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Brown MS, Carvalheiro R, Taylor RS, Mekkawy W, Luke TDW, Rands L, Nieuwesteeg D, Evans BS, Wade NM, Lind CE, Hilder PE. Probabilistic reaction norm reveals family-related variation in the association between size, condition, and sexual maturation onset in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2024; 104:939-949. [PMID: 37996984 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the relationship between the size, condition, year class, family, and sexual maturity of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) using data collected in an aquaculture selective breeding programme. Males that were sexually mature at 2 years of age (maiden spawn) have, on average, greater fork length and condition factor (K) at 1 year of age than their immature counterparts. For every 10-mm increase in fork length or 0.1 increase in K at 1 year of age, the odds of sexual maturity at 2 years of age increased by 1.48 or 1.22 times, respectively. Females that were sexually mature at 3 years of age (maiden spawn) have, on average, greater fork length and K at 2 years of age than their immature counterparts. For every 10-mm increase in fork length or 0.1 increase in K at 2 years of age, the odds of sexual maturity at 3 years of age increased by 1.06 or 1.44 times, respectively. The family explained 34.93% of the variation in sexual maturity among 2-year-old males that was not attributable to the average effects of fork length and K at 1 year of age and year class. The proportion of variation in sexual maturity among 3-year-old females explained by the family could not be investigated. These findings suggest that the onset of sexual maturation in Atlantic salmon is conditional on performance (with respect to energy availability) surpassing a threshold, the magnitude of which can vary between families and is determined by a genetic component. This could support the application of genetic selection to promote or inhibit the onset of sexual maturation in farmed stocks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wagdy Mekkawy
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | | | - Lewis Rands
- Salmon Enterprises of Tasmania Pty. Ltd., Wayatinah, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Damien Nieuwesteeg
- Salmon Enterprises of Tasmania Pty. Ltd., Wayatinah, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Brad S Evans
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Nicholas M Wade
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Curtis E Lind
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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McPhee MV, Barry PD, Habicht C, Vulstek SC, Russell JR, Smoker WW, Joyce JE, Gharrett AJ. Hatchery supplementation provides a demographic boost but alters age composition of sockeye salmon in Auke Lake, Southeast Alaska. Evol Appl 2024; 17:e13640. [PMID: 38333553 PMCID: PMC10848869 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Evaluating salmon hatchery supplementation programs requires assessing not only program objectives but identifying potential risks to wild populations as well. Such evaluations can be hampered by difficulty in distinguishing between hatchery- and wild-born returning adults. Here, we conducted 3 years (2011-2013) of experimental hatchery supplementation of sockeye salmon in Auke Lake, Juneau, Alaska where a permanent weir allows sampling and genotyping of every returning adult (2008-2019). We identified both hatchery- and wild-born returning adults with parentage assignment, quantified the productivity (adult offspring/spawner) of hatchery spawners relative to that of wild spawners, and compared run timing, age, and size at age between hatchery- and wild-born adults. Hatchery-spawning females produced from approximately six to 50 times more returning adults than did naturally spawning females. Supplementation had no discernable effect on run timing and limited consequences for size at age, but we observed a distinct shift to younger age at maturity in the hatchery-born individuals in all three brood years. The shift appeared to be driven by hatchery-born fish being more likely to emigrate after one, rather than two, years in the lake but the cause is unknown. In cases when spawning or incubation habitat is limiting sockeye salmon production, hatchery supplementation can be effective for enhancing the number of returning adult fish but not without the risk of phenotypic change in the recipient population, which can be an undesired outcome of hatchery supplementation. This study adds to a growing body of evidence suggesting that phenotypic change within a single generation of captive spawning might be widespread in salmon hatchery programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan V. McPhee
- College of Fisheries and Ocean SciencesUniversity of Alaska FairbanksJuneauAlaskaUSA
| | - Patrick D. Barry
- College of Fisheries and Ocean SciencesUniversity of Alaska FairbanksJuneauAlaskaUSA
- Alaska Fisheries Science CenterNational Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationJuneauAlaskaUSA
| | - Chris Habicht
- Gene Conservation LabAlaska Department of Fish & GameAnchorageAlaskaUSA
| | - Scott C. Vulstek
- Alaska Fisheries Science CenterNational Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationJuneauAlaskaUSA
| | - Joshua R. Russell
- Alaska Fisheries Science CenterNational Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationJuneauAlaskaUSA
| | - William W. Smoker
- College of Fisheries and Ocean SciencesUniversity of Alaska FairbanksJuneauAlaskaUSA
| | - John E. Joyce
- Alaska Fisheries Science CenterNational Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationJuneauAlaskaUSA
| | - Anthony J. Gharrett
- College of Fisheries and Ocean SciencesUniversity of Alaska FairbanksJuneauAlaskaUSA
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King EM, Tallmon DA, Vulstek SC, Russell JR, McPhee MV. Reproductive success of jack and full-size males in a wild coho salmon population. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:221271. [PMID: 37035289 PMCID: PMC10073908 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.221271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite the wealth of research on Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. life histories there is limited understanding of the lifetime reproductive success of males that spend less time at sea and mature at a smaller size (jacks) than full-size males. Over half of returning male spawners can be jacks in some populations, so it is crucial to understand their contribution to population productivity. We quantified adult-to-adult reproductive success (RS) of jacks and their relative reproductive success (RRS) compared to full-size males in a wild population of coho salmon in the Auke Creek watershed, Juneau, Alaska. We used genetic data from nearly all individuals (approx. 8000) returning to spawn over a decade (2009-2019) to conduct parentage analysis and calculate individual RS. The average adult-to-adult RS of jacks (mean = 0.7 and s.e. = 0.1) was less than that of full-size males (mean = 1.1 and s.e. = 0.1). Jack RRS was consistently below 1.0 but ranged widely (0.23 to 0.96). Despite their lower average success, jacks contributed substantially to the population by siring 23% of the total returning adult offspring (1033 of 4456) produced between 2009 and 2015. Our results imply that jacks can affect evolutionary and population dynamics, and are relevant to the conservation and management of Pacific salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika M. King
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska, 17101 Point Lena Loop Road, Juneau, AK 99801, USA
| | - David A. Tallmon
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska, 17101 Point Lena Loop Road, Juneau, AK 99801, USA
- Biology and Marine Biology Program, University of Alaska Southeast, 11066 Auke Lake Way, Juneau, AK 99801, USA
| | - Scott C. Vulstek
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 17109 Point Lena Loop Road, Juneau, AK 99801, USA
| | - Joshua R. Russell
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 17109 Point Lena Loop Road, Juneau, AK 99801, USA
| | - Megan V. McPhee
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska, 17101 Point Lena Loop Road, Juneau, AK 99801, USA
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Hoffman NF, Medeiros LR, Graham ND, Nuetzel HM, Pierce AL, Nagler JJ. Partial-year continuous light treatment reduces precocious maturation in age 1+ hatchery-reared male spring Chinook Salmon (O ncorhynchus tshawytscha). CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 11:coac085. [PMID: 36694597 PMCID: PMC9868527 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coac085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Hatchery programs designed to conserve and increase the abundance of natural populations of spring Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha have reported high proportions of males precociously maturing at age 2, called minijacks. High proportions of minijacks detract from hatchery supplementation, conservation and production goals. This study tested the effects of rearing juvenile Chinook Salmon under continuous light (LL) on minijack maturation in two trials. The controls were maintained on a simulated natural photoperiod for both trials. For trial 1, LL treatment began on the summer solstice 2019 or the autumn equinox 2019 and ended in late March 2020 (LL-Jun-Apr and LL-Sep-Apr, respectively). A significant reduction in the mean percent of minijacks (%MJ) was observed versus control (28.8%MJ) in both LL-Jun-Apr (5.4%MJ) and LL-Sep-Apr (9.3%MJ). Trial 2 was designed to evaluate whether stopping LL treatment sooner was still effective at reducing maturation proportions relative to controls. LL treatments began on the summer solstice 2020 and continued until the winter solstice (LL-Jun-Dec) or the final sampling in April 2021 (LL-June-Apr). LL-Jun-Dec tanks were returned to a simulated natural photoperiod after the winter solstice. Both photoperiod treatments showed a significant reduction in mean %MJ from the control (66%MJ): LL-Jun-Dec (11.6%MJ), LL-Jun-Apr (10.3%MJ). In both trials, minijacks had higher body weights, were longer and had increased condition factor when compared to females and immature males in all treatment groups at the final sampling. In both trials, there was little or no effect of LL treatment on fork length or body weight in immature males and females versus controls, but an increase in condition factor versus controls was observed. This study shows that continuous light treatment reduces minijack maturation in juvenile male spring Chinook Salmon and could provide an effective method for Spring Chinook Salmon hatcheries interested in reducing minijack production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick F Hoffman
- Corresponding author: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Dr. MS 3051, Moscow, ID 83844-3051, USA. Telephone: (208) 749-7522.
| | - Lea R Medeiros
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Dr., Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Neil D Graham
- Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission, Fishery Science Department, 700 NE Multnomah St., Suite 1200, Portland, OR 97232, USA
| | - Hayley M Nuetzel
- Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission, Fishery Science Department, 700 NE Multnomah St., Suite 1200, Portland, OR 97232, USA
| | - Andrew L Pierce
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Dr., Moscow, ID 83844, USA
- Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission, Fishery Science Department, 700 NE Multnomah St., Suite 1200, Portland, OR 97232, USA
| | - James J Nagler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Dr., Moscow, ID 83844, USA
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Waters CD, Clemento A, Aykanat T, Garza JC, Naish KA, Narum S, Primmer CR. Heterogeneous genetic basis of age at maturity in salmonid fishes. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:1435-1456. [PMID: 33527498 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the genetic basis of repeated evolution of the same phenotype across taxa is a fundamental aim in evolutionary biology and has applications in conservation and management. However, the extent to which interspecific life-history trait polymorphisms share evolutionary pathways remains underexplored. Here, we address this gap by studying the genetic basis of a key life-history trait, age at maturity, in four species of Pacific salmonids (genus Oncorhynchus) that exhibit intra- and interspecific variation in this trait-Chinook Salmon, Coho Salmon, Sockeye Salmon, and Steelhead Trout. We tested for associations in all four species between age at maturity and two genome regions, six6 and vgll3, that are strongly associated with the same trait in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar). We also conducted a genome-wide association analysis in Steelhead to assess whether additional regions were associated with this trait. We found the genetic basis of age at maturity to be heterogeneous across salmonid species. Significant associations between six6 and age at maturity were observed in two of the four species, Sockeye and Steelhead, with the association in Steelhead being particularly strong in both sexes (p = 4.46 × 10-9 after adjusting for genomic inflation). However, no significant associations were detected between age at maturity and the vgll3 genome region in any of the species, despite its strong association with the same trait in Atlantic Salmon. We discuss possible explanations for the heterogeneous nature of the genetic architecture of this key life-history trait, as well as the implications of our findings for conservation and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles D Waters
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anthony Clemento
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.,Santa Cruz Laboratory, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Tutku Aykanat
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - John Carlos Garza
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.,Santa Cruz Laboratory, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Kerry A Naish
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shawn Narum
- Hagerman Genetics Laboratory, Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission, Hagerman, ID, USA
| | - Craig R Primmer
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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McKinney GJ, Nichols KM, Ford MJ. A mobile sex-determining region, male-specific haplotypes and rearing environment influence age at maturity in Chinook salmon. Mol Ecol 2020; 30:131-147. [PMID: 33111366 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Variation in age at maturity is an important contributor to life history and demographic variation within and among species. The optimal age at maturity can vary by sex, and the ability of each sex to evolve towards its fitness optimum depends on the genetic architecture of maturation. Using GWAS of RAD sequencing data, we show that age at maturity in Chinook salmon exhibits sex-specific genetic architecture, with age at maturity in males influenced by large (up to 20 Mb) male-specific haplotypes. These regions showed no such effect in females. We also provide evidence for translocation of the sex-determining gene between two different chromosomes. This has important implications for sexually antagonistic selection, particularly that sex linkage of adaptive genes may differ within and among populations based on chromosomal location of the sex-determining gene. Our findings will facilitate research into the genetic causes of shifting demography in Chinook salmon as well as a better understanding of sex determination in this species and Pacific salmon in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett J McKinney
- NRC Research Associateship Program, Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Krista M Nichols
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael J Ford
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
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