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Somogyi Z, Mag P, Simon R, Kerek Á, Szabó P, Albert E, Biksi I, Jerzsele Á. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Florfenicol in Plasma and Synovial Fluid of Pigs at a Dose of 30 mg/kg bw Following Intramuscular Administration. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12040758. [PMID: 37107120 PMCID: PMC10135420 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A major problem of our time is the ever-increasing resistance to antimicrobial agents in bacterial populations. One of the most effective ways to prevent these problems is to target antibacterial therapies for specific diseases. In this study, we investigated the in vitro effectiveness of florfenicol against S. suis, which can cause severe arthritis and septicemia in swine herds. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of florfenicol in porcine plasma and synovial fluid were determined. After a single intramuscular administration of florfenicol at 30 mg/kgbw, the AUC0-∞ was 164.45 ± 34.18 µg/mL × h and the maximum plasma concentration was 8.15 ± 3.11 µg/mL, which was reached in 1.40 ± 0.66 h, whereas, in the synovial fluid, these values were 64.57 ± 30.37 µg/mL × h, 4.51 ± 1.16 µg/mL and 1.75 ± 1.16 h, respectively. Based on the MIC values of the 73 S. suis isolates tested, the MIC50 and MIC90 values were 2 µg/mL and 8 µg/mL, respectively. We successfully implemented a killing-time curve in pig synovial fluid as a matrix. Based on our findings, the PK/PD breakpoints of the bacteriostatic (E = 0), bactericidal (E = -3) and eradication (E = -4) effects of florfenicol were determined and MIC thresholds were calculated, which are the guiding indicators for the treatment of these diseases. The AUC24h/MIC values for bacteriostatic, bactericidal and eradication effects were 22.22 h, 76.88 h and 141.74 h, respectively, in synovial fluid, and 22.42 h, 86.49 h and 161.76 h, respectively, in plasma. The critical MIC values of florfenicol against S. suis regarding bacteriostatic, bactericidal and eradication effects in pig synovial fluid were 2.91 ± 1.37 µg/mL, 0.84 ± 0.39 µg/mL and 0.46 ± 0.21 µg/mL, respectively. These values provide a basis for further studies on the use of florfenicol. Furthermore, our research highlights the importance of investigating the pharmacokinetic properties of antibacterial agents at the site of infection and the pharmacodynamic properties of these agents against different bacteria in different media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Somogyi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Patrik Mag
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Réka Simon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Kerek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pál Szabó
- Research Center for Natural Sciences, Center for Structural Study, MS Metabolomics Laboratory, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ervin Albert
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, 2225 Üllő, Hungary
- SCG Diagnostics Ltd., 2437 Délegyháza, Hungary
| | - Imre Biksi
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, 2225 Üllő, Hungary
- SCG Diagnostics Ltd., 2437 Délegyháza, Hungary
| | - Ákos Jerzsele
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
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Rui Y, Qiu G. Drug Susceptibility Test and Analysis of Quinolone Resistance Genes in Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Vaccine Strains and Field Isolates from China. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:2075-2087. [PMID: 37063936 PMCID: PMC10094408 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s407579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Enrofloxacin is a commonly used animal-specific drug in veterinary clinics. However, this drug has no epidemiological cutoff values (ECVs/ECOFFs) for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in CLSI and EUCAST. Defining the epidemiological cutoff values (ECOFFs) of enrofloxacine to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyo) can inform an early detection of bacterial resistance to better manage the resistance prevention and also help in establishing drug resistance breakpoints;. Methods We determined the susceptibility breakpoint of M. hyo to enrofloxacin by the American Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) standard method based on the PCR of vaccine strains and wild strains drug resistance genes;. Results Eighty strains of M.hyo isolated in Tibet were moderately sensitive (S) to tetracycline, florfenicol, spiramycin, erythromycin thiocyanate, tilmicosin, tiamulin, lincomycin, clindamycin, ofloxacin, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, amikacin, with MICs below 0.5 μg/mL. For vaccine 168L, RM48, and J strains, the susceptibility to the same antibacterial drugs was lower compared to the Tibetan isolates. The resistance of J strain to erythromycin thiocyanate was confirmed. Gene point mutation was confirmed in Quinolone Resistance Determining Regions (QRDR) of HNSH strain Topoisomerase IV subunit A, this finding is compared with the sequencing results of 168L strain reference sequence (Accession number: CP003131). Arg-Lys amino acid mutation (G921A and G1179A) was confirmed for the increase of MIC value involved in M.hyo to enrofloxacine;. Conclusion The cut-off value of M.hyo to enrofloxacin was set as 1 μg/mLby ECOFFinder XL 2010 V2.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yapei Rui
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gang Qiu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, Henan, People’s Republic of China
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Mladenov D, Yordanov S, Dimitrova A. Tulathromycin – a semi-synthetic macrolidе antibiotic. I. Characteristics and antibacterial activity. BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2023. [DOI: 10.15547/bjvm.2325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This article reviews the available literature on the characteristics and antimicrobial activity of the semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic tulathromycin from the triamilides subclass. The product has a high activity against Gram-negative respiratory pathogens and desirable pharmacological characteristics for high and persistent tissue levels in domestic animals. Representatives of the macrolide and lincosamide group are investigated and the similarities and differences from tulathromycin are outlined. It is emphasised that at the background of increasing bacterial resistance to a number of antimicrobial agents, only few tulathromycin-resistant strains of P. multocida and M. haemolytica have been reported so far. Tulathromycin is considered highly effective against common bacterial agents of respiratory diseases in large ruminants, pigs and sheeps, and may be an alternative for control of resistant bacterial pathogens
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S. Yordanov
- National Diagnostic Research Veterinary Medical Institute „Prof. Dr. Georgi Pavlov” Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - A. Dimitrova
- National Diagnostic Research Veterinary Medical Institute „Prof. Dr. Georgi Pavlov” Sofia, Bulgaria
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Grózner D, Beko K, Kovács ÁB, Mitter A, Hrivnák V, Sawicka A, Tomczyk G, Bányai K, Jánosi S, Kreizinger Z, Gyuranecz M. Identification and detection of mutations potentially associated with decreased susceptibility to macrolides and lincomycin in Mycoplasma anserisalpingitidis isolates. Vet Microbiol 2022; 266:109362. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae: is the etiological agent of porcine enzootic pneumonia (EP), a disease that impacts the swine industry worldwide. Pathogen-induced damage, as well as the elicited host-response, contribute to disease. Here, we provide an overview of EP epidemiology, control and prevention, and a more in-depth review of M. hyopneumoniae pathogenicity determinants, highlighting some molecular mechanisms of pathogen-host interactions relevant for pathogenesis. Based on recent functional, immunological, and comparative “omics” results, we discuss the roles of many known or putative M. hyopneumoniae virulence factors, along with host molecules involved in EP. Moreover, the known molecular bases of pathogenicity mechanisms, including M. hyopneumoniae adhesion to host respiratory epithelium, protein secretion, cell damage, host microbicidal response and its modulation, and maintenance of M. hyopneumoniae homeostasis during infection are described. Recent findings regarding M. hyopneumoniae pathogenicity determinants also contribute to the development of novel diagnostic tests, vaccines, and treatments for EP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda M A Leal Zimmer
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Andrade Paes
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Arnaldo Zaha
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biociências, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Henrique Bunselmeyer Ferreira
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biociências, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Hain E, Adejumo H, Anger B, Orenstein J, Blaney L. Advances in antimicrobial activity analysis of fluoroquinolone, macrolide, sulfonamide, and tetracycline antibiotics for environmental applications through improved bacteria selection. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 415:125686. [PMID: 34088184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of antibiotics has led to their ubiquitous presence in water and wastewater and raised concerns about antimicrobial resistance. Clinical antibiotic susceptibility assays have been repurposed to measure removal of antimicrobial activity during water and wastewater treatment processes. The corresponding protocols have mainly employed growth inhibition of Escherichia coli. The present work focused on optimizing bacteria selection to improve the sensitivity of residual antimicrobial activity measurements by broth microdilution assays. Thirteen antibiotics from four classes (i.e., fluoroquinolones, macrolides, sulfonamides, tetracyclines) were investigated against three gram-negative organisms, namely E. coli, Mycoplasma microti, and Pseudomonas fluorescens. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) were calculated for each antibiotic-bacteria pair. P. fluorescens produces a fluorescent siderophore, pyoverdine, that was used to assess sublethal effects and further enhance the sensitivity of antimicrobial activity measurements. The optimal antibiotic-bacteria pairs were as follows: fluoroquinolone-E. coli (growth inhibition); macrolide- and sulfonamide-M. microti (growth inhibition); and, tetracycline-P. fluorescens (pyoverdine inhibition). Compared to E. coli growth inhibition, the sensitivity of antimicrobial activity analysis was improved by up to 728, 19, and 2.7 times for macrolides (tylosin), sulfonamides (sulfamethoxazole), and tetracyclines (chlortetracycline), facilitating application of these bioassays at environmentally-relevant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Hain
- University of Maryland Baltimore County, Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Engineering 314, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Hollie Adejumo
- University of Maryland Baltimore County, Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Engineering 314, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA; University of Michigan, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2350 Hayward Street, 2105 GG Brown Building, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2125, USA
| | - Bridget Anger
- University of Maryland Baltimore County, Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Engineering 314, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Joseph Orenstein
- University of Maryland Baltimore County, Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Engineering 314, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Lee Blaney
- University of Maryland Baltimore County, Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Engineering 314, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
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Maes D, Boyen F, Devriendt B, Kuhnert P, Summerfield A, Haesebrouck F. Perspectives for improvement of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccines in pigs. Vet Res 2021; 52:67. [PMID: 33964969 PMCID: PMC8106180 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00941-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) is one of the primary agents involved in the porcine respiratory disease complex, economically one of the most important diseases in pigs worldwide. The pathogen adheres to the ciliated epithelium of the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles, causes damage to the mucosal clearance system, modulates the immune system and renders the animal more susceptible to other respiratory infections. The pathogenesis is very complex and not yet fully understood. Cell-mediated and likely also mucosal humoral responses are considered important for protection, although infected animals are not able to rapidly clear the pathogen from the respiratory tract. Vaccination is frequently practiced worldwide to control M. hyopneumoniae infections and the associated performance losses, animal welfare issues, and treatment costs. Commercial vaccines are mostly bacterins that are administered intramuscularly. However, the commercial vaccines provide only partial protection, they do not prevent infection and have a limited effect on transmission. Therefore, there is a need for novel vaccines that confer a better protection. The present paper gives a short overview of the pathogenesis and immune responses following M. hyopneumoniae infection, outlines the major limitations of the commercial vaccines and reviews the different experimental M. hyopneumoniae vaccines that have been developed and tested in mice and pigs. Most experimental subunit, DNA and vector vaccines are based on the P97 adhesin or other factors that are important for pathogen survival and pathogenesis. Other studies focused on bacterins combined with novel adjuvants. Very few efforts have been directed towards the development of attenuated vaccines, although such vaccines may have great potential. As cell-mediated and likely also humoral mucosal responses are important for protection, new vaccines should aim to target these arms of the immune response. The selection of proper antigens, administration route and type of adjuvant and carrier molecule is essential for success. Also practical aspects, such as cost of the vaccine, ease of production, transport and administration, and possible combination with vaccines against other porcine pathogens, are important. Possible avenues for further research to develop better vaccines and to achieve a more sustainable control of M. hyopneumoniae infections are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominiek Maes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Filip Boyen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bert Devriendt
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Peter Kuhnert
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Sensemattstrasse 293, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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de Jong A, Youala M, Klein U, El Garch F, Moyaert H, Simjee S, Maes D, Gyuranecz M, Pridmore A, Thomson JR, Ayling RD. Antimicrobial susceptibility monitoring of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae isolated from seven European countries during 2015-2016. Vet Microbiol 2020; 253:108973. [PMID: 33418394 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the causative agent of porcine enzootic pneumonia, a chronic respiratory disease, causing significant economic losses. Results from the 2015-2016 MycoPath pan-European antimicrobial susceptibility monitoring survey of M. hyopneumoniae are presented. In total, 147 M. hyopneumoniae porcine isolates from Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Italy, and Spain were tested. One isolate per farm was retained from pigs that had not been recently treated with antimicrobial agents. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 13 antimicrobial agents was determined in a central laboratory using a broth microdilution method, with Friis Medium, incubated at 35 ± 1 °C for 5-12 days. M. hyopneumoniae NCTC 10110 was used as Quality Control. MIC50/MIC90 (mg/L) values were: enrofloxacin 0.06/1; marbofloxacin 0.06/2; spiramycin 0.06/0.25; tulathromycin ≤0.001/0.004; gamithromycin 0.06/0.5; tylosin 0.016/0.06; tilmicosin 0.06/0.5; florfenicol 0.5/1; doxycycline 0.25/1; oxytetracycline 0.25/2; lincomycin 0.06/0.25; tiamulin 0.016/0.06 and valnemulin ≤0.001/0.004. Compared with the data from 2010 to 2012 MycoPath study (50 isolates), MIC50/90 results were similar and the majority were within ± two dilution steps, except for the MIC50 of oxytetracycline which is more than two dilution steps higher in the present study. Between-country comparisons show some differences in the MIC values for the fluoroquinolones, tulathromycin and tylosin, but the limited sample size per country precludes performing meaningful country comparisons for several countries. Standardized laboratory methods and interpretive criteria for MIC testing of veterinary mycoplasmas are clearly needed; there are currently no clinical breakpoints available to facilitate data interpretation and correlation of MICs with in vivo efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anno de Jong
- MycoPath Study Group, c/o CEESA, 168 Av de Tervueren, 1150 Brussels, Belgium; Consultant to CEESA, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Myriam Youala
- MycoPath Study Group, c/o CEESA, 168 Av de Tervueren, 1150 Brussels, Belgium; Virbac, Carros, France
| | - Ulrich Klein
- MycoPath Study Group, c/o CEESA, 168 Av de Tervueren, 1150 Brussels, Belgium; Elanco Animal Health, Basingstoke, UK
| | - Farid El Garch
- MycoPath Study Group, c/o CEESA, 168 Av de Tervueren, 1150 Brussels, Belgium; Vétoquinol SA, Lure, France
| | - Hilde Moyaert
- MycoPath Study Group, c/o CEESA, 168 Av de Tervueren, 1150 Brussels, Belgium; Zoetis, Zaventem, Belgium
| | - Shabbir Simjee
- MycoPath Study Group, c/o CEESA, 168 Av de Tervueren, 1150 Brussels, Belgium; Elanco Animal Health, Basingstoke, UK
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Miklós Gyuranecz
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research CAR, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Jill R Thomson
- Scottish Agriculture College (Consulting) Veterinary Services, Edinburgh, UK
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Rosales RS, Ramírez AS, Tavío MM, Poveda C, Poveda JB. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of porcine mycoplasmas isolated from samples collected in southern Europe. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:324. [PMID: 32883288 PMCID: PMC7469352 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02512-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycoplasma (M.) hyopneumoniae, M. hyorhinis and M. hyosynoviae are significant pathogens for the porcine industry worldwide. The aim of the present study was to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of six key antimicrobials (tylosin, tilmicosin, tylvalosin, lincomycin, tiamulin and valnemulin) routinely used for treating infections caused by these pathogens. Twenty-seven M. hyopneumoniae, 48 M. hyorhinis and 40 M. hyosynoviae field strains isolated from clinical samples from different Southern European countries between 2013 and 2018 using broth microdilution method were evaluated. RESULTS Tylvalosin exhibited the highest in vitro activity among the macrolides assayed, with MIC90 values 4 to 5 two-fold dilutions lower than those of tylosin and tilmicosin. The pleuromutilin valnemulin showed one of the highest in vitro activities against the three mycoplasma species. On the contrary, lincomycin exhibited the highest MIC values of the antimicrobials tested. CONCLUSIONS The data obtained in the present study supports the use of pleuromutilins and macrolides for the control of infections caused by porcine mycoplasmas. The use of lincomycin for the treatment of porcine mycoplasma infections should be carefully evaluated due to the presence of circulating field isolates with decreased susceptibility to this antimicrobial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén S Rosales
- Unidad de Epidemiología y Medicina Preventiva, Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, C/Trasmontana s/n, 35413, Arucas, Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Ana S Ramírez
- Unidad de Epidemiología y Medicina Preventiva, Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, C/Trasmontana s/n, 35413, Arucas, Gran Canaria, Spain.
| | - María M Tavío
- Unidad de Epidemiología y Medicina Preventiva, Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, C/Trasmontana s/n, 35413, Arucas, Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Carlos Poveda
- Unidad de Epidemiología y Medicina Preventiva, Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, C/Trasmontana s/n, 35413, Arucas, Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - José B Poveda
- Unidad de Epidemiología y Medicina Preventiva, Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, C/Trasmontana s/n, 35413, Arucas, Gran Canaria, Spain
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Jaÿ M, Ambroset C, Tricot A, Colin A, Tardy F. Population structure and antimicrobial susceptibility of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae isolates in France. Vet Microbiol 2020; 248:108828. [PMID: 32905961 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic non-progressive pneumonia in small ruminants caused by Mycoplasma (M.) ovipneumoniae is mainly controlled by chemotherapy. In France, during the last decade, a rise in M. ovipneumoniae cases was recorded in both sheep and goats, suggesting a possible emergence. Whether this rise is associated with antimicrobial resistance, as observed in other ruminant Mycoplasma species, has yet to be examined. The aim of the study was to characterize the diversity of M. ovipneumoniae strains circulating in France and assess their antimicrobial resistance, together with the underlying mechanisms, to help find an explanation for the increase in reported cases. The genetic diversity of 56 strains isolated between 2007 and 2018 from sheep and goats was assessed using different subtyping methods. Their susceptibility to six antimicrobial classes was profiled by estimating Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) using an optimised agar dilution method. Resistance mechanisms were explored by sequence analysis of rRNA targets. A high genetic diversity of strains was evidenced, with consistent, marked animal-host clustering in the Hsp70 gene and whole genome sequence phylogeny. No clonal evolution could thus account for putative emergence. Apart from florfenicol, MICs were low except for a few isolates with increased values for tetracyclines, macrolides and lincosamides. Hotspot mutations in the target ribosomal gene could explain increased tetracycline MICs. Other mechanisms are suspected for macrolide-lincosamide and florfenicol resistance. The emergence of M. ovipneumoniae is thus not related to any increase in resistance or to a clonal spread. Explanations may lie in breeding practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryne Jaÿ
- Université de Lyon, Anses, Laboratoire de Lyon, UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, 31 Avenue Tony-Garnier, 69364, Lyon Cedex 07, France; Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, Marcy-l'Etoile, France
| | - Chloé Ambroset
- Université de Lyon, Anses, Laboratoire de Lyon, UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, 31 Avenue Tony-Garnier, 69364, Lyon Cedex 07, France; Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, Marcy-l'Etoile, France
| | - Agnès Tricot
- Université de Lyon, Anses, Laboratoire de Lyon, UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, 31 Avenue Tony-Garnier, 69364, Lyon Cedex 07, France; Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, Marcy-l'Etoile, France
| | - Adélie Colin
- Université de Lyon, Anses, Laboratoire de Lyon, UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, 31 Avenue Tony-Garnier, 69364, Lyon Cedex 07, France; Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, Marcy-l'Etoile, France
| | - Florence Tardy
- Université de Lyon, Anses, Laboratoire de Lyon, UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, 31 Avenue Tony-Garnier, 69364, Lyon Cedex 07, France; Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, Marcy-l'Etoile, France.
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Huang Z, Hu Z, Zheng H, Xia X, Gu X, Shen X, Yang H, Ding H. The PK/PD Integration and Resistance of Tilmicosin against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060487. [PMID: 32575357 PMCID: PMC7350388 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the major pathogen causing enzootic pneumonia in pigs. M. hyopneumoniae infection can lead to considerable economic losses in the pig-breeding industry. Here, this study established a first-order absorption, one-compartment model to study the relationship between the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) index of tilmicosin against M. hyopneumoniae in vitro. We simulated different drug concentrations of timicosin in the fluid lining the lung epithelia of pigs. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of tilmicosin against M. hyopneumoniae with an inoculum of 106 CFU/mL was 1.6 μg/mL using the microdilution method. Static time-kill curves showed that if the drug concentration >1 MIC, the antibacterial effect showed different degrees of inhibition. At 32 MIC, the amount of bacteria decreased by 3.16 log10 CFU/mL, thereby achieving a mycoplasmacidal effect. The M. hyopneumoniae count was reduced from 3.61 to 5.11 log10 CFU/mL upon incubation for 96 h in a dynamic model with a dose of 40-200 mg, thereby achieving mycoplasmacidal activity. The area under the concentration-time curve over 96 h divided by the MIC (AUC0-96 h/MIC) was the best-fit PK/PD parameters for predicting the antibacterial activity of tilmicosin against M. hyopneumoniae (R2 = 0.99), suggesting that tilmicosin had concentration-dependent activity. The estimated value for AUC0-96 h/MIC for 2log10 (CFU/mL) reduction and 3log10 (CFU/mL) reduction from baseline was 70.55 h and 96.72 h. Four M. hyopneumoniae strains (M1-M4) with reduced sensitivity to tilmicosin were isolated from the four dose groups. The susceptibility of these strains to tylosin, erythromycin and lincomycin was also reduced significantly. For sequencing analyses of 23S rRNA, an acquired A2058G transition in region V was found only in resistant M. hyopneumoniae strains (M3, M4). In conclusion, in an in vitro model, the effect of tilmicosin against M. hyopneumoniae was concentration-dependent and had a therapeutic effect. These results will help to design the optimal dosing regimen for tilmicosin in M. hyopneumoniae infection, and minimize the emergence of resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agriculture University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Z.H.); (Z.H.); (H.Z.); (X.X.); (X.G.); (X.S.)
| | - Zixuan Hu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agriculture University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Z.H.); (Z.H.); (H.Z.); (X.X.); (X.G.); (X.S.)
| | - Haorui Zheng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agriculture University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Z.H.); (Z.H.); (H.Z.); (X.X.); (X.G.); (X.S.)
| | - Xirui Xia
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agriculture University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Z.H.); (Z.H.); (H.Z.); (X.X.); (X.G.); (X.S.)
| | - Xiaoyan Gu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agriculture University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Z.H.); (Z.H.); (H.Z.); (X.X.); (X.G.); (X.S.)
| | - Xiangguang Shen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agriculture University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Z.H.); (Z.H.); (H.Z.); (X.X.); (X.G.); (X.S.)
| | - Hong Yang
- School of life science and engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 510642, China;
| | - Huanzhong Ding
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agriculture University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Z.H.); (Z.H.); (H.Z.); (X.X.); (X.G.); (X.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-020-85282562
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12
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Maes D, Boyen F, Haesebrouck F, Gautier-Bouchardon AV. Antimicrobial treatment of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infections. Vet J 2020; 259-260:105474. [PMID: 32553237 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2020.105474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) is the primary agent of enzootic pneumonia, a chronic and economically important respiratory disease of pigs. Control and prevention of M. hyopneumoniae infections can be accomplished by optimization of management and housing conditions, and by vaccination. The present paper summarizes the current knowledge on the main characteristics and efficacy of antimicrobials used for the treatment of clinical M. hyopneumoniae infections, the in vitro and in vivo activities of these antimicrobials and the reported resistance mechanisms against some. Potentially active antimicrobials against M. hyopneumoniae include tetracyclines, macrolides, lincosamides, pleuromutilins, amphenicols, aminoglycosides, aminocyclitols and fluoroquinolones. Antimicrobial treatment can be administered either orally or parenterally. Based on the overall results of efficacy studies performed under experimental and/or field conditions, the majority of agents belonging to these antimicrobial classes improved clinical parameters (clinical signs, lung lesions) and reduced performance losses due to M. hyopneumoniae infection. Antimicrobials may, however, not be able to prevent infection or to eradicate the bacterium from the respiratory tract. The decision to medicate should, therefore, be considered carefully. M. hyopneumoniae shows an intrinsic resistance against β-lactam antibiotics, sulfonamides and trimethoprim. A few reports have shown acquired antimicrobial resistance against some antibiotics, along with associated resistance mechanisms. The results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing are difficult to interpret in terms of treatment outcome, as no clinical breakpoints have been defined for M. hyopneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominiek Maes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Filip Boyen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Anne V Gautier-Bouchardon
- Mycoplasmology, Bacteriology and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (Anses), France
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13
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Antimicrobial susceptibility and genetic profile of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae isolates from Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2019; 51:377-384. [PMID: 31797326 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the etiologic agent of porcine enzootic pneumonia, responsible for major production losses worldwide. The bacteria have a limited metabolism and need to obtain molecules from the growth environment, which causes multiple difficulties for in vitro culture. These limitations have a negative influence on the ability to carry out research for the development of the rational use of antimicrobials and vaccines. The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the genetic profile and in vitro susceptibility of field isolates of M. hyopneumoniae to different antimicrobials. All 16 isolates obtained from the samples presented 100% of identity in the partial sequence of 16S rRNA gene when compared to M. hyopneumoniae. A dendrogram was created using the PCR results of the genes related to pathogenicity, and the isolates were distributed into four clusters, suggesting genetic variability among four different isolates circulating on the same farm. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the isolates was higher for the antimicrobials tylosin (< 0.001-16 mg/L) and spiramycin (< 0.001-16 mg/L) than for enrofloxacin (< 0.001-0.125 mg/L) and tiamulin (< 0.001-0.125 mg/L). Our results demonstrate the genetic variability among M. hyopneumoniae isolates from pigs of the same farm, with differences in their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents.
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14
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Zhang H, Mao C, Li J, Huang Z, Gu X, Shen X, Ding H. Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Integration of Doxycycline Against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in an In Vitro Model. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1088. [PMID: 31620004 PMCID: PMC6763577 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Doxycycline is a broad-spectrum antibacterial drug. It is used widely to treat diseases caused by Mycoplasma species. We investigated the antibacterial activity of doxycycline against the Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae strain ATCC25934. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of doxycycline against M. hyopneumoniae determined by a microdilution method was 0.125 μg/ml. Static time-kill curves with constant drug concentrations (0-64 MIC) showed that a bacteriostatic effect occurred if the doxycycline concentration reached 4 MIC. Doxycycline produced a maximum antimycoplasmal effect (reduction of 2.76 log10CFU/ml) at 64 MIC within 48 h. The effect of doxycycline against M. hyopneumoniae was analyzed by a sigmoid E max model, and there was high correlation between the kill rate and doxycycline concentration (R 2 = 0.986). A one-compartment open model with first-order absorption was adopted and was used to simulate doxycycline pharmacokinetics in porcine plasma. The dynamic time-concentration curve showed that the area under the curve at 24 h (AUC24 h) and C max (peak concentration) after each drug administration was 1.78-48.4 μg h/ml and 0.16-3.41 μg/ml, respectively. The reduction of M. hyopneumoniae (log10CFU/ml) for 1, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 mg/kg body weight was 0.16, 1.29, 1.75, 2.94, 3.35, 3.91, 4.35, and 5.77, respectively, during the entire experiment, respectively. When the dose was >10 mg/kg body weight, continuous administration for 3 days could achieve a bactericidal effect. The correlation coefficient of AUC24 h/MIC, C max/MIC, and %T > MIC (the cumulative percentage of time over a 24-h period that the drug concentration exceeds the MIC) with antibacterial effect was 0.917, 0.923, and 0.823, respectively. Doxycycline showed concentration-dependent activity, and the value of AUC24 h/MIC and C max/MIC required to produce a drop of 1 log10CFU/ml was 164 h and 9.89, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilin Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunxiao Mao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinju Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zilong Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Gu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangguang Shen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huanzhong Ding
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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15
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Betlach AM, Maes D, Garza-Moreno L, Tamiozzo P, Sibila M, Haesebrouck F, Segalés J, Pieters M. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae variability: Current trends and proposed terminology for genomic classification. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1840-1854. [PMID: 31099490 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) is the aetiologic agent of enzootic pneumonia in swine, a prevalent chronic respiratory disease worldwide. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is a small, self-replicating microorganism that possesses several characteristics allowing for limited biosynthetic abilities, resulting in the fastidious, host-specific growth and unique pathogenic properties of this microorganism. Variation across several isolates of M. hyopneumoniae has been described at antigenic, proteomic, transcriptomic, pathogenic and genomic levels. The microorganism possesses a minimal number of genes that regulate the transcription process. Post-translational modifications (PTM) occur frequently in a wide range of functional proteins. The PTM by which M. hyopneumoniae regulates its surface topography could play key roles in cell adhesion, evasion and/or modulation of the host immune system. The clinical outcome of M. hyopneumoniae infections is determined by different factors, such as housing conditions, management practices, co-infections and also by virulence differences among M. hyopneumoniae isolates. Factors contributing to adherence and colonization as well as the capacity to modulate inflammatory and immune responses might be crucial. Different components of the cell membrane (i.e. proteins, glycoproteins and lipoproteins) may serve as adhesins and/or be toxic for the respiratory tract cells. Mechanisms leading to virulence are complex and more research is needed to identify markers for virulence. The utilization of typing methods and complete or partial-gene sequencing for M. hyopneumoniae characterization has increased in diagnostic laboratories as control and elimination strategies for this microorganism are attempted worldwide. A commonly employed molecular typing method for M. hyopneumoniae is Multiple-Locus Variable number tandem repeat Analysis (MLVA). The agreement of a shared terminology and classification for the various techniques, specifically MLVA, has not been described, which makes inferences across the literature unsuitable. Therefore, molecular trends for M. hyopneumoniae have been outlined and a common terminology and classification based on Variable Number Tandem Repeats (VNTR) types has been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa M Betlach
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota.,Swine Vet Center, St. Peter, Minnesota
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Unit Porcine Health Management, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Laura Garza-Moreno
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Pablo Tamiozzo
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Marina Sibila
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Department de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, Bellaterra, Spain.,UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Maria Pieters
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
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