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SUMI A, CHAMBERS JK, ITO S, KOJIMA K, OMACHI T, DOI M, UCHIDA K. Different expression patterns of p63 and p73 in Felis catus papillomavirus type 2-associated feline Merkel cell carcinomas and other epidermal carcinomas. J Vet Med Sci 2024; 86:39-48. [PMID: 38030281 PMCID: PMC10849848 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a cutaneous neuroendocrine tumor, and more than 90% of feline MCC cases test positive for Felis catus papillomavirus type 2 (FcaPV2). In the present study, basal cell markers p40, p63, and p73 and the stem cell marker SOX2 and cytokeratin 14 (CK14) were immunohistochemically examined in normal fetal, infant, and adult feline skin tissues. The expression of these proteins was examined in tumors positive for FcaPV2, including MCC, basal cell carcinoma (BCC), Bowenoid in situ carcinoma (BISC), and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Infant and adult feline skin tissues had mature Merkel cells, which were CK14-, CK18+, CK20+, SOX2+, synaptophysin+ and CD56+, while fetal skin tissue had no mature Merkel cells. MCC was immunopositive for p73, CK18, and SOX2 in 32/32 cases, and immunonegative for CK14 in 31/32 cases and for p40 and p63 in 32/32 cases. These results indicate that MCC exhibits different immunophenotypes from Merkel cells (p73-) and basal cells (p40+, p63+, and SOX2-). In contrast, all 3 BCCs, 1 BISC, and 2 SCCs were immunopositive for the basal cell markers p40, p63, and p73. The life cycle of papillomavirus is closely associated with the differentiation of infected basal cells, which requires the transcription factor p63. Changes in p63 expression in FcaPV2-positive MCC may be associated with unique cytokeratin expression patterns (CK14-, CK18+, and CK20+). Furthermore, SOX2 appears to be involved in Merkel cell differentiation in cats, similar to humans and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi SUMI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - James K CHAMBERS
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soma ITO
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro KOJIMA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Masaki DOI
- Diagnostic Laboratory, Patho-Labo, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki UCHIDA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Czyz CM, Kunth PW, Gruber F, Kremslehner C, Hammers CM, Hundt JE. Requisite instruments for the establishment of three-dimensional epidermal human skin equivalents-A methods review. Exp Dermatol 2023; 32:1870-1883. [PMID: 37605856 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Human skin equivalents (HSEs) are three-dimensional skin organ culture models raised in vitro. This review gives an overview of common techniques for setting up HSEs. The HSE consists of an artificial dermis and epidermis. 3T3-J2 murine fibroblasts, purchased human fibroblasts or freshly isolated and cultured fibroblasts, together with other components, for example, collagen type I, are used to build the scaffold. Freshly isolated and cultured keratinocytes are seeded on top. It is possible to add other cell types, for example, melanocytes, to the HSE-depending on the research question. After several days and further steps, the 3D skin can be harvested. Additionally, we show possible markers and techniques for evaluation of artificial skin. Furthermore, we provide a comparison of HSEs to human skin organ culture, a model which employs human donor skin. We outline advantages and limitations of both models and discuss future perspectives in using HSEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christianna Marie Czyz
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology (LIED), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Paul Werner Kunth
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology (LIED), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Florian Gruber
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Skin Multimodal Analytical Imaging of Aging and Senescence - SKINMAGINE, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christopher Kremslehner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Skin Multimodal Analytical Imaging of Aging and Senescence - SKINMAGINE, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Matthias Hammers
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology (LIED), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Craig EW, Black EC, Goo CE, Swearer AA, Yee NG, Rasmussen JP. Dendritic atoh1a+ cells serve as transient intermediates during zebrafish Merkel cell development and regeneration. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.14.557830. [PMID: 37745341 PMCID: PMC10515958 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.14.557830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Sensory cells often adopt specific morphologies that aid in the detection of external stimuli. Merkel cells encode gentle touch stimuli in vertebrate skin and adopt a reproducible shape characterized by spiky, actin-rich microvilli that emanate from the cell surface. The mechanism by which Merkel cells acquire this stereotyped morphology from basal keratinocyte progenitors is unknown. Here, we establish that dendritic Merkel cells (dMCs) express atonal homolog 1a (atoh1a), extend dynamic filopodial processes, and arise in transient waves during zebrafish skin development and regeneration. We find that dMCs share molecular similarities with both basal keratinocytes and Merkel cells, yet display mesenchymal-like behaviors, including local cell motility and proliferation within the epidermis. Furthermore, dMCs can directly adopt the mature, microvilliated Merkel cell morphology through substantial remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. Loss of Ectodysplasin A signaling alters the morphology of dMCs and Merkel cells within specific skin regions. Our results show that dMCs represent an intermediate state in the Merkel cell maturation program and identify Ectodysplasin A signaling as a key regulator of Merkel cell morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan W. Craig
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Erik C. Black
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Camille E.A. Goo
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Avery Angell Swearer
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nathaniel G. Yee
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jeffrey P. Rasmussen
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Bataille A, Le Gall C, Misery L, Talagas M. Merkel Cells Are Multimodal Sensory Cells: A Review of Study Methods. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233827. [PMID: 36497085 PMCID: PMC9737130 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel cells (MCs) are rare multimodal epidermal sensory cells. Due to their interactions with slowly adapting type 1 (SA1) Aβ low-threshold mechanoreceptor (Aβ-LTMRs) afferents neurons to form Merkel complexes, they are considered to be part of the main tactile terminal organ involved in the light touch sensation. This function has been explored over time by ex vivo, in vivo, in vitro, and in silico approaches. Ex vivo studies have made it possible to characterize the topography, morphology, and cellular environment of these cells. The interactions of MCs with surrounding cells continue to be studied by ex vivo but also in vitro approaches. Indeed, in vitro models have improved the understanding of communication of MCs with other cells present in the skin at the cellular and molecular levels. As for in vivo methods, the sensory role of MC complexes can be demonstrated by observing physiological or pathological behavior after genetic modification in mouse models. In silico models are emerging and aim to elucidate the sensory coding mechanisms of these complexes. The different methods to study MC complexes presented in this review may allow the investigation of their involvement in other physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms, despite the difficulties in exploring these cells, in particular due to their rarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Bataille
- LIEN—Laboratoire Interactions Epithélium Neurones, Brest University, F-29200 Brest, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Christelle Le Gall
- LIEN—Laboratoire Interactions Epithélium Neurones, Brest University, F-29200 Brest, France
- Department of Dermatology, Brest University Hospital, F-29200 Brest, France
| | - Laurent Misery
- LIEN—Laboratoire Interactions Epithélium Neurones, Brest University, F-29200 Brest, France
- Department of Dermatology, Brest University Hospital, F-29200 Brest, France
| | - Matthieu Talagas
- LIEN—Laboratoire Interactions Epithélium Neurones, Brest University, F-29200 Brest, France
- Department of Dermatology, Brest University Hospital, F-29200 Brest, France
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Michalak-Micka K, Rütsche D, Mazzone L, Büchler VL, Moehrlen U, Klar AS, Biedermann T. Human fetal skin derived merkel cells display distinctive characteristics in vitro and in bio-engineered skin substitutes in vivo. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:983870. [PMID: 36185452 PMCID: PMC9520781 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.983870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human skin contains specialized neuroendocrine Merkel cells responsible for fine touch sensation. In the present study, we performed in-depth analysis of Merkel cells in human fetal back skin. We revealed that these Merkel cells expressed cytokeratin 20 (CK20), were positive for the neuroendocrine markers synaptophysin and chromogranin A, and the mechanosensitive ion channel Piezo2. Further, we demonstrated that Merkel cells were present in freshly isolated human fetal epidermal cells in vitro, and in tissue-engineered human dermo-epidermal skin substitutes 4 weeks after transplantation on immune-compromised rats. Merkel cells retained the expression of CK20, synaptophysin, chromogranin A, and Piezo2 after isolation and in culture, and in the skin substitutes after transplantation. Interestingly, we observed that in fetal skin and in skin substitutes, only Merkel cells were positive for CK8, while in culture, also non-Merkel cells showed positivity for CK8. In summary, human fetal Merkel cells showed phenotypical features confirming their cell identity. This findings are of pivotal importance for the future application of fetal tissue-engineered skin in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Michalak-Micka
- Tissue Biology Research Unit, Department of Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children’s Research Center (CRC), University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominic Rütsche
- Tissue Biology Research Unit, Department of Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children’s Research Center (CRC), University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luca Mazzone
- Children’s Research Center (CRC), University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Spina Bifida Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- The Zurich Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa L. Büchler
- Tissue Biology Research Unit, Department of Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children’s Research Center (CRC), University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ueli Moehrlen
- Children’s Research Center (CRC), University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Spina Bifida Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- The Zurich Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Agnes S. Klar
- Tissue Biology Research Unit, Department of Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children’s Research Center (CRC), University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Biedermann
- Tissue Biology Research Unit, Department of Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children’s Research Center (CRC), University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Thomas Biedermann,
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Kueckelhaus M, Rothoeft T, De Rosa L, Yeni B, Ohmann T, Maier C, Eitner L, Metze D, Losi L, Secone Seconetti A, De Luca M, Hirsch T. Transgenic Epidermal Cultures for Junctional Epidermolysis Bullosa - 5-Year Outcomes. N Engl J Med 2021; 385:2264-2270. [PMID: 34881838 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2108544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Inherited junctional epidermolysis bullosa is a severe genetic skin disease that leads to epidermal loss caused by structural and mechanical fragility of the integuments. There is no established cure for junctional epidermolysis bullosa. We previously reported that genetically corrected autologous epidermal cultures regenerated almost an entire, fully functional epidermis on a child who had a devastating form of junctional epidermolysis bullosa. We now report long-term clinical outcomes in this patient. (Funded by POR FESR 2014-2020 - Regione Emilia-Romagna and others.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Kueckelhaus
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, and the Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Hand Surgery, Fachklinik Hornheide (M.K., B.Y., T.H.), and the Department of Dermatology, University of Muenster (D.M.), Muenster, the Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care (T.R.) and the Department of Neuropediatrics (L.E.), University Children's Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum (C.M.), Bochum, and the Research Department, BG Klinikum Duisburg, Duisburg (T.O.) - all in Germany; and Holostem Terapie Avanzate, Center for Regenerative Medicine Stefano Ferrari (L.D.R., A.S.S.), and the Unit of Pathology (L.L.) and the Center for Regenerative Medicine Stefano Ferrari (M.D.L.), Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Tobias Rothoeft
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, and the Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Hand Surgery, Fachklinik Hornheide (M.K., B.Y., T.H.), and the Department of Dermatology, University of Muenster (D.M.), Muenster, the Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care (T.R.) and the Department of Neuropediatrics (L.E.), University Children's Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum (C.M.), Bochum, and the Research Department, BG Klinikum Duisburg, Duisburg (T.O.) - all in Germany; and Holostem Terapie Avanzate, Center for Regenerative Medicine Stefano Ferrari (L.D.R., A.S.S.), and the Unit of Pathology (L.L.) and the Center for Regenerative Medicine Stefano Ferrari (M.D.L.), Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Laura De Rosa
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, and the Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Hand Surgery, Fachklinik Hornheide (M.K., B.Y., T.H.), and the Department of Dermatology, University of Muenster (D.M.), Muenster, the Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care (T.R.) and the Department of Neuropediatrics (L.E.), University Children's Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum (C.M.), Bochum, and the Research Department, BG Klinikum Duisburg, Duisburg (T.O.) - all in Germany; and Holostem Terapie Avanzate, Center for Regenerative Medicine Stefano Ferrari (L.D.R., A.S.S.), and the Unit of Pathology (L.L.) and the Center for Regenerative Medicine Stefano Ferrari (M.D.L.), Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Burcu Yeni
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, and the Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Hand Surgery, Fachklinik Hornheide (M.K., B.Y., T.H.), and the Department of Dermatology, University of Muenster (D.M.), Muenster, the Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care (T.R.) and the Department of Neuropediatrics (L.E.), University Children's Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum (C.M.), Bochum, and the Research Department, BG Klinikum Duisburg, Duisburg (T.O.) - all in Germany; and Holostem Terapie Avanzate, Center for Regenerative Medicine Stefano Ferrari (L.D.R., A.S.S.), and the Unit of Pathology (L.L.) and the Center for Regenerative Medicine Stefano Ferrari (M.D.L.), Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Tobias Ohmann
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, and the Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Hand Surgery, Fachklinik Hornheide (M.K., B.Y., T.H.), and the Department of Dermatology, University of Muenster (D.M.), Muenster, the Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care (T.R.) and the Department of Neuropediatrics (L.E.), University Children's Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum (C.M.), Bochum, and the Research Department, BG Klinikum Duisburg, Duisburg (T.O.) - all in Germany; and Holostem Terapie Avanzate, Center for Regenerative Medicine Stefano Ferrari (L.D.R., A.S.S.), and the Unit of Pathology (L.L.) and the Center for Regenerative Medicine Stefano Ferrari (M.D.L.), Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Christoph Maier
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, and the Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Hand Surgery, Fachklinik Hornheide (M.K., B.Y., T.H.), and the Department of Dermatology, University of Muenster (D.M.), Muenster, the Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care (T.R.) and the Department of Neuropediatrics (L.E.), University Children's Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum (C.M.), Bochum, and the Research Department, BG Klinikum Duisburg, Duisburg (T.O.) - all in Germany; and Holostem Terapie Avanzate, Center for Regenerative Medicine Stefano Ferrari (L.D.R., A.S.S.), and the Unit of Pathology (L.L.) and the Center for Regenerative Medicine Stefano Ferrari (M.D.L.), Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Lynn Eitner
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, and the Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Hand Surgery, Fachklinik Hornheide (M.K., B.Y., T.H.), and the Department of Dermatology, University of Muenster (D.M.), Muenster, the Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care (T.R.) and the Department of Neuropediatrics (L.E.), University Children's Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum (C.M.), Bochum, and the Research Department, BG Klinikum Duisburg, Duisburg (T.O.) - all in Germany; and Holostem Terapie Avanzate, Center for Regenerative Medicine Stefano Ferrari (L.D.R., A.S.S.), and the Unit of Pathology (L.L.) and the Center for Regenerative Medicine Stefano Ferrari (M.D.L.), Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Dieter Metze
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, and the Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Hand Surgery, Fachklinik Hornheide (M.K., B.Y., T.H.), and the Department of Dermatology, University of Muenster (D.M.), Muenster, the Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care (T.R.) and the Department of Neuropediatrics (L.E.), University Children's Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum (C.M.), Bochum, and the Research Department, BG Klinikum Duisburg, Duisburg (T.O.) - all in Germany; and Holostem Terapie Avanzate, Center for Regenerative Medicine Stefano Ferrari (L.D.R., A.S.S.), and the Unit of Pathology (L.L.) and the Center for Regenerative Medicine Stefano Ferrari (M.D.L.), Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Lorena Losi
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, and the Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Hand Surgery, Fachklinik Hornheide (M.K., B.Y., T.H.), and the Department of Dermatology, University of Muenster (D.M.), Muenster, the Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care (T.R.) and the Department of Neuropediatrics (L.E.), University Children's Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum (C.M.), Bochum, and the Research Department, BG Klinikum Duisburg, Duisburg (T.O.) - all in Germany; and Holostem Terapie Avanzate, Center for Regenerative Medicine Stefano Ferrari (L.D.R., A.S.S.), and the Unit of Pathology (L.L.) and the Center for Regenerative Medicine Stefano Ferrari (M.D.L.), Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Alessia Secone Seconetti
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, and the Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Hand Surgery, Fachklinik Hornheide (M.K., B.Y., T.H.), and the Department of Dermatology, University of Muenster (D.M.), Muenster, the Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care (T.R.) and the Department of Neuropediatrics (L.E.), University Children's Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum (C.M.), Bochum, and the Research Department, BG Klinikum Duisburg, Duisburg (T.O.) - all in Germany; and Holostem Terapie Avanzate, Center for Regenerative Medicine Stefano Ferrari (L.D.R., A.S.S.), and the Unit of Pathology (L.L.) and the Center for Regenerative Medicine Stefano Ferrari (M.D.L.), Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Michele De Luca
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, and the Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Hand Surgery, Fachklinik Hornheide (M.K., B.Y., T.H.), and the Department of Dermatology, University of Muenster (D.M.), Muenster, the Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care (T.R.) and the Department of Neuropediatrics (L.E.), University Children's Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum (C.M.), Bochum, and the Research Department, BG Klinikum Duisburg, Duisburg (T.O.) - all in Germany; and Holostem Terapie Avanzate, Center for Regenerative Medicine Stefano Ferrari (L.D.R., A.S.S.), and the Unit of Pathology (L.L.) and the Center for Regenerative Medicine Stefano Ferrari (M.D.L.), Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Tobias Hirsch
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, and the Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Hand Surgery, Fachklinik Hornheide (M.K., B.Y., T.H.), and the Department of Dermatology, University of Muenster (D.M.), Muenster, the Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care (T.R.) and the Department of Neuropediatrics (L.E.), University Children's Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum (C.M.), Bochum, and the Research Department, BG Klinikum Duisburg, Duisburg (T.O.) - all in Germany; and Holostem Terapie Avanzate, Center for Regenerative Medicine Stefano Ferrari (L.D.R., A.S.S.), and the Unit of Pathology (L.L.) and the Center for Regenerative Medicine Stefano Ferrari (M.D.L.), Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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7
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Sierra-Sánchez Á, Kim KH, Blasco-Morente G, Arias-Santiago S. Cellular human tissue-engineered skin substitutes investigated for deep and difficult to heal injuries. NPJ Regen Med 2021; 6:35. [PMID: 34140525 PMCID: PMC8211795 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-021-00144-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is an important function of skin; however, after significant skin injury (burns) or in certain dermatological pathologies (chronic wounds), this important process can be deregulated or lost, resulting in severe complications. To avoid these, studies have focused on developing tissue-engineered skin substitutes (TESSs), which attempt to replace and regenerate the damaged skin. Autologous cultured epithelial substitutes (CESs) constituted of keratinocytes, allogeneic cultured dermal substitutes (CDSs) composed of biomaterials and fibroblasts and autologous composite skin substitutes (CSSs) comprised of biomaterials, keratinocytes and fibroblasts, have been the most studied clinical TESSs, reporting positive results for different pathological conditions. However, researchers' purpose is to develop TESSs that resemble in a better way the human skin and its wound healing process. For this reason, they have also evaluated at preclinical level the incorporation of other human cell types such as melanocytes, Merkel and Langerhans cells, skin stem cells (SSCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) or mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Among these, MSCs have been also reported in clinical studies with hopeful results. Future perspectives in the field of human-TESSs are focused on improving in vivo animal models, incorporating immune cells, designing specific niches inside the biomaterials to increase stem cell potential and developing three-dimensional bioprinting strategies, with the final purpose of increasing patient's health care. In this review we summarize the use of different human cell populations for preclinical and clinical TESSs under research, remarking their strengths and limitations and discuss the future perspectives, which could be useful for wound healing purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Sierra-Sánchez
- Cell Production and Tissue Engineering Unit, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Andalusian Network of Design and Translation of Advanced Therapies, Granada, Spain.
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain.
| | - Kevin H Kim
- Department of Dermatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada University, Granada, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Blasco-Morente
- Department of Dermatology, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada University, Granada, Spain
| | - Salvador Arias-Santiago
- Cell Production and Tissue Engineering Unit, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Andalusian Network of Design and Translation of Advanced Therapies, Granada, Spain
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada University, Granada, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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8
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Abstract
Numerous individuals suffer from impaired wound healing, such as chronic ulcers, severe burns and immune disorders, resulting in both public health and economic burdens. Skin is the first line of defense and the largest organ of the human body, however, an incomplete understanding of underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of dermal repair leads to a lack of effective therapy for healing impaired wounds. There are strong clinical and social needs for improved therapeutic approaches to enhance endogenous tissue repair and regenerative capacity. The purpose of this review is to illuminate the cellular and molecular aspects of the healing process and highlight potential therapeutic strategies to accelerate translational research and the development of clinical therapies in dermal wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangjun Bai
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaojing Dai
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, The Advanced Technology Genomics Core, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery & Biomedical Engineering, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA
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9
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Schutte SC, Kadakia F, Davidson S. Skin-Nerve Co-Culture Systems for Disease Modeling and Drug Discovery. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2021; 27:89-99. [PMID: 33349133 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2020.0296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prominent clinical problems related to the skin-nerve interface include barrier dysfunction and erythema, but it is the symptoms of pain and itch that most often lead patients to seek medical treatment. Tissue-engineered innervated skin models provide an excellent solution for studying the mechanisms underlying neurocutaneous disorders for drug screening, and cutaneous device development. Innervated skin substitutes provide solutions beyond traditional monolayer cultures and have advantages that make them preferable to in vivo animal studies for certain applications, such as measuring somatosensory transduction. The tissue-engineered innervated skin models replicate the complex stratified epidermis that provides barrier function in native skin, a feature that is lacking in monolayer co-cultures, while allowing for a level of detail in measurement of nerve morphology and function that cannot be achieved in animal models. In this review, the advantages and disadvantages of different cell sources and scaffold materials will be discussed and a presentation of the current state of the field is reviewed. Impact statement A review of the current state of innervated skin substitutes and the considerations that need to be addressed when developing these models. Tissue-engineered skin substitutes are customizable and provide barrier function allowing for screening of topical drugs and for studying nerve function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey C Schutte
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Feni Kadakia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Research Center, and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Steve Davidson
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Research Center, and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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10
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A cutaneous mechanoneural interface for neuroprosthetic feedback. Nat Biomed Eng 2021; 6:731-740. [PMID: 33526908 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-020-00669-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Amputation destroys sensory end organs and does not provide an anatomical interface for cutaneous neuroprosthetic feedback. Here, we report the design and a biomechanical and electrophysiological evaluation of the cutaneous mechanoneural interface consisting of an afferent neural system that comprises a muscle actuator coupled to a natively pedicled skin flap in a cuff-like architecture. Muscle is actuated through electrical stimulation to induce strains or oscillatory vibrations on the skin flap that are proportional to a desired contact duration or contact pressure. In rat hindlimbs, the mechanoneural interface elicited native dermal mechanotransducers to generate at least four levels of graded contact and eight distinct vibratory afferents that were not significantly different from analogous mechanical stimulation of intact skin. The application of different patterns of electrical stimulation independently engaged slowly adapting and rapidly adapting mechanotransducers, and recreated an array of cutaneous sensations. The cutaneous mechanoneural interface can be integrated with current prosthetic technologies for tactile feedback.
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11
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Supp DM, Hahn JM, Lloyd CM, Combs KA, Swope VB, Abdel-Malek Z, Boyce ST. Light or Dark Pigmentation of Engineered Skin Substitutes Containing Melanocytes Protects Against Ultraviolet Light-Induced DNA Damage In Vivo. J Burn Care Res 2020; 41:751-760. [PMID: 32052834 DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/iraa029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Engineered skin substitutes (ESS) containing autologous fibroblasts and keratinocytes provide stable wound closure in patients with large, full-thickness burns, but are limited by hypopigmentation due to absence of added melanocytes. DNA damage caused by ultraviolet radiation (UV) increases risk for skin cancer development. In human skin, melanocytes provide pigmentation that protects skin from UV-induced DNA damage. This study investigated whether inclusion of human melanocytes (hM) affects the response of ESS to UV in vivo. Specifically, pigmentation and formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), the most prevalent UV-induced DNA photoproduct, were analyzed. Three groups of ESS were prepared with fibroblasts and keratinocytes, ± melanocytes, and grafted orthotopically to immunodeficient mice: ESS without melanocytes (ESS-hM), ESS with light skin-derived (Caucasian) melanocytes (ESS+hM-L), and ESS with dark skin-derived (African-American) melanocytes (ESS+hM-D). Pigmentation of ESS+hM-L and ESS+hM-D increased significantly after grafting; pigmentation levels were significantly different among groups. Mean melanocyte densities in ESS+hM-L and ESS+hM-D were similar to each other and to densities in normal human skin. After 8 weeks in vivo, grafts were irradiated with 135 mJ/cm2 UV; non-UV-treated mice served as controls. UV modestly increased pigmentation in the ESS+hM groups. UV significantly increased CPD levels in ESS-hM, and levels in ESS-hM were significantly greater than in ESS+hM-L or ESS+hM-D. The results demonstrate that light or dark melanocytes in ESS decreased UV-induced DNA damage. Therefore, melanocytes in ESS play a photoprotective role. Protection against UV-induced DNA damage is expected to reduce skin cancer risk in patients grafted with ESS containing autologous melanocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy M Supp
- Research Department, Shriners Hospitals for Children - Cincinnati, Ohio.,Center for Stem Cell & Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Ohio
| | - Jennifer M Hahn
- Research Department, Shriners Hospitals for Children - Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | - Kelly A Combs
- Research Department, Shriners Hospitals for Children - Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Viki B Swope
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Ohio
| | - Zalfa Abdel-Malek
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Ohio
| | - Steven T Boyce
- Research Department, Shriners Hospitals for Children - Cincinnati, Ohio.,Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Ohio
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12
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Boyce ST, Supp DM, Lloyd CM. Exogenous Keratinocyte Growth Factor Is Not Required for Pigmentation of Skin Substitutes with Three Isogeneic Cell Types. Tissue Eng Part A 2019; 26:214-224. [PMID: 31559928 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2019.0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineered skin substitutes (ESS) containing human fibroblasts (hF) and human keratinocytes (hK) provide significant medical benefits for treatment of acute and chronic skin wounds, including, but not limited to, burns, burn scars, congenital skin lesions, and cutaneous ulcers. However, anatomic deficiencies, such as lack of pigment, can contribute to long-term morbidity, including hypopigmentation and reduced solar protection. To address the deficiency of hypopigmentation, ESS were populated sequentially with cultured hF, human melanocytes (hM), and hK to generate ESS with pigment (ESS-P). Constructs were incubated in media containing 0.0, 1.5, or 5.0 ng/mL keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), which promotes survival and differentiation of hM in ESS-P, and had media changed at 24 or 48 h intervals. ESS-P were evaluated in vitro for surface hydration, surface color, and distribution of hM. Proliferation was assessed by measuring incorporation of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine into replicating DNA in basal epidermal cells. ESS-P from test conditions were grafted to immunodeficient mice, and were assessed over 12 weeks for pigmented area, pigment density, and distribution of hM in healed human grafts. The in vitro data showed differences among test groups, including increase in hydration of the epidermal surface with higher KGF, increase of surface pigmentation with 24 h media changes, increase of hM density with higher KGF and 24 h media changes, and time-dependent decrease of proliferation. At 12 weeks after grafting, differences among groups were found for pigment density, but not for distribution of hM or percentage of pigmented area. These differences demonstrate that a higher concentration of KGF (5 ng/mL) in the maturation medium of ESS-P and more frequent media changes (24 h interval) promote higher viability and hM differentiation of ESS-P before grafting, but are not required for full pigmentation (pigmented area, pigment density, hM distribution) of grafted wounds. Based on these results, reductions of the concentration of KGF (i.e., 1.5 ng/mL) in the maturation medium, and of the frequency of medium changes (48 h intervals) would be expected to support survival, continued replication, and restoration of skin color by hM in therapeutic transplantation of ESS-P. Impact Statement Restoration of skin color after traumatic injury affects personal identity and provides protection from exposure to solar radiation. Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) and nutrient supply are known to regulate survival of melanocytes before transplantation in engineered skin substitutes with pigment (ESS-P). This report demonstrates that exogenous KGF is not required to restore skin color and that replacement of the nutrient medium at lower frequency (48 versus 24 h) does not inhibit development of skin color after melanocyte transplantation. These results offer new alternatives to conserve resources in fabrication of ESS-P and to maintain efficacy for restoration of skin color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven T Boyce
- Research Department, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Dorothy M Supp
- Research Department, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
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