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Molina JM, Kunzmann A, Reis JP, Guerreiro PM. Metabolic Responses and Resilience to Environmental Challenges in the Sedentary Batrachoid Halobatrachus didactylus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040632. [PMID: 36830420 PMCID: PMC9951689 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In the context of climate change, warming of the seas and expansion of hypoxic zones are challenges that most species of fish are, or will be subjected to. Understanding how different species cope with these changes in their environment at the individual level can shed light on how populations and ecosystems will be affected. We provide first-time estimates on the metabolic rates, thermal, and oxygen-related limits for Halobatrachus didactylus, a coastal sedentary fish that lives in intertidal environments of the Northeast Atlantic. Using respirometry in different experimental designs, we found that this species is highly resistant to acute thermal stress (CTmax: 34.82 ± 0.66 °C) and acute hypoxia (Pcrit: 0.59-1.97 mg O2 L-1). We found size-specific differences in this stress response, with smaller individuals being more sensitive. We also quantified its aerobic scope and daily activity patterns, finding this fish to be extremely sedentary, with one of the lowest standard metabolic rates found in temperate fish (SMR: 14.96 mg O2 kg-1h-1). H. didactylus activity increases at night, when its metabolic rate increases drastically (RMR: 36.01 mg O2 kg-1h-1). The maximum metabolic rate of H. didactylus was estimated to be 67.31 mg O2 kg-1h-1, producing an aerobic scope of 52.35 mg O2 kg-1h-1 (77.8% increase). The metrics obtained in this study prove that H. didactylus is remarkably resilient to acute environmental variations in temperature and oxygen content, which might enable it to adapt to the extreme abiotic conditions forecasted for the world's oceans in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Molina
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (CONICET), Bahía Blanca B8000, Argentina
- Leibniz-Zentrum für Marine Tropenforschung (ZMT), 28359 Bremen, Germany
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Andreas Kunzmann
- Leibniz-Zentrum für Marine Tropenforschung (ZMT), 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - João Pena Reis
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
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Christensen AB, Taylor G, Lamare M, Byrne M. The added costs of winter ocean warming for metabolism, arm regeneration and survival in the brittle star Ophionereis schayeri. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:287003. [PMID: 36651231 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.244613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
As the climate continues to change, it is not just the magnitude of these changes that is important - equally critical is the timing of these events. Conditions that may be well tolerated at one time can become detrimental if experienced at another, as a result of seasonal acclimation. Temperature is the most critical variable as it affects most aspects of an organism's physiology. To address this, we quantified arm regeneration and respiration in the Australian brittle star Ophionereis schayeri for 10 weeks in response to a +3°C warming (18.5°C, simulating a winter heatwave) compared with ambient winter temperature (15.5°C). The metabolic scaling rate (b=0.635 at 15.5°C and 0.746 at 18.5°C) with respect to size was similar to that of other echinoderms and was not affected by temperature. Elevated temperature resulted in up to a 3-fold increase in respiration and a doubling of regeneration growth; however, mortality was greater (up to 44.2% at 18.5°C), especially in the regenerating brittle stars. Metabolic rate of the brittle stars held at 18.5°C was much higher than expected (Q10≈23) and similar to that of O. schayeri tested in summer, which was near their estimated thermotolerance limits. The additional costs associated with the elevated metabolism and regeneration rates incurred by the unseasonably warm winter temperatures may lead to increased mortality and predation risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgie Taylor
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Miles Lamare
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Maria Byrne
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Hamel JF, Eeckhaut I, Conand C, Sun J, Caulier G, Mercier A. Global knowledge on the commercial sea cucumber Holothuria scabra. ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2022; 91:1-286. [PMID: 35777924 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Holothuria scabra is one of the most intensively studied holothuroids, or sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea), having been discussed in the literature since the early 19th century. The species is important for several reasons: (1) it is widely distributed and historically abundant in several shallow soft-bottom habitats throughout the Indo-Pacific, (2) it has a high commercial value on the Asian markets, where it is mainly sold as a dried product (beche-de-mer) and (3) it is the only tropical holothuroid species that can currently be mass-produced in hatcheries. Over 20 years have elapsed since the last comprehensive review on H. scabra published in 2001. Research on H. scabra has continued to accumulate, fuelled by intense commercial exploitation, and further declines in wild stocks over the entire distribution range. This review compiles data from over 950 publications pertaining to the biology, ecology, physiology, biochemical composition, aquaculture, fishery, processing and trade of H. scabra, presenting the most complete synthesis to date, including scientific papers and material published by local institutions and/or in foreign languages. The main goal of this project was to summarize and critically discuss the abundant literature on this species, making it more readily accessible to all stakeholders aiming to conduct fundamental and applied research on H. scabra, or wishing to develop aquaculture, stock enhancement and management programs across its geographic range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Hamel
- Society for the Exploration and Valuing of the Environment (SEVE), St. Philips, Newfoundland & Labrador, Canada.
| | - Igor Eeckhaut
- Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics unit, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Chantal Conand
- Département origines et évolution, Muséum National Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Jiamin Sun
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland & Labrador, Canada
| | - Guillaume Caulier
- Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics unit, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Annie Mercier
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland & Labrador, Canada.
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Lang BJ, Donelson JM, Caballes CF, Doll PC, Pratchett MS. Metabolic Responses of Pacific Crown-of-Thorns Sea Stars ( Acanthaster sp.) to Acute Warming. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2021; 241:347-358. [PMID: 35015619 DOI: 10.1086/717049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
AbstractClimate change and population irruptions of crown-of-thorns sea stars (Acanthaster sp.) are two of the most pervasive threats to coral reefs. Yet there has been little consideration regarding the synergies between ocean warming and the coral-feeding sub-adult and adult stages of this asteroid. Here we explored the thermosensitivity of the aforementioned life stages by assessing physiological responses to acute warming. Thermal sensitivity was assessed based on the maximal activity of enzymes involved in aerobic (citrate synthase) and anaerobic (lactate dehydrogenase) metabolic pathways, as well as the standard metabolic rate of sub-adult and adult sea stars. In both life stages, citrate synthase activity declined with increasing temperature from 15 °C to 40 °C, with negligible activity occurring >35 °C. On the other hand, lactate dehydrogenase activity increased with temperature from 20 °C to 45 °C, indicating a greater reliance on anaerobic metabolism in a warmer environment. The standard metabolic rate of sub-adult sea stars increased with temperature throughout the testing range (24 °C to 36 °C). Adult sea stars exhibited evidence of thermal stress, with metabolic depression occurring from 33 °C. Here, we demonstrate that crown-of-thorns sea stars are sensitive to warming but that adults, and especially sub-adults, may have some resilience to short-term marine heatwaves in the near future.
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Delroisse J, Van Wayneberghe K, Flammang P, Gillan D, Gerbaux P, Opina N, Todinanahary GGB, Eeckhaut I. Epidemiology of a SKin Ulceration Disease (SKUD) in the sea cucumber Holothuria scabra with a review on the SKUDs in Holothuroidea (Echinodermata). Sci Rep 2020; 10:22150. [PMID: 33335179 PMCID: PMC7746772 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78876-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquacultivated sea cucumbers often suffer from SKin Ulceration Diseases (SKUDs). SKUDs have been observed in six holothuroid species from nine countries. All SKUDs present a similar symptom-the skin ulceration-and can be induced by bacteria, viruses, or abiotic factors. We here provide an update on SKUDs in holothuroids and analyse the case of the SKUD observed in Holothuria scabra in Madagascar. Field observations revealed a seasonality of the disease (i.e. wintertime maximum peak). Morphological analyses of integument ulcers showed that sea cucumbers react by forming a collagen fibre plug. Metagenomic analyses revealed a higher proportion of Vibrionaceae (Gammaproteobacteria) in ulcers in comparison to the healthy integument of the same individuals. Experimental infection assays were performed with ulcer crude extracts and bacteria isolated from these extracts (e.g. Vibrio parahaemolyticus) but did not significantly induce skin ulceration. Our results suggest that the disease is not induced by a pathogen or, at the very least, that the pathogen is not found within the ulcers as the disease is not transmissible by contact. An initial cause of the SKUD in Madagascar might be the repeated and prolonged exposures to cold temperatures. Opportunistic bacteria could settle in the dermis of ulcerated individuals and promote the ulcer extension. We propose a general nomenclature for SKUDs based on the acronym of the disease, the affected sea cucumber species (e.g. Hs for Holothuria scabra), the concerned region using an ISO code 3166-2 (e.g. MG for Madagascar), the description date (e.g. 20 for the year 2020), and, when known, the inducing agent (first letter of the general taxon, b for bacteria, v for virus in currently known cases; a a if it is an abiotic inducing parameter; nothing if the inducing cause has not been precisely identified). The disease described in this work will be designated under the name SKUD Hs-MG-20.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Delroisse
- Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons - UMONS, Place du Parc, 6, 7000, Mons, Belgium. .,Marine Station of Belaza, Institut Halieutique et des Sciences Marines (IH.SM), University of Toliara, Route du Port Mahavatse II, P.O. Box 141, 601, Toliara, Madagascar.
| | - Kévin Van Wayneberghe
- Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons - UMONS, Place du Parc, 6, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Patrick Flammang
- Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons - UMONS, Place du Parc, 6, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - David Gillan
- Proteomics and Microbiology Lab, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons - UMONS, Place du Parc, 6, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Pascal Gerbaux
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Lab, Interdisciplinary Center for Mass Spectrometry, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons - UMONS, Place du Parc, 6, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Noel Opina
- Madagascar Holothurie (R&D of Indian Ocean Trepang), Toliara, Route du Port Mahavatse II, P.O. Box 141, 601, Toliara, Madagascar
| | - Gildas Georges Boleslas Todinanahary
- Marine Station of Belaza, Institut Halieutique et des Sciences Marines (IH.SM), University of Toliara, Route du Port Mahavatse II, P.O. Box 141, 601, Toliara, Madagascar.,Madagascar Holothurie (R&D of Indian Ocean Trepang), Toliara, Route du Port Mahavatse II, P.O. Box 141, 601, Toliara, Madagascar
| | - Igor Eeckhaut
- Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons - UMONS, Place du Parc, 6, 7000, Mons, Belgium. .,Marine Station of Belaza, Institut Halieutique et des Sciences Marines (IH.SM), University of Toliara, Route du Port Mahavatse II, P.O. Box 141, 601, Toliara, Madagascar. .,Madagascar Holothurie (R&D of Indian Ocean Trepang), Toliara, Route du Port Mahavatse II, P.O. Box 141, 601, Toliara, Madagascar.
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Kühnhold H, Novais SC, Alves LMF, Kamyab E, Lemos MFL, Slater MJ, Kunzmann A. Acclimation capability inferred by metabolic performance in two sea cucumber species from different latitudes. J Therm Biol 2019; 84:407-413. [PMID: 31466780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The notion that thermal specialists from tropical regions live closer to their temperature limits than temperate eurytherms, seems too generalized. Species specific differences in physiological and biochemical stress reactions are linked to key components of organism fitness, like metabolic capacity, which indicates that acclimation potential across latitudes might be highly diverse rather than simplistic. In this study the exposure of a tropical (Holothuria scabra) and a temperate (Holothuria forskali) sea cucumber species to identical cold- and warm-acclimation stress was compared using the key metabolic parameters, respiration rate, enzyme activity (ETS, LDH, IDH), and energy reserve fractions (lipid, carbohydrate and protein). Results show much broader respiratory adjustments, as response to temperature change, in H. scabra (2-30 μgO2*gww-1*h-1) compared to H. forskali (1.5-6.6 μgO2*gww-1*h-1). Moreover, the tropical species showed clearly pronounced up and down regulation of metabolic enzymes and shifts in energy reserves, due to thermal acclimation, while the same metabolic indicators remained consistent in the temperate species. In summary, these findings indicate enhanced metabolic plasticity in H. scabra at the cost of elevated energy expenditures, which seems to favor the tropical stenotherm in terms of thermal acclimation capacity. The comparison of such holistic metabolic analyses between conspecifics and congeners, may help to predict the heterogeneous effects of global temperature changes across latitudinal gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Kühnhold
- Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Fahrenheitstraße 6, 28359, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Sara C Novais
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-641, Peniche, Portugal
| | - Luis M F Alves
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-641, Peniche, Portugal
| | - Elham Kamyab
- Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Fahrenheitstraße 6, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Marco F L Lemos
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-641, Peniche, Portugal
| | - Matthew J Slater
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz-Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Andreas Kunzmann
- Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Fahrenheitstraße 6, 28359, Bremen, Germany
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