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Kim J, Lee TS. Enhancing isoprenol production by systematically tuning metabolic pathways using CRISPR interference in E. coli. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1296132. [PMID: 38026852 PMCID: PMC10659101 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1296132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of metabolic gene expression is crucial for maximizing bioproduction titers. Recent engineering tools including CRISPR/Cas9, CRISPR interference (CRISPRi), and CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) have enabled effective knock-out, knock-down, and overexpression of endogenous pathway genes, respectively, for advanced strain engineering. CRISPRi in particular has emerged as a powerful tool for gene repression through the use of a deactivated Cas9 (dCas9) protein and target guide RNA (gRNA). By constructing gRNA arrays, CRISPRi has the capacity for multiplexed gene downregulation across multiple orthogonal pathways for enhanced bioproduction titers. In this study, we harnessed CRISPRi to downregulate 32 essential and non-essential genes in E. coli strains heterologously expressing either the original mevalonate pathway or isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) bypass pathway for isoprenol biosynthesis. Isoprenol remains a candidate bioproduct both as a drop-in blend additive and as a precursor for the high-performance sustainable aviation fuel, 1,4-dimethylcyclooctane (DMCO). Of the 32 gRNAs targeting genes associated with isoprenol biosynthesis, a subset was found to vastly improve product titers. Construction of a multiplexed gRNA library based on single guide RNA (sgRNA) performance enabled simultaneous gene repression, yielding a 3 to 4.5-fold increase in isoprenol titer (1.82 ± 0.19 g/L) on M9-MOPS minimal medium. We then scaled the best performing CRISPRi strain to 2-L fed-batch cultivation and demonstrated translatable titer improvements, ultimately obtaining 12.4 ± 1.3 g/L isoprenol. Our strategy further establishes CRISPRi as a powerful tool for tuning metabolic flux in production hosts and that titer improvements are readily scalable with potential for applications in industrial bioproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinho Kim
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, United States
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Taek Soon Lee
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, United States
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
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2
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Wilkens D, Simon J. Biosynthesis and function of microbial methylmenaquinones. Adv Microb Physiol 2023; 83:1-58. [PMID: 37507157 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The membranous quinone/quinol pool is essential for the majority of life forms and its composition has been widely used as a biomarker in microbial taxonomy. The most abundant quinone is menaquinone (MK), which serves as an essential redox mediator in various electron transport chains of aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Several methylated derivatives of MK, designated methylmenaquinones (MMKs), have been reported to be present in members of various microbial phyla possessing either the classical MK biosynthesis pathway (Men) or the futalosine pathway (Mqn). Due to their low redox midpoint potentials, MMKs have been proposed to be specifically involved in appropriate electron transport chains of anaerobic respiration. The class C radical SAM methyltransferases MqnK, MenK and MenK2 have recently been shown to catalyse specific MK methylation reactions at position C-8 (MqnK/MenK) or C-7 (MenK2) to synthesise 8-MMK, 7-MMK and 7,8-dimethylmenaquinone (DMMK). MqnK, MenK and MenK2 from organisms such as Wolinella succinogenes, Adlercreutzia equolifaciens, Collinsella tanakaei, Ferrimonas marina and Syntrophus aciditrophicus have been functionally produced in Escherichia coli, enabling extensive quinone/quinol pool engineering of the native MK and 2-demethylmenaquinone (DMK). Cluster and phylogenetic analyses of available MK and MMK methyltransferase sequences revealed signature motifs that allowed the discrimination of MenK/MqnK/MenK2 family enzymes from other radical SAM enzymes and the identification of C-7-specific menaquinone methyltransferases of the MenK2 subfamily. It is envisaged that this knowledge will help to predict the methylation status of the menaquinone/menaquinol pool of any microbial species (or even a microbial community) from its (meta)genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Wilkens
- Microbial Energy Conversion and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstraße 10, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jörg Simon
- Microbial Energy Conversion and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstraße 10, Darmstadt, Germany; Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
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3
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Berg K, Hegde P, Pujari V, Brinkmann M, Wilkins DZ, Parish T, Crick DC, Aldrich CC. SAR study of piperidine derivatives as inhibitors of 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate isoprenyltransferase (MenA) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 249:115125. [PMID: 36682292 PMCID: PMC9975056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The electron transport chain (ETC) in the cell membrane consists of a series of redox complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors to acceptors and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+) across a membrane. This process generates proton motive force which is used to produce ATP and a myriad of other functions and is essential for the long-term survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative organism of tuberculosis (TB), under the hypoxic conditions present within infected granulomas. Menaquinone (MK), an important carrier molecule within the mycobacterial ETC, is synthesized de novo by a cluster of enzymes known as the classic/canonical MK biosynthetic pathway. MenA (1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate prenyltransferase), the antepenultimate enzyme in this pathway, is a verified target for TB therapy. In this study, we explored structure-activity relationships of a previously discovered MenA inhibitor scaffold, seeking to improve potency and drug disposition properties. Focusing our campaign upon three molecular regions, we identified two novel inhibitors with potent activity against MenA and Mtb (IC50 = 13-22 μM, GIC50 = 8-10 μM). These analogs also displayed substantially improved pharmacokinetic parameters and potent synergy with other ETC-targeting agents, achieving nearly complete sterilization of Mtb in combination therapy within two weeks in vivo. These new inhibitors of MK biosynthesis present a promising new strategy to curb the continued spread of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Berg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street Southeast, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Pooja Hegde
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street Southeast, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Venugopal Pujari
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Marzena Brinkmann
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street Southeast, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - David Z Wilkins
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Tanya Parish
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Dean C Crick
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
| | - Courtney C Aldrich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street Southeast, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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4
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An T, Feng X, Li C. Prenylation: A Critical Step for Biomanufacturing of Prenylated Aromatic Natural Products. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:2211-2233. [PMID: 36716399 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Prenylated aromatic natural products (PANPs) have received much attention due to their biomedical benefits for human health. The prenylation of aromatic natural products (ANPs), which is mainly catalyzed by aromatic prenyltransferases (aPTs), contributes significantly to their structural and functional diversity by providing higher lipophilicity and enhanced bioactivity. aPTs are widely distributed in bacteria, fungi, animals, and plants and play a key role in the regiospecific prenylation of ANPs. Recent studies have greatly advanced our understanding of the characteristics and application of aPTs. In this review, we comment on research progress regarding sources, evolutionary relationships, structural features, reaction mechanism, engineering modification, and application of aPTs. Particular emphasis is also placed on recent advances, challenges, and prospects about applications of aPTs in microbial cell factories for producing PANPs. Generally, this review could provide guidance for using aPTs as robust biocatalytic tools to produce various PANPs with high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting An
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xudong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chun Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Key Lab for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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5
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Amiri Moghaddam J, Guo H, Willing K, Wichard T, Beemelmanns C. Identification of the new prenyltransferase Ubi-297 from marine bacteria and elucidation of its substrate specificity. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:722-731. [PMID: 35821696 PMCID: PMC9235831 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Aromatic prenylated metabolites have important biological roles and activities in all living organisms. Compared to their importance in all domains of life, we know relatively little about their substrate scopes and metabolic functions. Here, we describe a new UbiA-like prenyltransferase (Ptase) Ubi-297 encoded in a conserved operon of several bacterial taxa, including marine Flavobacteria and the genus Sacchromonospora. In silico analysis of Ubi-297 homologs indicated that members of this Ptase group are composed of several transmembrane α-helices and carry a conserved and distinct aspartic-rich Mg2+-binding domain. We heterologously produced UbiA-like Ptases from the bacterial genera Maribacter, Zobellia, and Algoriphagus in Escherichia coli. Investigation of their substrate scope uncovered the preferential farnesylation of quinoline derivatives, such as 8-hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic acid (8-HQA) and quinaldic acid. The results of this study provide new insights into the abundance and diversity of Ptases in marine Flavobacteria and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamshid Amiri Moghaddam
- Chemical Biology Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology e.V., Hans-Knöll-Institute, Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Huijuan Guo
- Chemical Biology Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology e.V., Hans-Knöll-Institute, Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Karsten Willing
- Bio Pilot Plant, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology e.V., Hans-Knöll-Institute, Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Wichard
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christine Beemelmanns
- Chemical Biology Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology e.V., Hans-Knöll-Institute, Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Biochemistry of Microbial Metabolism, Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21–23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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6
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Anand P, Akhter Y. A review on enzyme complexes of electron transport chain from Mycobacterium tuberculosis as promising drug targets. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 212:474-494. [PMID: 35613677 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Energy metabolism is a universal process occurring in all life forms. In Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), energy production is carried out in two possible ways, oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) and substrate-level phosphorylation. Mtb is an obligate aerobic bacterium, making it dependent on OxPhos for ATP synthesis and growth. Mtb inhabits varied micro-niches during the infection cycle, outside and within the host cells, which alters its primary metabolic pathways during the pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss cellular respiration in the context of the mechanism and structural importance of the proteins and enzyme complexes involved. These protein-protein complexes have been proven to be essential for Mtb virulence as they aid the bacteria's survival during aerobic and hypoxic conditions. ATP synthase, a crucial component of the electron transport chain, has been in the limelight, as a prominent drug target against tuberculosis. Likewise, in this review, we have explored other protein-protein complexes of the OxPhos pathway, their functional essentiality, and their mechanism in Mtb's diverse lifecycle. The review summarises crucial target proteins and reported inhibitors of the electron transport chain pathway of Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Anand
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226025, India
| | - Yusuf Akhter
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226025, India.
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7
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Gibson AJ, Passmore IJ, Faulkner V, Xia D, Nobeli I, Stiens J, Willcocks S, Clark TG, Sobkowiak B, Werling D, Villarreal-Ramos B, Wren BW, Kendall SL. Probing Differences in Gene Essentiality Between the Human and Animal Adapted Lineages of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Using TnSeq. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:760717. [PMID: 35004921 PMCID: PMC8739905 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.760717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) show distinct host adaptations, preferences and phenotypes despite being >99% identical at the nucleic acid level. Previous studies have explored gene expression changes between the members, however few studies have probed differences in gene essentiality. To better understand the functional impacts of the nucleic acid differences between Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, we used the Mycomar T7 phagemid delivery system to generate whole genome transposon libraries in laboratory strains of both species and compared the essentiality status of genes during growth under identical in vitro conditions. Libraries contained insertions in 54% of possible TA sites in M. bovis and 40% of those present in M. tuberculosis, achieving similar saturation levels to those previously reported for the MTBC. The distributions of essentiality across the functional categories were similar in both species. 527 genes were found to be essential in M. bovis whereas 477 genes were essential in M. tuberculosis and 370 essential genes were common in both species. CRISPRi was successfully utilised in both species to determine the impacts of silencing genes including wag31, a gene involved in peptidoglycan synthesis and Rv2182c/Mb2204c, a gene involved in glycerophospholipid metabolism. We observed species specific differences in the response to gene silencing, with the inhibition of expression of Mb2204c in M. bovis showing significantly less growth impact than silencing its orthologue (Rv2182c) in M. tuberculosis. Given that glycerophospholipid metabolism is a validated pathway for antimicrobials, our observations suggest that target vulnerability in the animal adapted lineages cannot be assumed to be the same as the human counterpart. This is of relevance for zoonotic tuberculosis as it implies that the development of antimicrobials targeting the human adapted lineage might not necessarily be effective against the animal adapted lineage. The generation of a transposon library and the first reported utilisation of CRISPRi in M. bovis will enable the use of these tools to further probe the genetic basis of survival under disease relevant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J. Gibson
- Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases, Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J. Passmore
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Valwynne Faulkner
- Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases, Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Dong Xia
- Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases, Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Irene Nobeli
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Stiens
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sam Willcocks
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Taane G. Clark
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Sobkowiak
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk Werling
- Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases, Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Brendan W. Wren
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon L. Kendall
- Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases, Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Sharon L. Kendall
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8
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Choi SR, Narayanasamy P. Synthesis, optimization, in vitro and in vivo study of bicyclic substituted amine as MenA inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 47:128203. [PMID: 34139327 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Menaquinone (MK) plays essential role in the electron transport chain (ETC), suggesting MK biosynthesis enzymes as potential targets for drug development. Previously, we demonstrated that Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is susceptible to naphthol-based compounds which were developed by mimicking demethylmenaquinone, a product of MenA enzymatic reaction. Here, a series of new MenA inhibitors (4-19) were synthesized and evaluated as MenA inhibitors in this study. The inhibitors were designed to improve growth inhibitory activity against MRSA. Among the MenA inhibitors, bicyclic substituted amine 3 showed MIC of 3 µg/mL, and alkenyl substituted amine 11 showed MIC of 8 µg/mL against USA300. Regrowth of MRSA was observed on addition of MK when exposed to 8 µg/mL of inhibitor 11, supporting inhibition of MK biosynthesis. However, inhibitor 11 did not show efficacy in treating USA300 infected C. elegans up to 25 µg/mL concentration. However, all infected C. elegans survived when exposed to a bicyclic substituted amine 3. Hence, a bicyclic substituted amine was tested in mice for tolerability and biodistribution and observed 100% tolerable and high level of compound accumulation in lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoung-Ryoung Choi
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Prabagaran Narayanasamy
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
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9
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Blaise M, Kremer L. Self-control of vitamin K 2 production captured in the crystal. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:3771-3772. [PMID: 32198187 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.h120.013113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Menaquinone (MK) or vitamin K2 is an important metabolite that controls the redox/energy status of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Although the major steps of MK biosynthesis have been delineated, the regulatory mechanisms of this pathway have not been adequately explored. Bashiri et al. now demonstrate that MenD, catalyzing the first committed step of MK production, is allosterically inhibited by a downstream cytosolic metabolite in the MK biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickaël Blaise
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 9004, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Kremer
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 9004, 34293 Montpellier, France .,INSERM, IRIM, 34293 Montpellier, France
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10
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Johnston JM, Bulloch EM. Advances in menaquinone biosynthesis: sublocalisation and allosteric regulation. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2020; 65:33-41. [PMID: 32634692 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Menaquinones (vitamin K2) are a family of redox-active small molecules with critical functions across all domains of life, including energy generation in bacteria and bone health in humans. The enzymes involved in menaquinone biosynthesis also have bioengineering applications and are potential antimicrobial drug targets. New insights into the essential roles of menaquinones, and their potential to cause redox-related toxicity, have highlighted the need for this pathway to be tightly controlled. Here, we provide an overview of our current understanding of the classical menaquinone biosynthesis pathway in bacteria. We also review recent discoveries on protein-level allostery and sublocalisation of membrane-bound enzymes that have provided insight into the regulation of flux through this biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie M Johnston
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Biomolecular Interaction Centre, and Maurice Wilkins Centre for MolecularBiodiscovery, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand.
| | - Esther Mm Bulloch
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for MolecularBiodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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11
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Hu LX, Feng JJ, Wu J, Li W, Gningue SM, Yang ZM, Wang Z, Liu Y, Xue ZL. Identification of six important amino acid residues of MenA from Bacillus subtilis natto for enzyme activity and formation of menaquinone. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 138:109583. [PMID: 32527527 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2020.109583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme 1, 4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (DHNA) prenyltransferase (MenA) is a critical player in determining the efficiency of the menaquinone (MK) synthesis pathway and is an attractive target for the development of novel chemotherapeutics against pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria. However, there has been no report on structural properties or active region of MenA. To solve this challenge, we predicted the three-dimensiona structure and critical amino acid sites of MenA by bioinformatics analysis. Six amino acid sites were chosen by alligning the amino acid sequence of MenA from Bacillus subtilis natto with 4-hydroxybenzoate octaprenyl transferase (UbiA) from Escherichia coli, Aeropyrum pernix and Archaeoglobus fulgidus. Among them, four Asp sites located in two Asp-rich motifs (D78XXXXXD84 and D208XXXD212) were found to be indispensable amino acid residues in maintaining MenA activity. Site-directed mutagenesis of two other sites (Q67th, N74th) positively affected the catalytic activity of MenA and the MK titer. Q67R resulted in more than a 5-fold increase in specific 2-demethylmenaquinone (DMK) content (YP1/x) compared to wild-type, and the hydrophobic interaction between Cys63 and Arg67 could be the main reason according to the three-dimensional structure analysis. Moreover, a dramatic increase in specific MK content (YP2/x) was realized by co-expressing menG in EcMenA (Q67R). The results obtained could be useful not only in developing novel chemotherapeutics to combat potentially pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria, but also in regulating and optimizating E. coli mutant cultures for the efficient production of MK metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Xiu Hu
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China; Wuhu Zhanghengchun Medicine CO., LTD, 241000, Wuhu, China
| | - Jing-Jing Feng
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China
| | - Jing Wu
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China
| | - Sokhna Mbacke Gningue
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China
| | - Zi-Ming Yang
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China
| | - Zhou Wang
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China
| | - Yan Liu
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China.
| | - Zheng-Lian Xue
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China.
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12
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Van Cleave C, Murakami HA, Samart N, Koehn JT, Maldonado P, Kreckel HD, Cope EJ, Basile A, Crick DC, Crans DC. Location of menaquinone and menaquinol headgroups in model membranes. CAN J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2020-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Menaquinones are lipoquinones that consist of a headgroup (naphthoquinone, menadione) and an isoprenyl sidechain. They function as electron transporters in prokaryotes such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. For these studies, we used Langmuir monolayers and microemulsions to investigate how the menaquinone headgroup (menadione) and the menahydroquinone headgroup (menadiol) interact with model membrane interfaces to determine if differences are observed in the location of these headgroups in a membrane. It has been suggested that the differences in the locations are mainly caused by the isoprenyl sidechain rather than the headgroup quinone-to-quinol reduction during electron transport. This study presents evidence that suggests the influence of the headgroup drives the movement of the oxidized quinone and the reduced hydroquinone to different locations within the interface. Utilizing the model membranes of microemulsions and Langmuir monolayers, it is determined whether or not there is a difference in the location of menadione and menadiol within the interface. Based on our findings, we conclude that the menadione and menadiol may reside in different locations within model membranes. It follows that if menaquinone moves within the cell membrane upon menaquinol formation, it is due at least in part, to the differences in the properties of headgroup interactions with the membrane in addition to the isoprenyl sidechain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Van Cleave
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Heide A. Murakami
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Nuttaporn Samart
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rajabhat Rajanagarindra University, Chachoengsao, Thailand
| | - Jordan T. Koehn
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Pablo Maldonado
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Heidi D. Kreckel
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Elana J. Cope
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Andrea Basile
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Dean C. Crick
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Debbie C. Crans
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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13
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Jun D, Richardson-Sanchez T, Mahey A, Murphy MEP, Fernandez RC, Beatty JT. Introduction of the Menaquinone Biosynthetic Pathway into Rhodobacter sphaeroides and de Novo Synthesis of Menaquinone for Incorporation into Heterologously Expressed Integral Membrane Proteins. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:1190-1200. [PMID: 32271543 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Quinones are redox-active molecules that transport electrons and protons in organelles and cell membranes during respiration and photosynthesis. In addition to the fundamental importance of these processes in supporting life, there has been considerable interest in exploiting their mechanisms for diverse applications ranging from medical advances to innovative biotechnologies. Such applications include novel treatments to target pathogenic bacterial infections and fabricating biohybrid solar cells as an alternative renewable energy source. Ubiquinone (UQ) is the predominant charge-transfer mediator in both respiration and photosynthesis. Other quinones, such as menaquinone (MK), are additional or alternative redox mediators, for example in bacterial photosynthesis of species such as Thermochromatium tepidum and Chloroflexus aurantiacus. Rhodobacter sphaeroides has been used extensively to study electron transfer processes, and recently as a platform to produce integral membrane proteins from other species. To expand the diversity of redox mediators in R. sphaeroides, nine Escherichia coli genes encoding the synthesis of MK from chorismate and polyprenyl diphosphate were assembled into a synthetic operon in a newly designed expression plasmid. We show that the menFDHBCE, menI, menA, and ubiE genes are sufficient for MK synthesis when expressed in R. sphaeroides cells, on the basis of high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The T. tepidum and C. aurantiacus photosynthetic reaction centers produced in R. sphaeroides were found to contain MK. We also measured in vitro charge recombination kinetics of the T. tepidum reaction center to demonstrate that the MK is redox-active and incorporated into the QA pocket of this heterologously expressed reaction center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Jun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Tomas Richardson-Sanchez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Amita Mahey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Michael E. P. Murphy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Rachel C. Fernandez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - J. Thomas Beatty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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14
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Oxidative Phosphorylation—an Update on a New, Essential Target Space for Drug Discovery in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10072339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
New drugs with new mechanisms of action are urgently required to tackle the global tuberculosis epidemic. Following the FDA-approval of the ATP synthase inhibitor bedaquiline (Sirturo®), energy metabolism has become the subject of intense focus as a novel pathway to exploit for tuberculosis drug development. This enthusiasm stems from the fact that oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) and the maintenance of the transmembrane electrochemical gradient are essential for the viability of replicating and non-replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), the etiological agent of human tuberculosis (TB). Therefore, new drugs targeting this pathway have the potential to shorten TB treatment, which is one of the major goals of TB drug discovery. This review summarises the latest and key findings regarding the OxPhos pathway in M. tb and provides an overview of the inhibitors targeting various components. We also discuss the potential of new regimens containing these inhibitors, the flexibility of this pathway and, consequently, the complexity in targeting it. Lastly, we discuss opportunities and future directions of this drug target space.
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15
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Bashiri G, Nigon LV, Jirgis ENM, Ho NAT, Stanborough T, Dawes SS, Baker EN, Bulloch EMM, Johnston JM. Allosteric regulation of menaquinone (vitamin K 2) biosynthesis in the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:3759-3770. [PMID: 32029475 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.012158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Menaquinone (vitamin K2) plays a vital role in energy generation and environmental adaptation in many bacteria, including the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Although menaquinone levels are known to be tightly linked to the cellular redox/energy status of the cell, the regulatory mechanisms underpinning this phenomenon are unclear. The first committed step in menaquinone biosynthesis is catalyzed by MenD, a thiamine diphosphate-dependent enzyme comprising three domains. Domains I and III form the MenD active site, but no function has yet been ascribed to domain II. Here, we show that the last cytosolic metabolite in the menaquinone biosynthesis pathway, 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (DHNA), binds to domain II of Mtb-MenD and inhibits its activity. Using X-ray crystallography of four apo- and cofactor-bound Mtb-MenD structures, along with several spectroscopy assays, we identified three arginine residues (Arg-97, Arg-277, and Arg-303) that are important for both enzyme activity and the feedback inhibition by DHNA. Among these residues, Arg-277 appeared to be particularly important for signal propagation from the allosteric site to the active site. This is the first evidence of feedback regulation of the menaquinone biosynthesis pathway in bacteria, identifying a protein-level regulatory mechanism that controls menaquinone levels within the cell and may therefore represent a good target for disrupting menaquinone biosynthesis in M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghader Bashiri
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Laura V Nigon
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Ehab N M Jirgis
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Ngoc Anh Thu Ho
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Biomolecular Interaction Centre (BIC), and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Tamsyn Stanborough
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Biomolecular Interaction Centre (BIC), and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Stephanie S Dawes
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Edward N Baker
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Esther M M Bulloch
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Jodie M Johnston
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Biomolecular Interaction Centre (BIC), and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
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