. METHODS Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) networks using Lead II, V2, and V6 as input are trained to obtain generalized models using Bayesian Optimization for hyperparameter tuning for all patients and personalized models for each patient by applying transfer learning to the generalized models. We compare quantitatively using error metrics Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), R2, and Pearson correlation (ρ). We compare qualitatively by matching ECG interpretations of board-certified cardiologists. RESULTS ECG interpretations from personalized models, when corrected for an intra-observer variance, were identical to the original ECGs, whereas generalized models led to errors. Mean performance values for generalized and personalized models were (RMSE-74.31 µV, R2-72.05, ρ-0.88) and (RMSE-26.27 µV, R2-96.38, ρ-0.98), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Diagnostic accuracy based on derived ECG is the most critical validation of ECG derivation methods. Personalized transformation should be sought to derive ECGs. Performing a personalized calibration step to wearable ECG systems and LSTM networks could yield ambulatory 15-lead ECGs with accuracy comparable to clinical ECGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanth Shyam Kumar
- The Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, 212 Earth-Engineering Sciences Bldg, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Mouli Ramasamy
- The Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, 212 Earth-Engineering Sciences Bldg, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | | | - Pratyush Rai
- The Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arkansas, 4183 Bell Engineering Center, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Vijay K. Varadan
- The Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, 212 Earth-Engineering Sciences Bldg, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- The Department of Neurosurgery, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Dr, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Lead Reconstruction Using Artificial Neural Networks for Ambulatory ECG Acquisition. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21165542. [PMID: 34450984 PMCID: PMC8401493 DOI: 10.3390/s21165542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
One of the most powerful techniques to diagnose cardiovascular diseases is to analyze the electrocardiogram (ECG). To increase diagnostic sensitivity, the ECG might need to be acquired using an ambulatory system, as symptoms may occur during a patient’s daily life. In this paper, we propose using an ambulatory ECG (aECG) recording device with a low number of leads and then estimating the views that would have been obtained with a standard ECG location, reconstructing the complete Standard 12-Lead System, the most widely used system for diagnosis by cardiologists. Four approaches have been explored, including Linear Regression with ECG segmentation and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). The best reconstruction algorithm is based on ANN, which reconstructs the actual ECG signal with high precision, as the results bring a high accuracy (RMS Error < 13 μV and CC > 99.7%) for the set of patients analyzed in this paper. This study supports the hypothesis that it is possible to reconstruct the Standard 12-Lead System using an aECG recording device with less leads.
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Bird K, Chan G, Lu H, Greeff H, Allen J, Abbott D, Menon C, Lovell NH, Howard N, Chan WS, Fletcher RR, Alian A, Ward R, Elgendi M. Assessment of Hypertension Using Clinical Electrocardiogram Features: A First-Ever Review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:583331. [PMID: 33344473 PMCID: PMC7746856 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.583331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension affects an estimated 1.4 billion people and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Early diagnosis and intervention can potentially decrease cardiovascular events later in life. However, blood pressure (BP) measurements take time and require training for health care professionals. The measurements are also inconvenient for patients to access, numerous daily variables affect BP values, and only a few BP readings can be collected per session. This leads to an unmet need for an accurate, 24-h continuous, and portable BP measurement system. Electrocardiograms (ECGs) have been considered as an alternative way to measure BP and may meet this need. This review summarizes the literature published from January 1, 2010, to January 1, 2020, on the use of only ECG wave morphology to monitor BP or identify hypertension. From 35 articles analyzed (9 of those with no listed comorbidities and confounders), the P wave, QTc intervals and TpTe intervals may be promising for this purpose. Unfortunately, with the limited number of articles and the variety of participant populations, we are unable to make conclusions about the effectiveness of ECG-only BP monitoring. We provide 13 recommendations for future ECG-only BP monitoring studies and highlight the limited findings in pregnant and pediatric populations. With the advent of convenient and portable ECG signal recording in smart devices and wearables such as watches, understanding how to apply ECG-only findings to identify hypertension early is crucial to improving health outcomes worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Bird
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gabriel Chan
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Huiqi Lu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Heloise Greeff
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John Allen
- Research Center for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Derek Abbott
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Center for Biomedical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Carlo Menon
- School of Mechatronic Systems Engineering, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Nigel H Lovell
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Newton Howard
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Wee-Shian Chan
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Richard Ribon Fletcher
- D-Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Aymen Alian
- Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Rabab Ward
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mohamed Elgendi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,School of Mechatronic Systems Engineering, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.,Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,BC Children's & Women's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Sohn J, Yang S, Lee J, Ku Y, Kim HC. Reconstruction of 12-Lead Electrocardiogram from a Three-Lead Patch-Type Device Using a LSTM Network. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20113278. [PMID: 32526828 PMCID: PMC7309162 DOI: 10.3390/s20113278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Reconstructing a standard 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) from signals received from electrodes packed into a patch-type device is a challenging task in the field of medical instrumentation. All attempts to obtain a clinically valid 12-lead ECG using a patch-type device were not satisfactory. In this study, we designed the hardware for a three-lead patch-type ECG device and employed a long short-term memory (LSTM) network that can overcome the limitations of the linear regression algorithm used for ECG reconstruction. The LSTM network can overcome the issue of reduced horizontal components of the vector in the electric signal obtained from the patch-type device attached to the anterior chest. The reconstructed 12-lead ECG that uses the LSTM network was tested against a standard 12-lead ECG in 30 healthy subjects and ECGs of 30 patients with pathologic findings. The average correlation coefficient of the LSTM network was found to be 0.95. The ability of the reconstructed ECG to detect pathologic abnormalities was identical to that of the standard ECG. In conclusion, the reconstruction of a standard 12-lead ECG using a three-lead patch-type device is feasible, and such an ECG is an equivalent alternative to a standard 12-lead ECG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jangjay Sohn
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.S.); (S.Y.)
| | - Seungman Yang
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.S.); (S.Y.)
| | | | - Yunseo Ku
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea;
| | - Hee Chan Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Institute of Medical & Biological Engineering, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-741-8596
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Li H, Boulanger P. A Survey of Heart Anomaly Detection Using Ambulatory Electrocardiogram (ECG). SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E1461. [PMID: 32155930 PMCID: PMC7085598 DOI: 10.3390/s20051461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the number one cause of death globally. An estimated 17.9 million people die from CVDs each year, representing 31% of all global deaths. Most cardiac patients require early detection and treatment. Therefore, many products to monitor patient's heart conditions have been introduced on the market. Most of these devices can record a patient's bio-metric signals both in resting and in exercising situations. However, reading the massive amount of raw electrocardiogram (ECG) signals from the sensors is very time-consuming. Automatic anomaly detection for the ECG signals could act as an assistant for doctors to diagnose a cardiac condition. This paper reviews the current state-of-the-art of this technology discusses the pros and cons of the devices and algorithms found in the literature and the possible research directions to develop the next generation of ambulatory monitoring systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzu Li
- Computing Science Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada;
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