1
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Korkmaz FT, Quinton LJ. Extra-pulmonary control of respiratory defense. Cell Immunol 2024; 401-402:104841. [PMID: 38878619 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2024.104841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Pneumonia persists as a public health crisis, representing the leading cause of death due to infection. Whether respiratory tract infections progress to pneumonia and its sequelae such as acute respiratory distress syndrome and sepsis depends on numerous underlying conditions related to both the causative agent and host. Regarding the former, pneumonia burden remains staggeringly high, despite the effectiveness of pathogen-targeting strategies such as vaccines and antibiotics. This demands a greater understanding of host features that collaborate to promote immune resistance and tissue resilience in the infected lung. Such features inside the pulmonary compartment have drawn much attention, where major advances have been made related to resident and recruited immune activity. By comparison, extra-pulmonary processes guiding pneumonia susceptibility are relatively elusive, constituting the focus of this review. Here we will highlight examples of when, how, and why tissues outside of the lungs dispatch signals that modulate local immunity in the airspaces. Topics include the liver, gut, bone marrow, brain and more, all of which contribute in direct and indirect ways to pneumonia outcome. When tuned appropriately, it has become clear that these responses can serve protective roles, and this will be considered distinctly from what would otherwise be aberrant responses characteristic of pneumonia-induced organ injury and sepsis. Further advances in this area may reveal novel targetable areas for clinical intervention that are not confined to the intra-pulmonary space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filiz T Korkmaz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01602, United States.
| | - Lee J Quinton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01602, United States
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2
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Wang Y, Kulkarni VV, Pantaleón García J, Leiva-Juárez MM, Goldblatt DL, Gulraiz F, Vila Ellis L, Chen J, Longmire MK, Donepudi SR, Lorenzi PL, Wang H, Wong LJ, Tuvim MJ, Evans SE. Antimicrobial mitochondrial reactive oxygen species induction by lung epithelial immunometabolic modulation. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011138. [PMID: 37695784 PMCID: PMC10522048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia is a worldwide threat, making discovery of novel means to combat lower respiratory tract infection an urgent need. Manipulating the lungs' intrinsic host defenses by therapeutic delivery of certain pathogen-associated molecular patterns protects mice against pneumonia in a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent manner. Here we show that antimicrobial ROS are induced from lung epithelial cells by interactions of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) with mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1). The ODN-VDAC1 interaction alters cellular ATP/ADP/AMP localization, increases delivery of electrons to the electron transport chain (ETC), increases mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), differentially modulates ETC complex activities and consequently results in leak of electrons from ETC complex III and superoxide formation. The ODN-induced mitochondrial ROS yield protective antibacterial effects. Together, these studies identify a therapeutic metabolic manipulation strategy to broadly protect against pneumonia without reliance on antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxing Wang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Vikram V. Kulkarni
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jezreel Pantaleón García
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Miguel M. Leiva-Juárez
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - David L. Goldblatt
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Fahad Gulraiz
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lisandra Vila Ellis
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jichao Chen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael K. Longmire
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sri Ramya Donepudi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Philip L. Lorenzi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hao Wang
- Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lee-Jun Wong
- Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Tuvim
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Scott E. Evans
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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3
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Kulkarni VV, Wang Y, Pantaleon Garcia J, Evans SE. Redox-Dependent Activation of Lung Epithelial STAT3 Is Required for Inducible Protection against Bacterial Pneumonia. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2023; 68:679-688. [PMID: 36826841 PMCID: PMC10257071 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2022-0342oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The lung epithelium is dynamic, capable of considerable structural and functional plasticity in response to pathogen challenges. Our laboratory has demonstrated that an inhaled combination of a Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2/6 agonist and a TLR9 agonist (Pam2ODN) results in robust protection against otherwise lethal pneumonias. We have previously shown that intact epithelial TLR signaling and generation of multisource epithelial reactive oxygen species (ROS) are required for inducible protection. Further investigating the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon of inducible resistance, reverse-phase protein array analysis demonstrated robust STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) phosphorylation following treatment of lung epithelial cells. We show here that Pam2ODN-induced STAT3 phosphorylation is IL-6-independent. We further found that therapeutic epithelial STAT3 activation is required for inducible protection against Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia. Additional studies showed that inhibiting epithelial dual oxidases or scavenging ROS significantly reduced the Pam2ODN induction of STAT3 phosphorylation, suggesting a proximal role for ROS in inducible STAT3 activation. Dissecting these mechanisms, we analyzed the contributions of redox-sensitive kinases and found that Pam2ODN activated epithelial growth factor receptor in an ROS-dependent manner that is required for therapeutically inducible STAT3 activation. Taken together, we demonstrate that epithelial STAT3 is imperative for Pam2ODN's function and describe a novel redox-based mechanism for its activation. These key mechanistic insights may facilitate strategies to leverage inducible epithelial resistance to protect susceptible patients during periods of peak vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram V. Kulkarni
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas; and
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yongxing Wang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Scott E. Evans
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas; and
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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4
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Wang Y, Kulkarni VV, Pantaleón García J, Leiva-Juárez MM, Goldblatt DL, Gulraiz F, Chen J, Donepudi SR, Lorenzi PL, Wang H, Wong LJ, Tuvim MJ, Evans SE. Antimicrobial mitochondrial reactive oxygen species induction by lung epithelial metabolic reprogramming. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.19.524841. [PMID: 36711510 PMCID: PMC9882263 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.19.524841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Pneumonia is a worldwide threat, making discovery of novel means to combat lower respiratory tract infections an urgent need. We have previously shown that manipulating the lungs' intrinsic host defenses by therapeutic delivery of a unique dyad of pathogen-associated molecular patterns protects mice against pneumonia in a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent manner. Here we show that antimicrobial ROS are induced from lung epithelial cells by interactions of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) with mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) without dependence on Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). The ODN-VDAC1 interaction alters cellular ATP/ADP/AMP localization, increases delivery of electrons to the electron transport chain (ETC), enhances mitochondrial membrane potential (Δ Ψm ), and differentially modulates ETC complex activities. These combined effects promote leak of electrons from ETC complex III, resulting in superoxide formation. The ODN-induced mitochondrial ROS yield protective antibacterial effects. Together, these studies identify a therapeutic metabolic manipulation strategy that has the potential to broadly protect patients against pneumonia during periods of peak vulnerability without reliance on currently available antibiotics. Author Summary Pneumonia is a major cause of death worldwide. Increasing antibiotic resistance and expanding immunocompromised populations continue to enhance the clinical urgency to find new strategies to prevent and treat pneumonia. We have identified a novel inhaled therapeutic that stimulates lung epithelial defenses to protect mice against pneumonia in a manner that depends on production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here, we report that the induction of protective ROS from lung epithelial mitochondria occurs following the interaction of one component of the treatment, an oligodeoxynucleotide, with the mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel 1. This interaction alters energy transfer between the mitochondria and the cytosol, resulting in metabolic reprogramming that drives more electrons into the electron transport chain, then causes electrons to leak from the electron transport chain to form protective ROS. While antioxidant therapies are endorsed in many other disease states, we present here an example of therapeutic induction of ROS that is associated with broad protection against pneumonia without reliance on administration of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxing Wang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Vikram V. Kulkarni
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jezreel Pantaleón García
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Miguel M. Leiva-Juárez
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - David L. Goldblatt
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Fahad Gulraiz
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jichao Chen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sri Ramya Donepudi
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Philip L. Lorenzi
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lee-Jun Wong
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael J. Tuvim
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Scott E. Evans
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
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5
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Zhang B, Lu D, Duan H. Recent advances in responsive antibacterial materials: design and application scenarios. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:356-379. [PMID: 36408610 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01573k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infection is one of the leading causes of death globally, although modern medicine has made considerable strides in the past century. As traditional antibiotics are suffering from the emergence of drug resistance, new antibacterial strategies are of great interest. Responsive materials are appealing alternatives that have shown great potential in combating resistant bacteria and avoiding the side effects of traditional antibiotics. In this review, the responsive antibacterial materials are introduced in terms of stimulus signals including intrinsic (pH, enzyme, ROS, etc.) and extrinsic (light, temperature, magnetic fields, etc.) stimuli. Their biomedical applications in therapeutics and medical devices are then discussed. Finally, the author's perspective of the challenge and the future of such a system is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637457, Singapore.
| | - Derong Lu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637457, Singapore.
| | - Hongwei Duan
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637457, Singapore.
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6
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Salmin VV, Morgun AV, Olovyannikova RY, Kutyakov VA, Lychkovskaya EV, Brusina EB, Salmina AB. Atmospheric Reactive Oxygen Species and Some Aspects of the Antiviral Protection at the Respiratory Epithelium. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW), SUPPLEMENT SERIES B: BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2022; 16:79-90. [PMID: 35601461 PMCID: PMC9113385 DOI: 10.1134/s1990750822020068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. V. Salmin
- Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, ul. Partizana Zheleznyaka 1, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - A. V. Morgun
- Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, ul. Partizana Zheleznyaka 1, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - R. Ya. Olovyannikova
- Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, ul. Partizana Zheleznyaka 1, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - V. A. Kutyakov
- Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, ul. Partizana Zheleznyaka 1, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - E. V. Lychkovskaya
- Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, ul. Partizana Zheleznyaka 1, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - E. B. Brusina
- Kemerovo State Medical University, ul. Voroshilova 22A, 650056 Kemerovo, Russia
| | - A. B. Salmina
- Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, ul. Partizana Zheleznyaka 1, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Research Center of Neurology, Volokolamskoe shosse 80, 125367 Moscow, Russia
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7
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Wu YC, Hsu SP, Hu MC, Lan YT, Yeh ETH, Yang FM. PEP-sNASP Peptide Alleviates LPS-Induced Acute Lung Injury Through the TLR4/TRAF6 Axis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:832713. [PMID: 35386914 PMCID: PMC8977741 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.832713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a severe inflammatory lung disease associated with macrophages. Somatic nuclear autoantigenic sperm protein (sNASP) is a negative regulator of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling that targets tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) in macrophages, which is required to maintain homeostasis of the innate immune response. In the present study, we generated a cell permeable PEP-sNASP peptide using the sNASP protein N-terminal domain, and examined its potential therapeutic effect in a mouse model of ALI induced by the intranasal administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and elucidated the underlying molecular mechanisms in RAW 264.7 cells. In vivo, PEP-sNASP peptide treatment markedly ameliorated pathological injury, reduced the wet/dry (W/D) weight ratio of the lungs and the production of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). In vitro, we demonstrated that when the PEP-sNASP peptide was transduced into RAW 264.7 cells, it bound to TRAF6, which markedly decreased LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokines by inhibiting TRAF6 autoubiquitination, nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cellular nitric oxide (NO) levels. Furthermore, the PEP-sNASP peptide also inhibited NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation. Our results therefore suggest that the PEP-sNASP may provide a potential protein therapy against oxidative stress and pulmonary inflammation via selective TRAF6 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chih Wu
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Po Hsu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Chun Hu
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Lan
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Edward T H Yeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AK, United States.,Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AK, United States
| | - Feng-Ming Yang
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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8
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Pantaleón García J, Kulkarni VV, Reese TC, Wali S, Wase SJ, Zhang J, Singh R, Caetano MS, Kadara H, Moghaddam S, Johnson FM, Wang J, Wang Y, Evans S. OBIF: an omics-based interaction framework to reveal molecular drivers of synergy. NAR Genom Bioinform 2022; 4:lqac028. [PMID: 35387383 PMCID: PMC8982434 DOI: 10.1093/nargab/lqac028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioactive molecule library screening may empirically identify effective combination therapies, but molecular mechanisms underlying favorable drug–drug interactions often remain unclear, precluding further rational design. In the absence of an accepted systems theory to interrogate synergistic responses, we introduce Omics-Based Interaction Framework (OBIF) to reveal molecular drivers of synergy through integration of statistical and biological interactions in synergistic biological responses. OBIF performs full factorial analysis of feature expression data from single versus dual exposures to identify molecular clusters that reveal synergy-mediating pathways, functions and regulators. As a practical demonstration, OBIF analyzed transcriptomic and proteomic data of a dyad of immunostimulatory molecules that induces synergistic protection against influenza A and revealed unanticipated NF-κB/AP-1 cooperation that is required for antiviral protection. To demonstrate generalizability, OBIF analyzed data from a diverse array of Omics platforms and experimental conditions, successfully identifying the molecular clusters driving their synergistic responses. Hence, unlike existing synergy quantification and prediction methods, OBIF is a phenotype-driven systems model that supports multiplatform interrogation of synergy mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jezreel Pantaleón García
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, HoustonTX 77030, USA
| | - Vikram V Kulkarni
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, HoustonTX 77030, USA
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Tanner C Reese
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, HoustonTX 77030, USA
- Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Shradha Wali
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, HoustonTX 77030, USA
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Saima J Wase
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, HoustonTX 77030, USA
| | - Jiexin Zhang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ratnakar Singh
- Department of Thoracic, Head and Neck Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Mauricio S Caetano
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, HoustonTX 77030, USA
| | - Humam Kadara
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Seyed Javad Moghaddam
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, HoustonTX 77030, USA
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Faye M Johnson
- Department of Thoracic, Head and Neck Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yongxing Wang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, HoustonTX 77030, USA
| | - Scott E Evans
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, HoustonTX 77030, USA
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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9
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Clowers MJ, Moghaddam SJ. Cell Type-Specific Roles of STAT3 Signaling in the Pathogenesis and Progression of K-ras Mutant Lung Adenocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14071785. [PMID: 35406557 PMCID: PMC8997152 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Lung adenocarcinomas with mutations in the K-ras gene are hard to target pharmacologically and highly lethal. As a result, there is a need to identify other therapeutic targets that influence K-ras oncogenesis. One contender is STAT3, a transcription factor that is associated with K-ras mutations and aids tumor development and progression through tumor cell intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the lung epithelial and infiltrating immune cells that express STAT3, the roles of STAT3 in K-ras mutant lung adenocarcinoma, and therapies that may be able to target STAT3. Abstract Worldwide, lung cancer, particularly K-ras mutant lung adenocarcinoma (KM-LUAD), is the leading cause of cancer mortality because of its high incidence and low cure rate. To treat and prevent KM-LUAD, there is an urgent unmet need for alternative strategies targeting downstream effectors of K-ras and/or its cooperating pathways. Tumor-promoting inflammation, an enabling hallmark of cancer, strongly participates in the development and progression of KM-LUAD. However, our knowledge of the dynamic inflammatory mechanisms, immunomodulatory pathways, and cell-specific molecular signals mediating K-ras-induced lung tumorigenesis is substantially deficient. Nevertheless, within this signaling complexity, an inflammatory pathway is emerging as a druggable target: signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Here, we review the cell type-specific functions of STAT3 in the pathogenesis and progression of KM-LUAD that could serve as a new target for personalized preventive and therapeutic intervention for this intractable form of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Clowers
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Seyed Javad Moghaddam
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence:
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10
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Yasuma T, D'Alessandro-Gabazza CN, Fujimoto H, Kobayashi T, Gabazza EC. Response of Lung Microbiota to Changes of Pulmonary Innate Immunity Under Healthy Conditions. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 205:477. [PMID: 34797753 PMCID: PMC8886952 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202109-2187le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Taro Yasuma
- Mie Daigaku, 12946, Department of Immunology, Tsu, Japan
| | | | - Hajime Fujimoto
- Mie Daigaku, 12946, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Tetsu Kobayashi
- Mie Daigaku, 12946, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Tsu, Japan
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11
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Pantaleón García J, Hinkle KJ, Falkowski NR, Evans SE, Dickson RP. Response to "Response of Lung Microbiota to Changes of Pulmonary Innate Immunity Under Healthy Conditions". Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 205:477-479. [PMID: 34797744 PMCID: PMC8886949 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202110-2257le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jezreel Pantaleón García
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 4002, Pulmonary Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Kevin J Hinkle
- University of Michigan Health System, Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Nicole R Falkowski
- University of Michigan Health System, Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Scott E Evans
- University of Texas-M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Pulmonary Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Robert P Dickson
- University of Michigan Health System, Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States;
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12
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Salmin VV, Morgun AV, Olovyannikova RY, Kutyakov VA, Lychkovskaya EV, Brusina EB, Salmina AB. [Atmospheric reactive oxygen species and some aspects of the antiviral protection of the respiratory epithelium]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2021; 67:383-393. [PMID: 34730551 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20216705383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The review focuses on molecular and biochemical mechanisms of nonspecific protection of respiratory epithelium. The authors provide a comprehensive analysis of up-to-date data on the activity of the lactoperoxidase system expressed on the surface of the respiratory epithelium which provides the generation of hypothiocyanate and hypoiodite in the presence of locally produced or inhaled hydrogen peroxide. Molecular mechanisms of production of active compounds with antiviral and antibacterial effects, expression profiles of enzymes, transporters and ion channels involved in the generation of hypothiocyanite and hypoiodate in the mucous membrane of the respiratory system in physiological and pathological conditions (inflammation) are discussed. In the context of antibacterial and antiviral defense special attention is paid to recent data confirming the effects of atmospheric air composition on the efficiency of hypothiocyanite and hypoiodate synthesis in the respiratory epithelium. The causes and outcomes of lactoperoxidase system impairment due to the action of atmospheric factors are discussed in the context of controlling the sensitivity of the epithelium to the action of bacterial agents and viruses. Restoration of the lactoperoxidase system activity can be achieved by application of pharmacological agents aimed to compensate for the lack of halides in tissues, and by the control of chemical composition of the inhaled air.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Salmin
- Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - A V Morgun
- Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - R Ya Olovyannikova
- Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - V A Kutyakov
- Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - E V Lychkovskaya
- Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - E B Brusina
- Kemerovo State Medical University, Kemerovo, Russia
| | - A B Salmina
- Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia; Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia
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13
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Non-Coding RNAs and Reactive Oxygen Species–Symmetric Players of the Pathogenesis Associated with Bacterial and Viral Infections. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13071307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections can be triggered by a wide range of pathogens. However, there are few strains of bacteria that cause illness, but some are quite life-threatening. Likewise, viral infections are responsible for many human diseases, usually characterized by high contagiousness. Hence, as bacterial and viral infections can both cause similar symptoms, it can be difficult to determine the exact cause of a specific infection, and this limitation is critical. However, recent scientific advances have geared us up with the proper tools required for better diagnoses. Recent discoveries have confirmed the involvement of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in regulating the pathogenesis of certain bacterial or viral infections. Moreover, the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is also known as a common infection trait that can be used to achieve a more complete description of such pathogen-driven conditions. Thus, this opens further research opportunities, allowing scientists to explore infection-associated genetic patterns and develop better diagnosis and treatment methods. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge of the implication of ncRNAs and ROS in bacterial and viral infections, with great emphasis on their symmetry but, also, on their main differences.
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14
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Dumas A, Knaus UG. Raising the 'Good' Oxidants for Immune Protection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:698042. [PMID: 34149739 PMCID: PMC8213335 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.698042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox medicine is a new therapeutic concept targeting reactive oxygen species (ROS) and secondary reaction products for health benefit. The concomitant function of ROS as intracellular second messengers and extracellular mediators governing physiological redox signaling, and as damaging radicals instigating or perpetuating various pathophysiological conditions will require selective strategies for therapeutic intervention. In addition, the reactivity and quantity of the oxidant species generated, its source and cellular location in a defined disease context need to be considered to achieve the desired outcome. In inflammatory diseases associated with oxidative damage and tissue injury, ROS source specific inhibitors may provide more benefit than generalized removal of ROS. Contemporary approaches in immunity will also include the preservation or even elevation of certain oxygen metabolites to restore or improve ROS driven physiological functions including more effective redox signaling and cell-microenvironment communication, and to induce mucosal barrier integrity, eubiosis and repair processes. Increasing oxidants by host-directed immunomodulation or by exogenous supplementation seems especially promising for improving host defense. Here, we summarize examples of beneficial ROS in immune homeostasis, infection, and acute inflammatory disease, and address emerging therapeutic strategies for ROS augmentation to induce and strengthen protective host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Dumas
- Conway Institute, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ulla G Knaus
- Conway Institute, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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15
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Johnston SL, Goldblatt DL, Evans SE, Tuvim MJ, Dickey BF. Airway Epithelial Innate Immunity. Front Physiol 2021; 12:749077. [PMID: 34899381 PMCID: PMC8662554 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.749077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides providing an essential protective barrier, airway epithelial cells directly sense pathogens and respond defensively. This is a frontline component of the innate immune system with specificity for different pathogen classes. It occurs in the context of numerous interactions with leukocytes, but here we focus on intrinsic epithelial mechanisms. Type 1 immune responses are directed primarily at intracellular pathogens, particularly viruses. Prominent stimuli include microbial nucleic acids and interferons released from neighboring epithelial cells. Epithelial responses revolve around changes in the expression of interferon-sensitive genes (ISGs) that interfere with viral replication, as well as the further induction of interferons that signal in autocrine and paracrine manners. Type 2 immune responses are directed primarily at helminths and fungi. Prominent pathogen stimuli include proteases and chitin, and important responses include mucin hypersecretion and chitinase release. Type 3 immune responses are directed primarily at extracellular microbial pathogens, including bacteria and fungi, as well as viruses during their extracellular phase of infection. Prominent microbial stimuli include bacterial wall components, such as lipopeptides and endotoxin, as well as microbial nucleic acids. Key responses are the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). For all three types of response, paracrine signaling to neighboring epithelial cells induces resistance to infection over a wide field. Often, the epithelial effector molecules themselves also have signaling properties, in addition to the release of inflammatory cytokines that boost local innate immunity. Together, these epithelial mechanisms provide a powerful first line of pathogen defense, recruit leukocytes, and instruct adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian L Johnston
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David L Goldblatt
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,University of Texas Rio Grande School of Medicine, Edinburg, TX, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, United States
| | - Scott E Evans
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Michael J Tuvim
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Burton F Dickey
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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16
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Wali S, Flores JR, Jaramillo AM, Goldblatt DL, Pantaleón García J, Tuvim MJ, Dickey BF, Evans SE. Immune Modulation to Improve Survival of Viral Pneumonia in Mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 63:758-766. [PMID: 32853024 PMCID: PMC7790135 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0241oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral pneumonias remain global health threats, as exemplified in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, requiring novel treatment strategies both early and late in the disease process. We have reported that mice treated before or soon after infection with a combination of inhaled Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2/6 and 9 agonists (Pam2-ODN) are broadly protected against microbial pathogens including respiratory viruses, but the mechanisms remain incompletely understood. The objective of this study was to validate strategies for immune modulation in a preclinical model of viral pneumonia and determine their mechanisms. Mice were challenged with the Sendai paramyxovirus in the presence or absence of Pam2-ODN treatment. Virus burden and host immune responses were assessed to elucidate Pam2-ODN mechanisms of action and to identify additional opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Enhanced survival of Sendai virus pneumonia with Pam2-ODN treatment was associated with reductions in lung virus burden and with virus inactivation before internalization. We noted that mortality in sham-treated mice corresponded with CD8+ T-cell lung inflammation on days 11-12 after virus challenge, after the viral burden had declined. Pam2-ODN blocked this injurious inflammation by minimizing virus burden. As an alternative intervention, depleting CD8+ T cells 8 days after viral challenge also decreased mortality. Stimulation of local innate immunity within the lungs by TLR agonists early in disease or suppression of adaptive immunity by systemic CD8+ T-cell depletion late in disease improves outcomes of viral pneumonia in mice. These data reveal opportunities for targeted immunomodulation to protect susceptible human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shradha Wali
- UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jose R. Flores
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ana M. Jaramillo
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - David L. Goldblatt
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Michael J. Tuvim
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Burton F. Dickey
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Scott E. Evans
- UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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17
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Chen KK, Minakuchi M, Wuputra K, Ku CC, Pan JB, Kuo KK, Lin YC, Saito S, Lin CS, Yokoyama KK. Redox control in the pathophysiology of influenza virus infection. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:214. [PMID: 32689931 PMCID: PMC7370268 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01890-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Triggered in response to external and internal ligands in cells and animals, redox homeostasis is transmitted via signal molecules involved in defense redox mechanisms through networks of cell proliferation, differentiation, intracellular detoxification, bacterial infection, and immune reactions. Cellular oxidation is not necessarily harmful per se, but its effects depend on the balance between the peroxidation and antioxidation cascades, which can vary according to the stimulus and serve to maintain oxygen homeostasis. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are generated during influenza virus (IV) infection have critical effects on both the virus and host cells. In this review, we outline the link between viral infection and redox control using IV infection as an example. We discuss the current state of knowledge on the molecular relationship between cellular oxidation mediated by ROS accumulation and the diversity of IV infection. We also summarize the potential anti-IV agents available currently that act by targeting redox biology/pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ker-Kong Chen
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696School of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807 Taiwan ,Department of Densitory, Kaohisung University Hospital, Kaohisung, 807 Taiwan
| | - Moeko Minakuchi
- grid.5290.e0000 0004 1936 9975Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseca University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8480 Japan
| | - Kenly Wuputra
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., San-Ming District, Kaohsiung, 80807 Taiwan ,grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807 Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chen Ku
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., San-Ming District, Kaohsiung, 80807 Taiwan ,grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807 Taiwan
| | - Jia-Bin Pan
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., San-Ming District, Kaohsiung, 80807 Taiwan ,grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807 Taiwan
| | - Kung-Kai Kuo
- grid.412027.20000 0004 0620 9374Department Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807 Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chu Lin
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696School of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807 Taiwan
| | - Shigeo Saito
- grid.5290.e0000 0004 1936 9975Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseca University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8480 Japan ,Saito Laboratory of Cell Technology Institute, Yalta, Tochigi, 329-1471 Japan
| | - Chang-Shen Lin
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., San-Ming District, Kaohsiung, 80807 Taiwan ,grid.412036.20000 0004 0531 9758Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424 Taiwan
| | - Kazunari K. Yokoyama
- grid.5290.e0000 0004 1936 9975Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseca University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8480 Japan ,grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., San-Ming District, Kaohsiung, 80807 Taiwan ,grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807 Taiwan ,grid.412027.20000 0004 0620 9374Cell Therapy and Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807 Taiwan
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18
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Goldblatt DL, Flores JR, Valverde Ha G, Jaramillo AM, Tkachman S, Kirkpatrick CT, Wali S, Hernandez B, Ost DE, Scott BL, Chen J, Evans SE, Tuvim MJ, Dickey BF. Inducible epithelial resistance against acute Sendai virus infection prevents chronic asthma-like lung disease in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:2256-2273. [PMID: 31968123 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Respiratory viral infections play central roles in the initiation, exacerbation and progression of asthma in humans. An acute paramyxoviral infection in mice can cause a chronic lung disease that resembles human asthma. We sought to determine whether reduction of Sendai virus lung burden in mice by stimulating innate immunity with aerosolized Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists could attenuate the severity of chronic asthma-like lung disease. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Mice were treated by aerosol with 1-μM oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) M362, an agonist of the TLR9 homodimer, and 4-μM Pam2CSK4 (Pam2), an agonist of the TLR2/6 heterodimer, within a few days before or after Sendai virus challenge. KEY RESULTS Treatment with ODN/Pam2 caused ~75% reduction in lung Sendai virus burden 5 days after challenge. The reduction in acute lung virus burden was associated with marked reductions 49 days after viral challenge in eosinophilic and lymphocytic lung inflammation, airway mucous metaplasia, lumenal mucus occlusion and hyperresponsiveness to methacholine. Mechanistically, ODN/Pam2 treatment attenuated the chronic asthma phenotype by suppressing IL-33 production by type 2 pneumocytes, both by reducing the severity of acute infection and by down-regulating Type 2 (allergic) inflammation. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS These data suggest that treatment of susceptible human hosts with aerosolized ODN and Pam2 at the time of a respiratory viral infection might attenuate the severity of the acute infection and reduce initiation, exacerbation and progression of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Goldblatt
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jose R Flores
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gabriella Valverde Ha
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ana M Jaramillo
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sofya Tkachman
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Carson T Kirkpatrick
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shradha Wali
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Belinda Hernandez
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David E Ost
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Jichao Chen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Scott E Evans
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael J Tuvim
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Burton F Dickey
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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19
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Sharma L, Feng J, Britto CJ, Dela Cruz CS. Mechanisms of Epithelial Immunity Evasion by Respiratory Bacterial Pathogens. Front Immunol 2020. [PMID: 32117248 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00091/bibtex] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial lung infections are major healthcare challenges killing millions of people worldwide and resulting in a huge economic burden. Both basic and clinical research have elucidated host mechanisms that contribute to the bacterial clearance where an indispensable role of immune cells has been established. However, the role of respiratory epithelial cells in bacterial clearance has garnered limited attention due to their weak inflammatory or phagocytic ability compared to immune cells such as macrophages and neutrophils. These studies often underappreciate the fact that epithelial cells are the most abundant cells in the lung, not only serving as building blocks but also providing immune protection throughout the lung. Epithelial cells function either independently to eradicate the pathogen or communicate with immune cells to orchestrate pathogen clearance. The epithelial cells have multiple mechanisms that include mucus production, antimicrobial peptide production, muco-ciliary clearance, and phagocytosis, all of which contribute to their direct antibacterial function. Secretion of cytokines to recruit immune cells and potentiate their antimicrobial activities is a pathway by which the epithelium contributes to bacterial clearance. Successful pathogens outsmart epithelial resistance and find a way to replicate in sufficient numbers to establish infections in the airway or lung epithelial surfaces. In this mini-review, we discuss evidences that establish important roles for epithelial host defense against invading respiratory bacterial pathogens and demonstrate how pathogens outsmart these epithelial immune mechanisms to successfully establish infection. Finally, we discuss briefly how to boost epithelial immunity to improve outcomes in bacterial lung infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh Sharma
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jingjing Feng
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Clemente J Britto
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Charles S Dela Cruz
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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20
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Sharma L, Feng J, Britto CJ, Dela Cruz CS. Mechanisms of Epithelial Immunity Evasion by Respiratory Bacterial Pathogens. Front Immunol 2020; 11:91. [PMID: 32117248 PMCID: PMC7027138 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial lung infections are major healthcare challenges killing millions of people worldwide and resulting in a huge economic burden. Both basic and clinical research have elucidated host mechanisms that contribute to the bacterial clearance where an indispensable role of immune cells has been established. However, the role of respiratory epithelial cells in bacterial clearance has garnered limited attention due to their weak inflammatory or phagocytic ability compared to immune cells such as macrophages and neutrophils. These studies often underappreciate the fact that epithelial cells are the most abundant cells in the lung, not only serving as building blocks but also providing immune protection throughout the lung. Epithelial cells function either independently to eradicate the pathogen or communicate with immune cells to orchestrate pathogen clearance. The epithelial cells have multiple mechanisms that include mucus production, antimicrobial peptide production, muco-ciliary clearance, and phagocytosis, all of which contribute to their direct antibacterial function. Secretion of cytokines to recruit immune cells and potentiate their antimicrobial activities is a pathway by which the epithelium contributes to bacterial clearance. Successful pathogens outsmart epithelial resistance and find a way to replicate in sufficient numbers to establish infections in the airway or lung epithelial surfaces. In this mini-review, we discuss evidences that establish important roles for epithelial host defense against invading respiratory bacterial pathogens and demonstrate how pathogens outsmart these epithelial immune mechanisms to successfully establish infection. Finally, we discuss briefly how to boost epithelial immunity to improve outcomes in bacterial lung infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh Sharma
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jingjing Feng
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Clemente J Britto
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Charles S Dela Cruz
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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