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Fu X, Kim HS. Dentin Mechanobiology: Bridging the Gap between Architecture and Function. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5642. [PMID: 38891829 PMCID: PMC11171917 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
It is remarkable how teeth maintain their healthy condition under exceptionally high levels of mechanical loading. This suggests the presence of inherent mechanical adaptation mechanisms within their structure to counter constant stress. Dentin, situated between enamel and pulp, plays a crucial role in mechanically supporting tooth function. Its intermediate stiffness and viscoelastic properties, attributed to its mineralized, nanofibrous extracellular matrix, provide flexibility, strength, and rigidity, enabling it to withstand mechanical loading without fracturing. Moreover, dentin's unique architectural features, such as odontoblast processes within dentinal tubules and spatial compartmentalization between odontoblasts in dentin and sensory neurons in pulp, contribute to a distinctive sensory perception of external stimuli while acting as a defensive barrier for the dentin-pulp complex. Since dentin's architecture governs its functions in nociception and repair in response to mechanical stimuli, understanding dentin mechanobiology is crucial for developing treatments for pain management in dentin-associated diseases and dentin-pulp regeneration. This review discusses how dentin's physical features regulate mechano-sensing, focusing on mechano-sensitive ion channels. Additionally, we explore advanced in vitro platforms that mimic dentin's physical features, providing deeper insights into fundamental mechanobiological phenomena and laying the groundwork for effective mechano-therapeutic strategies for dentinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangting Fu
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea;
- Mechanobiology Dental Medicine Research Center, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Sung Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea;
- Mechanobiology Dental Medicine Research Center, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
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Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Differentiate into Cementoid-Like-Secreting Cells on Decellularized Teeth Scaffolds. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415588. [PMID: 36555228 PMCID: PMC9779305 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a common inflammatory disease that in some cases can cause tooth loss. Cementum is a mineralized tissue that forms part of the insertion periodontium and serves to fix the teeth to the alveolar bone. In addition, it acts as a reservoir of different growth and differentiation factors, which regulate the biology of the teeth. Cementogenesis is a complex process that is still under investigation and involves different factors, including dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP). In this work we studied the role of surface microtopography in the differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) into cementoid-like secreting cells. We cultured hDPSCs on decellularized dental scaffolds on either dentin or cementum surfaces. Cell morphology was evaluated by light and electron microscopy. We also evaluated the DSPP expression by immunohistochemistry. The hDPSCs that was cultured on surfaces with accessible dentinal tubules acquired an odontoblastic phenotype and emitted characteristic processes within the dentinal tubules. These cells synthesized the matrix components of a characteristic reticular connective tissue, with fine collagen fibers and DSPP deposits. The hDPSCs that was cultured on cementum surfaces generated a well-organized tissue consisting of layers of secretory cells and dense fibrous connective tissue with thick bundles of collagen fibers perpendicular to the scaffold surface. Intra- and intercellular deposits of DSPP were also observed. The results presented here reinforce the potential for hDPSCs to differentiate in vitro into cells that secrete a cementoid-like matrix in response to the physical stimuli related to the microtopography of contact surfaces. We also highlight the role of DSPP as a component of the newly formed matrix.
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Rao AC, Venkatesh KV, Nandini V, Sihivahanan D, Alamoudi A, Bahammam HA, Bahammam SA, Zidane B, Bahammam MA, Chohan H, Albar NH, Yadalam PK, Patil S. Evaluating the Effect of Tideglusib-Loaded Bioactive Glass Nanoparticles as a Potential Dentine Regenerative Material. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15134567. [PMID: 35806692 PMCID: PMC9267687 DOI: 10.3390/ma15134567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Dental pulp treatment is the least intrusive procedure currently available for preserving the vitality of the pulp. Several studies are underway to improve the bioactivity of pulp capping materials. Tideglusib isa potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and a regenerative drug developed against Alzheimer’s disease and has been shown to be effective in the treatment of dental cavities. However, its bioactive properties encapsulated within the nanoparticles as a component of pulp capping material are largely unknown. In this study, tideglusib-loaded bioactive glass nanoparticles were synthesized (tideglusib-BgNPs) and mixed at various concentrations into the calcium silicate cement to testits physiomechanical and bioactivitiescompared with biodentine (control). The calcium silicate cement with 10wgt% tideglusib-BgNPs showed comparable physiomechanical properties to that of biodentine. Additionally, the assessment of cytotoxicity and bioactivity (cell proliferation, wound healing, and cell migration assays) showed increased bioactivity in terms of better wound healing, increased proliferation, and better migration of human dental pulp stem cells than biodentine. These findings suggest new opportunities to use tideglusib-BgNPs in pulp therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil C. Rao
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SRM Dental College and Hospital, Kattankulathur, Kanchipuram, Chennai 603203, India; (A.C.R.); (K.V.V.); (D.S.)
| | - K. Vijay Venkatesh
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SRM Dental College and Hospital, Kattankulathur, Kanchipuram, Chennai 603203, India; (A.C.R.); (K.V.V.); (D.S.)
| | - Vidyashree Nandini
- Department of Prosthodontics and Implantology, SRM Dental College and Hospital, Kattankulathur, Kanchipuram, Chennai 603203, India;
| | - Dhanasekaran Sihivahanan
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SRM Dental College and Hospital, Kattankulathur, Kanchipuram, Chennai 603203, India; (A.C.R.); (K.V.V.); (D.S.)
| | - Ahmed Alamoudi
- Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80209, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hammam Ahmed Bahammam
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80209, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sarah Ahmed Bahammam
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Medina 42353, Saudi Arabia; or
| | - Bassam Zidane
- Restorative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Maha A. Bahammam
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80209, Saudi Arabia;
- Executive Presidency of Academic Affairs, Saudi Commission for Health Specialties, Riyadh 11614, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hitesh Chohan
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (H.C.); (N.H.A.)
| | - Nassreen H. Albar
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (H.C.); (N.H.A.)
| | - Pradeep Kumar Yadalam
- Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai 602117, India;
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
- Correspondence:
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Xu S, Stranick M, Hines D, Du K, Pan L. Super high-quality SEM/FIB imaging of dentine structures without collagen fiber loss through a metal staining process. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2369. [PMID: 35149756 PMCID: PMC8837798 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06271-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Scanning Electron Microscope/Focused Ion Beam (SEM/FIB) system has become valuable and popular tool for the analysis of biological materials such as dentine structures. According to physiological and anatomical studies, dentine structures are a complicated system containing collagen fibers, nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite, and numerous networks of tubular pores. During a routine FIB milling process, collagen fibers and other organic structures are vaporized, which increases the number of pores on the milled surface of the dentine. This causes the final cross-section to be more porous than the pristine sample. Unfortunately, little attention has been paid to the collagen fiber loss and how to preserve them during a FIB milling process. In this work, we present a novel and simple approach to preserve the organic portions of the dentine structure through metal staining. By using this method, the porosity of the dentine structure after the FIB milling process is significantly reduced similar to the pristine sample. This indicates that the organic portion of the dentine structure is well protected by the metal staining. This approach enables the SEM/FIB system to generate super-high quality SEM images with less ion beam damage; and the SEM images can better reflect the original condition of the dentine structure. Further, serial energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) mapping of the stained dentine structure is achieved without an additional metal coating; and three-dimensional (3-D) elemental mapping of an occluded dentine is achieved with a significantly reduced data acquisition time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyou Xu
- Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, 909 River Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08844, USA.
| | - Michael Stranick
- Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, 909 River Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08844, USA
| | - Deon Hines
- Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, 909 River Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08844, USA
| | - Ke Du
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Long Pan
- Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, 909 River Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08844, USA
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Milian L, Sancho-Tello M, Roig-Soriano J, Foschini G, Martínez-Hernández NJ, Más-Estellés J, Ruiz-Sauri A, Zurriaga J, Carda C, Mata M. Optimization of a decellularization protocol of porcine tracheas. Long-term effects of cryopreservation. A histological study. Int J Artif Organs 2021; 44:998-1012. [PMID: 33863248 DOI: 10.1177/03913988211008912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to optimize a decellularization protocol in the trachea of Sus scrofa domestica (pig) as well as to study the effects of long-term cryopreservation on the extracellular matrix of decellularized tracheas. METHODS Porcine tracheas were decellularized using Triton X-100, SDC, and SDS alone or in combination. The effect of these detergents on the extracellular matrix characteristics of decellularized porcine tracheas was evaluated at the histological, biomechanical, and biocompatibility level. Morphometric approaches were used to estimate the effect of detergents on the collagen and elastic fibers content as well as on the removal of chondrocytes from decellularized organs. Moreover, the long-term structural, ultrastructural, and biomechanical effect of cryopreservation of decellularized tracheas were also estimated. RESULTS Two percent SDS was the most effective detergent tested concerning cell removal and preservation of the histological and biomechanical properties of the tracheal wall. However, long-term cryopreservation had no an appreciable effect on the structure, ultrastructure, and biomechanics of decellularized tracheal rings. CONCLUSION The results presented here reinforce the use of SDS as a valuable decellularizing agent for porcine tracheas. Furthermore, a cryogenic preservation protocol is described, which has minimal impact on the histological and biomechanical properties of decellularized porcine tracheas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Milian
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
- Research Foundation of the Clinical Hospital of the Comunidad Valenciana (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - María Sancho-Tello
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
- Research Foundation of the Clinical Hospital of the Comunidad Valenciana (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - Joan Roig-Soriano
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Jorge Más-Estellés
- Biomaterials Center, Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain
| | - Amparo Ruiz-Sauri
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
- Research Foundation of the Clinical Hospital of the Comunidad Valenciana (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Zurriaga
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carmen Carda
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
- Research Foundation of the Clinical Hospital of the Comunidad Valenciana (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research Network in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Mata
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
- Research Foundation of the Clinical Hospital of the Comunidad Valenciana (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research Network of Respiratory Diseases, Madrid, Spain
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Nazhvani FD, Kazempour S, Hosseini SM, Nazhvani AD, Haddadi P. Regeneration of dentin-pulp complex by using dental pulp stem cells in dog. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2021; 18:86. [PMID: 34760077 PMCID: PMC8554473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although missing tooth is not life-threatening, it affects the quality of daily life. Stem cells have emerged as an important player in the generation and maintenance of many tissues. The role of scaffolds has changed from a passive carrier to a bioactive matrix, which can be used to induce cellular behavior. The aim of this study was to determine the possibility of regeneration of dentin-pulp complex with dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) in an animal model. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this animal study after extraction of DPSCs and cultivation, 10 types of scaffolds were made by using platelet-rich plasma (PRP), cancellous bone, and collagen pad. They were inserted in different parts of the dog's mouth. After the 4th month, the area was operated, and the scaffolds were removed. RESULTS Microscopic examination revealed no sign of cell differentiation and formation of new structures in those models which used collagen scaffolds. However, the dentin-pulp complex emerged in models that the combination of bone scaffolds and PRP or stem cells was used. CONCLUSION Using bone scaffolds in combination with PRP or DPSCs to regenerate dentin-pulp complex in dog helped odontoblastic and pulpal differentiation as well as the formation of predentin and tubular dentin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Setareh Kazempour
- Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed-Mojtaba Hosseini
- Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Dehghani Nazhvani
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Biomaterials Research Center, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran,Address for correspondence: Dr. Ali Dehghani Nazhvani, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Biomaterials Research Center, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. E-mail:
| | - Pardis Haddadi
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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Chondrogenic Potential of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Cultured as Microtissues. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:7843798. [PMID: 34539791 PMCID: PMC8443354 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7843798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several tissue engineering stem cell-based procedures improve hyaline cartilage repair. In this work, the chondrogenic potential of dental pulp stem cell (DPSC) organoids or microtissues was studied. After several weeks of culture in proliferation or chondrogenic differentiation media, synthesis of aggrecan and type II and I collagen was immunodetected, and SOX9, ACAN, COL2A1, and COL1A1 gene expression was analysed by real-time RT-PCR. Whereas microtissues cultured in proliferation medium showed the synthesis of aggrecan and type II and I collagen at the 6th week of culture, samples cultured in chondrogenic differentiation medium showed an earlier and important increase in the synthesis of these macromolecules after 4 weeks. Gene expression analysis showed a significant increase of COL2A1 after 3 days of culture in chondrogenic differentiation medium, while COL1A1 was highly expressed after 14 days. Cell-cell proximity promotes the chondrogenic differentiation of DPSCs and important synthesis of hyaline chondral macromolecules.
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Oliver-Ferrándiz M, Milián L, Sancho-Tello M, Martín de Llano JJ, Gisbert Roca F, Martínez-Ramos C, Carda C, Mata M. Alginate-Agarose Hydrogels Improve the In Vitro Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells in Chondrocytes. A Histological Study. Biomedicines 2021; 9:834. [PMID: 34356898 PMCID: PMC8301309 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix-assisted autologous chondrocyte implantation (MACI) has shown promising results for cartilage repair, combining cultured chondrocytes and hydrogels, including alginate. The ability of chondrocytes for MACI is limited by different factors including donor site morbidity, dedifferentiation, limited lifespan or poor proliferation in vitro. Mesenchymal stem cells could represent an alternative for cartilage regeneration. In this study, we propose a MACI scaffold consisting of a mixed alginate-agarose hydrogel in combination with human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs), suitable for cartilage regeneration. Scaffolds were characterized according to their rheological properties, and their histomorphometric and molecular biology results. Agarose significantly improved the biomechanical behavior of the alginate scaffolds. Large scaffolds were manufactured, and a homogeneous distribution of cells was observed within them. Although primary chondrocytes showed a greater capacity for chondrogenic differentiation, hDPSCs cultured in the scaffolds formed large aggregates of cells, acquired a rounded morphology and expressed high amounts of type II collagen and aggrecan. Cells cultured in the scaffolds expressed not only chondral matrix-related genes, but also remodeling proteins and chondrocyte differentiation factors. The degree of differentiation of cells was proportional to the number and size of the cell aggregates that were formed in the hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Oliver-Ferrándiz
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.O.-F.); (L.M.); (J.J.M.d.L.); (C.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Lara Milián
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.O.-F.); (L.M.); (J.J.M.d.L.); (C.C.); (M.M.)
- Health Research Institute Foundation (INCLIVA), Menéndez y Pelayo St., 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - María Sancho-Tello
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.O.-F.); (L.M.); (J.J.M.d.L.); (C.C.); (M.M.)
- Health Research Institute Foundation (INCLIVA), Menéndez y Pelayo St., 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - José Javier Martín de Llano
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.O.-F.); (L.M.); (J.J.M.d.L.); (C.C.); (M.M.)
- Health Research Institute Foundation (INCLIVA), Menéndez y Pelayo St., 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Fernando Gisbert Roca
- Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Cno. de Vera, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Cristina Martínez-Ramos
- Unit Predepartamental of Medicine, Jaime I University, Avda. Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain;
| | - Carmen Carda
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.O.-F.); (L.M.); (J.J.M.d.L.); (C.C.); (M.M.)
- Health Research Institute Foundation (INCLIVA), Menéndez y Pelayo St., 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research Network in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Melchor Fernández Almagro St., 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Mata
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.O.-F.); (L.M.); (J.J.M.d.L.); (C.C.); (M.M.)
- Health Research Institute Foundation (INCLIVA), Menéndez y Pelayo St., 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research Network in Respiratory Diseases (CIBER-ES), Melchor Fernández Almagro St., 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Nazhvani A, Nazhvani F, Kazempour S, Hosseini SM, Haddadi P. Regeneration of dentin-pulp complex by using dental pulp stem cells in dog. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/1735-3327.328754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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