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Shaw AB, Caldwell LK, Mihalek JM, Gobatto CA, Papoti M, de Barros Manchado-Gobatto F, Hill DW. An alternate to accumulated oxygen deficit (AOD) for measuring anaerobic contribution: 'AOD_alt' is valid in normoxia and hypoxia. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05611-2. [PMID: 39369141 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05611-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 10/07/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The gold standard measure of anaerobic contribution is accumulated oxygen deficit (AOD). The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity of an alternate measure, AOD_alt. AOD_alt is the sum of the phosphocreatine and glycolytic contributions, which are estimated from post-exercise oxygen uptake and blood lactate concentration, respectively. METHODS In Study One, six women and three men performed 6-min bouts of heavy intensity cycle ergometer exercise, once in normoxia (FIO2 ~ 21%) and twice under hypoxic conditions (FIO2 ~ 15% and ~ 12%). In Study Two, four women and two men performed severe intensity tests to exhaustion, once in normoxia (~ 10 min) and twice in hypoxia (FIO2 ~ 15% and ~ 10%). Physiological responses were measured during exercise and 7 min of recovery. RESULTS In 6 min of heavy exercise, Study One, the alternate and criterion measures of anaerobic contribution (AOD_alt and AOD) were correlated, in normoxia and in hypoxia. In exhaustive severe exercise, Study Two, AOD_alt and AOD were correlated (r = 0.77) and similar, in normoxia and at FIO2 ~ 15%. However, AOD_alt and AOD values were neither correlated (r = 0.27) nor similar (57 ± 5 mL·kg-1 vs 51 ± 7 mL·kg-1) at FIO2 ~ 10%. CONCLUSION These results confirm the validity of AOD_alt as a measure of anaerobic capacity in severe intensity exercise, demonstrate its validity in heavy exercise, and assert its validity in conditions of hypoxia (FIO2 ~ 12%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin B Shaw
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Health Promotion, and Recreation, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #310769, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA
| | - Lydia K Caldwell
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Health Promotion, and Recreation, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #310769, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA
| | - John Michael Mihalek
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Health Promotion, and Recreation, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #310769, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA
- School of Sport Sciences, College of Applied Human Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Claudio A Gobatto
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Papoti
- School of Physical Education and Sports of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - David W Hill
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Health Promotion, and Recreation, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #310769, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA.
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Zhao Y, Yan Z, Li S, Wang Y, Guo Y, Wang T, Zhang L. A Novel 5-Chloro- N-Phenyl-1 H-Indole-2-carboxamide Derivative as a Glycogen Phosphorylase Inhibitor: Evaluating the Long-Term Drug Effects on Muscle Function for the First Time. Molecules 2024; 29:4448. [PMID: 39339443 PMCID: PMC11434295 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29184448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2024] [Revised: 09/15/2024] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Compound 1 was previously identified by our team as a glycogen phosphorylase (GP) inhibitor with glucose-lowering activity and demonstrated to have protective effects against myocardial and cerebral ischemia. However, its impact on muscle function has not been clarified. This study is the first to evaluate the long-term effects of GP inhibitors on muscle function and metabolism. After a 28-day administration of Compound 1, we performed assays to assess muscle function and biochemical parameters in rats. We observed reductions in peak holding force, duration, tetanic contraction force, single-contraction force, and electromyographic signals under 20 s and 10 min contraction stimuli. The metabolic analysis showed no significant effects on muscle glycogen, ATP, lactic acid, and uric acid levels at low doses. In contrast, medium to high doses resulted in increased glycogen, decreased ATP, and reduced lactic acid (only at high doses), without affecting uric acid. These findings suggest that Compound 1 may adversely affect muscle function in rats, potentially due to the glycogen inhibition effects of GP inhibitors. This study provides crucial safety data and insights into the long-term effects of GP inhibitors on rat muscles, which will guide future developments and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhao
- Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research and Development of Hebei Province, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde 067000, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.Y.); (S.L.); (Y.W.); (T.W.)
| | - Zhiwei Yan
- Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research and Development of Hebei Province, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde 067000, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.Y.); (S.L.); (Y.W.); (T.W.)
| | - Shuai Li
- Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research and Development of Hebei Province, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde 067000, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.Y.); (S.L.); (Y.W.); (T.W.)
| | - Youde Wang
- Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research and Development of Hebei Province, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde 067000, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.Y.); (S.L.); (Y.W.); (T.W.)
| | - Yachun Guo
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Chengde Medical University, Chengde 067000, China;
| | - Tienan Wang
- Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research and Development of Hebei Province, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde 067000, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.Y.); (S.L.); (Y.W.); (T.W.)
| | - Liying Zhang
- Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research and Development of Hebei Province, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde 067000, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.Y.); (S.L.); (Y.W.); (T.W.)
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Gonçalves AF, Miarka B, Maurício CDA, Teixeira RPA, Brito CJ, Ignácio Valenzuela Pérez D, Slimani M, Znazen H, Bragazzi NL, Reis VM. Enhancing performance: unveiling the physiological impact of submaximal and supramaximal tests on mixed martial arts athletes in the -61 kg and -66 kg weight divisions. Front Physiol 2024; 14:1257639. [PMID: 38283281 PMCID: PMC10811793 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1257639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
This study delves into the intricate details of Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) by examining key variables such as maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 peak), aerobic energy (EAER), anaerobic energy (EAN), and accumulated O2 deficit (DOA). By investigating associations and comparing athletes in the -61 kg bantamweight and -66 kg featherweight weight divisions, we aim to shed light on their physiological characteristics. The sample consisted of 20 male volunteers separated into two paired groups: ten athletes in the category up to 61 kg (age: 27.7 ± 5.9 years old, height: 170.9 ± 3.4 cm, body mass: 72.8 ± 1.4 kg, fat percentage: 9.5% ± 3.0%, professional experience: 7.5 ± 7.1 years) and ten athletes up to 66 kg (age: 27.6 ± 2.9 years old, height: 176.0 ± 5.5 cm, body mass: 77.0 ± 1.5 kg, fat percentage: 7.85% ± 0.3%, professional experience: 5.5 ± 1.5 years). Remarkably, our findings revealed striking similarities between the two weight divisions. Furthermore, we discovered a negative correlation between VO2 peak and the number of MMA fights, indicating a potential impact of professional experience on aerobic capacity (r = -0.65, p < 0.01). Additionally, the number of fights exhibited negative correlations with anaerobic energy (r = -0.53, p < 0.05) and total energy cost (r = -0.54, p < 0.05). These results provide valuable insights for designing training programs in the context of MMA. While training both weight divisions together can be beneficial, it is equally crucial to incorporate specific weight-class-focused training to address each division's unique physical demands and requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandro Ferreira Gonçalves
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Performance in Sports and Combats, Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bianca Miarka
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Performance in Sports and Combats, Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Clóvis de Albuquerque Maurício
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Performance in Sports and Combats, Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael Pereira Azevedo Teixeira
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Performance in Sports and Combats, Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ciro José Brito
- Sciences of Physical Activity, Sports and Health School, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Maamer Slimani
- School of Public Health, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Genoa University, Genoa, Italy
| | - Hela Znazen
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, College of Education, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Victor Machado Reis
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
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Dutra YM, de Poli RAB, Miyagi WE, Faustini JB, Zagatto AM. Anaerobic capacity estimated by a single effort distinguishes training status in male cyclists. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-020-00634-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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