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Zulfaj E, Nejat A, Haamid A, Elmahdy A, Espinosa A, Redfors B, Omerovic E. Animal models of Takotsubo syndrome: bridging the gap to the human condition. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1351587. [PMID: 38841261 PMCID: PMC11152046 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1351587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Modelling human diseases serves as a crucial tool to unveil underlying mechanisms and pathophysiology. Takotsubo syndrome (TS), an acute form of heart failure resembling myocardial infarction, manifests with reversible regional wall motion abnormalities (RWMA) of the ventricles. Despite its mortality and clinical similarity to myocardial infarction, TS aetiology remains elusive, with stress and catecholamines playing central roles. This review delves into current animal models of TS, aiming to assess their ability to replicate key clinical traits and identifying limitations. An in-depth evaluation of published animal models reveals a variation in the definition of TS among studies. We notice a substantial prevalence of catecholamine-induced models, particularly in rodents. While these models shed light on TS, there remains potential for refinement. Translational success in TS research hinges on models that align with human TS features and exhibit the key features, including transient RWMA. Animal models should be comprehensively evaluated regarding the various systemic changes of the applied trigger(s) for a proper interpretation. This review acts as a guide for researchers, advocating for stringent TS model standards and enhancing translational validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermir Zulfaj
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - AmirAli Nejat
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Abdulhussain Haamid
- Department of Cardiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ahmed Elmahdy
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Aaron Espinosa
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Björn Redfors
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Core Facilities - Experimental Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elmir Omerovic
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Core Facilities - Experimental Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
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2
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Hankenson FC, Prager EM, Berridge BR. Advocating for Generalizability: Accepting Inherent Variability in Translation of Animal Research Outcomes. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2024; 12:391-410. [PMID: 38358839 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-021022-043531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Advancing scientific discovery requires investigators to embrace research practices that increase transparency and disclosure about materials, methods, and outcomes. Several research advocacy and funding organizations have produced guidelines and recommended practices to enhance reproducibility through detailed and rigorous research approaches; however, confusion around vocabulary terms and a lack of adoption of suggested practices have stymied successful implementation. Although reproducibility of research findings cannot be guaranteed due to extensive inherent variables in attempts at experimental repetition, the scientific community can advocate for generalizability in the application of data outcomes to ensure a broad and effective impact on the comparison of animals to translation within human research. This report reviews suggestions, based upon work with National Institutes of Health advisory groups, for improving rigor and transparency in animal research through aspects of experimental design, statistical assessment, and reporting factors to advocate for generalizability in the application of comparative outcomes between animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C Hankenson
- Division of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and University Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
| | - E M Prager
- Research Program Management, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York, USA;
| | - B R Berridge
- B2 Pathology Solutions LLC, Cary, North Carolina, USA;
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3
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Brown AD, Hayward T, Portfors CV, Coffin AB. On the value of diverse organisms in auditory research: From fish to flies to humans. Hear Res 2023; 432:108754. [PMID: 37054531 PMCID: PMC10424633 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2023.108754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Historically, diverse organisms have contributed to our understanding of auditory function. In recent years, the laboratory mouse has become the prevailing non-human model in auditory research, particularly for biomedical studies. There are many questions in auditory research for which the mouse is the most appropriate (or the only) model system available. But mice cannot provide answers for all auditory problems of basic and applied importance, nor can any single model system provide a synthetic understanding of the diverse solutions that have evolved to facilitate effective detection and use of acoustic information. In this review, spurred by trends in funding and publishing and inspired by parallel observations in other domains of neuroscience, we highlight a few examples of the profound impact and lasting benefits of comparative and basic organismal research in the auditory system. We begin with the serendipitous discovery of hair cell regeneration in non-mammalian vertebrates, a finding that has fueled an ongoing search for pathways to hearing restoration in humans. We then turn to the problem of sound source localization - a fundamental task that most auditory systems have been compelled to solve despite large variation in the magnitudes and kinds of spatial acoustic cues available, begetting varied direction-detecting mechanisms. Finally, we consider the power of work in highly specialized organisms to reveal exceptional solutions to sensory problems - and the diverse returns of deep neuroethological inquiry - via the example of echolocating bats. Throughout, we consider how discoveries made possible by comparative and curiosity-driven organismal research have driven fundamental scientific, biomedical, and technological advances in the auditory field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Brown
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, 1417 NE 42nd St, Seattle, WA, 98105 USA; Virginia-Merrill Bloedel Hearing Research Center, University of Washington, 1701 NE Columbia Rd, Seattle, WA, 98195 USA.
| | - Tamasen Hayward
- College of Arts and Sciences, Washington State University, 14204 NE Salmon Creek Ave, Vancouver, WA 98686 USA
| | - Christine V Portfors
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, 14204 NE Salmon Creek Ave, Vancouver, WA 98686 USA
| | - Allison B Coffin
- College of Arts and Sciences, Washington State University, 14204 NE Salmon Creek Ave, Vancouver, WA 98686 USA; School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, 14204 NE Salmon Creek Ave, Vancouver, WA 98686 USA; Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, 14204 NE Salmon Creek Ave, Vancouver, WA 98686 USA.
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Cannon AE, Zürrer WE, Zejlon C, Kulcsar Z, Lewandowski S, Piehl F, Granberg T, Ineichen BV. Neuroimaging findings in preclinical amyotrophic lateral sclerosis models-How well do they mimic the clinical phenotype? A systematic review. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1135282. [PMID: 37205225 PMCID: PMC10185801 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1135282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives Animal models for motor neuron diseases (MND) such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are commonly used in preclinical research. However, it is insufficiently understood how much findings from these model systems can be translated to humans. Thus, we aimed at systematically assessing the translational value of MND animal models to probe their external validity with regards to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features. Methods In a comprehensive literature search in PubMed and Embase, we retrieved 201 unique publications of which 34 were deemed eligible for qualitative synthesis including risk of bias assessment. Results ALS animal models can indeed present with human ALS neuroimaging features: Similar to the human paradigm, (regional) brain and spinal cord atrophy as well as signal changes in motor systems are commonly observed in ALS animal models. Blood-brain barrier breakdown seems to be more specific to ALS models, at least in the imaging domain. It is noteworthy that the G93A-SOD1 model, mimicking a rare clinical genotype, was the most frequently used ALS proxy. Conclusions Our systematic review provides high-grade evidence that preclinical ALS models indeed show imaging features highly reminiscent of human ALS assigning them a high external validity in this domain. This opposes the high attrition of drugs during bench-to-bedside translation and thus raises concerns that phenotypic reproducibility does not necessarily render an animal model appropriate for drug development. These findings emphasize a careful application of these model systems for ALS therapy development thereby benefiting refinement of animal experiments. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier: CRD42022373146.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Charlotte Zejlon
- Department of Neuroradiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zsolt Kulcsar
- Department of Neuroradiology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Fredrik Piehl
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center of Neurology, Academic Specialist Center, Stockholm Health Services, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tobias Granberg
- Department of Neuroradiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Benjamin Victor Ineichen
- Center for Reproducible Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Neuroradiology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Benjamin Victor Ineichen
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5
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Predictive validity in drug discovery: what it is, why it matters and how to improve it. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2022; 21:915-931. [PMID: 36195754 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-022-00552-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Successful drug discovery is like finding oases of safety and efficacy in chemical and biological deserts. Screens in disease models, and other decision tools used in drug research and development (R&D), point towards oases when they score therapeutic candidates in a way that correlates with clinical utility in humans. Otherwise, they probably lead in the wrong direction. This line of thought can be quantified by using decision theory, in which 'predictive validity' is the correlation coefficient between the output of a decision tool and clinical utility across therapeutic candidates. Analyses based on this approach reveal that the detectability of good candidates is extremely sensitive to predictive validity, because the deserts are big and oases small. Both history and decision theory suggest that predictive validity is under-managed in drug R&D, not least because it is so hard to measure before projects succeed or fail later in the process. This article explains the influence of predictive validity on R&D productivity and discusses methods to evaluate and improve it, with the aim of supporting the application of more effective decision tools and catalysing investment in their creation.
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Sex Differences in Intestinal P-Glycoprotein Expression in Wistar versus Sprague Dawley Rats. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14051030. [PMID: 35631615 PMCID: PMC9143158 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14051030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Wistar and Sprague Dawley are the most common strains of rat used in pharmaceutical research and are used interchangeably in pre-clinical drug development. No studies have assessed whether Wistar and Sprague Dawley rats are equivalent in the gastrointestinal factors that influence oral drug absorption, specifically in relation to intestinal transporters. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) are two reliable methods for quantifying intestinal protein levels with their own distinct advantages and limitations. In this study, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a key efflux transporter, was quantified using ELISA and LC-MS/MS along the complete intestinal tract of male and female Wistar and Sprague Dawley rats. This work presents that Sprague Dawley rats have innately higher baseline P-gp expression than Wistar rats. Significant sex differences in P-gp expression were identified in the jejunum, ileum and colon between male and female Wistar rats using both techniques, with males exhibiting higher P-gp levels. Sprague Dawley rats showed no sex differences in P-gp expression through ELISA and LC-MS/MS. Both methods demonstrated similar trends for P-gp quantification, but ELISA could offer faster data acquisition. Our findings report significant sex differences between the strains and highlight that Wistar and Sprague Dawley rats are not equivalent in their P-gp expression. As humans exhibit distinct sex differences in intestinal P-gp levels, Wistar rats may therefore be a more suitable pre-clinical animal strain to model oral drug absorption of P-gp substrates in male and female subjects.
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Gallego-Durán R, Albillos A, Ampuero J, Arechederra M, Bañares R, Blas-García A, Berná G, Caparrós E, Delgado TC, Falcón-Pérez JM, Francés R, Fernández-Barrena MG, Graupera I, Iruzubieta P, Nevzorova YA, Nogueiras R, Macías RIR, Marín F, Sabio G, Soriano G, Vaquero J, Cubero FJ, Gracia-Sancho J. Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: from simple steatosis towards liver cirrhosis and potential complications. Proceedings of the Third Translational Hepatology Meeting, endorsed by the Spanish Association for the Study of the Liver (AEEH). GASTROENTEROLOGIA Y HEPATOLOGIA 2022; 45:724-734. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2022.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Burke JR, Helliwell J, Wong J, Quyn A, Herrick S, Jayne D. The use of mesenchymal stem cells in animal models for gastrointestinal anastomotic leak: A systematic review. Colorectal Dis 2021; 23:3123-3140. [PMID: 34363723 DOI: 10.1111/codi.15864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Anastomotic leak is the most feared complication of gastrointestinal surgery. Mesenchymal stem cell technology is used clinically to promote wound healing; however, the safety and efficacy of this technology on anastomotic healing has yet to be defined. The aim of this study was to investigate whether mesenchymal stem cells confer any benefit when applied to animal models for gastrointestinal anastomotic leak, identify the methodology and how efficacy is assessed. METHODS The MEDLINE, EMBASE, WebofScience and Cochrane Library databases were interrogated between 1 January1947 to 1 May 2020. All studies where mesenchymal stem cells were applied to laboratory animal leak models to demonstrate a healing effect were considered. All experimental and histological outcomes were examined. Compliance to ARRIVE and current International Consensus was assessed. RESULTS A total of 1205 studies were screened. Twelve studies reported on 438 gastrointestinal anastomoses in four species using 11 models; seven in the colon. No studies utilised a model with a known leak rate. Significant variance was observed in histological outcomes with efficacy demonstrated in five out of 12 studies. One study demonstrated a benefit in leak rate. Colorectal studies had a greater median ARRIVE compliance, 60.8% (IQR 63.2-64.5) compared to noncolorectal 45.4% (IQR 43.8-49.0). CONCLUSIONS Mesenchymal stem cell delivery to an animal anastomosis is safe and feasible. Use may confer benefit but findings are currently limited to surrogate histological outcomes. There is consistency in outcome measures reported but variance in how this is assessed. Poor compliance to ARRIVE but good compliance to current international consensus in leak models of the colon was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Richard Burke
- The John Goligher Colorectal Surgery Unit, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospital Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Jack Helliwell
- The John Goligher Colorectal Surgery Unit, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospital Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Jason Wong
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Aaron Quyn
- The John Goligher Colorectal Surgery Unit, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospital Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Sarah Herrick
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - David Jayne
- The John Goligher Colorectal Surgery Unit, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospital Trust, Leeds, UK
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9
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Loh JS, Tan LKS, Lee WL, Ming LC, How CW, Foo JB, Kifli N, Goh BH, Ong YS. Do Lipid-based Nanoparticles Hold Promise for Advancing the Clinical Translation of Anticancer Alkaloids? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5346. [PMID: 34771511 PMCID: PMC8582402 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the commercialization of morphine in 1826, numerous alkaloids have been isolated and exploited effectively for the betterment of mankind, including cancer treatment. However, the commercialization of alkaloids as anticancer agents has generally been limited by serious side effects due to their lack of specificity to cancer cells, indiscriminate tissue distribution and toxic formulation excipients. Lipid-based nanoparticles represent the most effective drug delivery system concerning clinical translation owing to their unique, appealing characteristics for drug delivery. To the extent of our knowledge, this is the first review to compile in vitro and in vivo evidence of encapsulating anticancer alkaloids in lipid-based nanoparticles. Alkaloids encapsulated in lipid-based nanoparticles have generally displayed enhanced in vitro cytotoxicity and an improved in vivo efficacy and toxicity profile than free alkaloids in various cancers. Encapsulated alkaloids also demonstrated the ability to overcome multidrug resistance in vitro and in vivo. These findings support the broad application of lipid-based nanoparticles to encapsulate anticancer alkaloids and facilitate their clinical translation. The review then discusses several limitations of the studies analyzed, particularly the discrepancies in reporting the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and toxicity data. Finally, we conclude with examples of clinically successful encapsulated alkaloids that have received regulatory approval and are undergoing clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sheng Loh
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (J.S.L.); (C.W.H.)
| | - Li Kar Stella Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, Jalan Taylors 1, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (L.K.S.T.); (J.B.F.)
| | - Wai Leng Lee
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia;
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- PAP Rashidah Sa’adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong BE1410, Brunei; (L.C.M.); (N.K.)
| | - Chee Wun How
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (J.S.L.); (C.W.H.)
- Health and Well-Being Cluster, Global Asia in the 21st Century (GA21) Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Jhi Biau Foo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, Jalan Taylors 1, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (L.K.S.T.); (J.B.F.)
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Molecular Pharmacology (CDDMP), Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, Jalan Taylors 1, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Nurolaini Kifli
- PAP Rashidah Sa’adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong BE1410, Brunei; (L.C.M.); (N.K.)
| | - Bey Hing Goh
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (J.S.L.); (C.W.H.)
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group (BMEX), School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yong Sze Ong
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (J.S.L.); (C.W.H.)
- Health and Well-Being Cluster, Global Asia in the 21st Century (GA21) Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group (BMEX), School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
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Hopkins K, Mukherjee S, Ponce D, Mangum J, Jacobson LH, Hoyer D. Development of a LC-ESI-MRM method for the absolute quantification of orexin A in the CSF of individual mice. MEDICINE IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2021.100102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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11
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Digital pathology in academia: Implementation and impact. Lab Anim (NY) 2021; 50:229-231. [PMID: 34349254 DOI: 10.1038/s41684-021-00828-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Ramadan Q, Fardous RS, Hazaymeh R, Alshmmari S, Zourob M. Pharmacokinetics-On-a-Chip: In Vitro Microphysiological Models for Emulating of Drugs ADME. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 5:e2100775. [PMID: 34323392 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202100775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite many ongoing efforts across the full spectrum of pharmaceutical and biotech industries, drug development is still a costly undertaking that involves a high risk of failure during clinical trials. Animal models played vital roles in understanding the mechanism of human diseases. However, the use of these models has been a subject of heated debate, particularly due to ethical matters and the inevitable pathophysiological differences between animals and humans. Current in vitro models lack the sufficient functionality and predictivity of human pharmacokinetics and toxicity, therefore, are not capable to fully replace animal models. The recent development of micro-physiological systems has shown great potential as indispensable tools for recapitulating key physiological parameters of humans and providing in vitro methods for predicting the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in humans. Integration of Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion (ADME) processes within one close in vitro system is a paramount development that would meet important unmet pharmaceutical industry needs. In this review paper, synthesis of the ADME-centered organ-on-a-chip technology is systemically presented from what is achieved to what needs to be done, emphasizing the requirements of in vitro models that meet industrial needs in terms of the structure and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qasem Ramadan
- Alfaisal University, Riyadh, 11533, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Roa Saleem Fardous
- Alfaisal University, Riyadh, 11533, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Strathclyde University, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Rana Hazaymeh
- Almaarefa University, Riyadh, 13713, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Alshmmari
- Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh, 13513-7148, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Species variations in tenocytes' response to inflammation require careful selection of animal models for tendon research. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12451. [PMID: 34127759 PMCID: PMC8203623 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91914-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
For research on tendon injury, many different animal models are utilized; however, the extent to which these species simulate the clinical condition and disease pathophysiology has not yet been critically evaluated. Considering the importance of inflammation in tendon disease, this study compared the cellular and molecular features of inflammation in tenocytes of humans and four common model species (mouse, rat, sheep, and horse). While mouse and rat tenocytes most closely equalled human tenocytes’ low proliferation capacity and the negligible effect of inflammation on proliferation, the wound closure speed of humans was best approximated by rats and horses. The overall gene expression of human tenocytes was most similar to mice under healthy, to horses under transient and to sheep under constant inflammatory conditions. Humans were best matched by mice and horses in their tendon marker and collagen expression, by horses in extracellular matrix remodelling genes, and by rats in inflammatory mediators. As no single animal model perfectly replicates the clinical condition and sufficiently emulates human tenocytes, fit-for-purpose selection of the model species for each specific research question and combination of data from multiple species will be essential to optimize translational predictive validity.
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14
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Diester CM, Santos EJ, Moerke MJ, Negus SS. Behavioral Battery for Testing Candidate Analgesics in Mice. I. Validation with Positive and Negative Controls. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 377:232-241. [PMID: 33622770 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated a battery of pain-stimulated, pain-depressed, and pain-independent behaviors for preclinical pharmacological assessment of candidate analgesics in mice. Intraperitoneal injection of dilute lactic acid (IP acid) served as an acute visceral noxious stimulus to produce four pain-related behaviors in male and female ICR mice: stimulation of 1) stretching, 2) facial grimace, 3) depression of rearing, and 4) depression of nesting. Additionally, nesting and locomotion in the absence of the noxious stimulus were used to assess pain-independent drug effects. These six behaviors were used to compare effects of two mechanistically distinct but clinically effective positive controls (ketoprofen and oxycodone) and two negative controls that are not clinically approved as analgesics but produce either general motor depression (diazepam) or motor stimulation (amphetamine). We predicted that analgesics would alleviate all IP acid effects at doses that did not alter pain-independent behaviors, whereas negative controls would not. Consistent with this prediction, ketoprofen (0.1-32 mg/kg) produced the expected analgesic profile, whereas oxycodone (0.32-3.2 mg/kg) alleviated all IP acid effects except depression of rearing at doses lower than those that altered pain-independent behaviors. For the negative controls, diazepam (1-10 mg/kg) failed to block IP acid-induced depression of either rearing or nesting and only decreased IP acid-stimulated behaviors at doses that also decreased pain-independent behaviors. Amphetamine (0.32-3.2 mg/kg) alleviated all IP acid effects but only at doses that also stimulated locomotion. These results support utility of this model as a framework to evaluate candidate-analgesic effects in a battery of complementary pain-stimulated, pain-depressed, and pain-independent behavioral endpoints. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Preclinical assays of pain and analgesia often yield false-positive effects with candidate analgesics. This study used two positive-control analgesics (ketoprofen, oxycodone) and two active negative controls (diazepam, amphetamine) to validate a strategy for distinguishing analgesics from nonanalgesics by profiling drug effects in a battery of complementary pain-stimulated, pain-depressed, and pain-independent behaviors in male and female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Diester
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - E J Santos
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - M J Moerke
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - S S Negus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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15
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Franco NH, Miranda SB, Kovács N, Nagy A, Thiện BQ, Reis F, Varga O. Assessing Scientific Soundness and Translational Value of Animal Studies on DPP4 Inhibitors for Treating Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:155. [PMID: 33669354 PMCID: PMC7920304 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although there is a wide range of animal models of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) used in research; we have limited evidence on their translation value. This paper provides a) a comparison of preclinical animal and clinical results on the effect of five dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors by comparing the pharmaceutical caused glucose changes, and b) an evaluation of methodological and reporting standards in T2DM preclinical animal studies. DPP4 inhibitors play an important role in the clinical management of T2DM: if metformin alone is not sufficient enough to control the blood sugar levels, DPP4 inhibitors are often used as second-line therapy; additionally, DPP-4 inhibitors are also used in triple therapies with metformin and sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors or with metformin and insulin. In our analysis of 124 preclinical studies and 47 clinical trials, (1) we found no evidence of species differences in glucose change response to DPP4 inhibitors, which may suggest that, for this drug class, studies in mice and rats may be equally predictive of how well a drug will work in humans; and (2) there is good reporting of group size, sex, age, euthanasia method and self-reported compliance with animal welfare regulations in animal studies but poor reporting of justification of group size, along with a strong bias towards the use of male animals and young animals. Instead of the common non-transparent model selection, we call for a reflective and evidenced-based assessment of predictive validity of the animal models currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Henrique Franco
- Laboratory Animal Science Group, IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (N.H.F.); (S.B.M.)
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação da Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sonia Batista Miranda
- Laboratory Animal Science Group, IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (N.H.F.); (S.B.M.)
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação da Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nóra Kovács
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Kassai út 26, 4028 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Attila Nagy
- Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Kassai út 26, 4028 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Bùi Quốc Thiện
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Square 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Flávio Reis
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Orsolya Varga
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Kassai út 26, 4028 Debrecen, Hungary;
- Office for Research Groups Attached to Universities and Other Institutions, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1051 Budapest, Hungary
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Cummings JL. Translational Scoring of Candidate Treatments for Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Approach. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2021; 49:22-37. [PMID: 32512572 DOI: 10.1159/000507569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are many failures in treatment development for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Some of these failures are the result of development programs that lacked critical information about candidate drugs as these were advanced from one phase of development to the next. Translational scoring (TS) has been proposed as a means of increasing the rigor with which treatment development programs are executed. Previously, these approaches were not specific to AD or to the phase of drug development. Detailed information on the characteristics needed to advance a candidate agent from one phase to the next is the basis for success in subsequent phases. SUMMARY The TS approach is presented with a score range of 0-25 for agents entering phases 1, 2, and 3 of development and those that have completed phase 3 and are being considered for regulatory review. Each phase has 5 essential categories scored from 0-5 indicating the completeness of the data available when the agent is being considered for promotion to the next phase. Lower scores suggest that the development program should be reexamined for missing information while higher scores increase the confidence that the agent has the potential to succeed in the next phase. Scoring guidelines are provided and examples of scores for drugs in recent development programs are provided to illustrate the principles of TS. Key Messages: Successful development of drugs for AD treatment requires disciplined informed decision-making at each phase of development. TS is a methodology for more rigorous drug development to help ensure that inadequately characterized drugs are not advanced and that the development platform at each phase is optimal to support success at the next phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Cummings
- Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, .,Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA,
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Bruton K, Koenig JFE, Phelps A, Jordana M. Perturbations to Homeostasis in Experimental Models Revealed Innate Pathways Driving Food Allergy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:603272. [PMID: 33362786 PMCID: PMC7758527 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.603272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While type 2 immunity has been conventionally viewed as beneficial against helminths, venoms, and poisons, and harmful in allergy, contemporary research has uncovered its critical role in the maintenance of homeostasis. The initiation of a type 2 immune response involves an intricate crosstalk between structural and immune cells. Structural cells react to physical and chemical tissue perturbations by secreting alarmins, which signal the innate immune system to restore homeostasis. This pathway acts autonomously in the context of sterile injury and in the presence of foreign antigen initiates an adaptive Th2 response that is beneficial in the context of venoms, toxins, and helminths, but not food allergens. The investigation of the triggers and mechanisms underlying food allergic sensitization in humans is elusive because sensitization is a silent process. Therefore, the central construct driving food allergy modeling is based on introducing perturbations of tissue homeostasis along with an allergen which will result in an immunological and clinical phenotype that is consistent with that observed in humans. The collective evidence from multiple models has revealed the pre-eminent role of innate cells and molecules in the elicitation of allergic sensitization. We posit that, with the expanding use of technologies capable of producing formidable datasets, models of food allergy will continue to have an indispensable role to delineate mechanisms and establish causal relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Manel Jordana
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), McMaster University, Hamilton ON, Canada
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18
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Brent MB, Brüel A, Thomsen JS. Animal models of disuse-induced bone loss: study protocol for a systematic review. Syst Rev 2020; 9:185. [PMID: 32799918 PMCID: PMC7429719 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-020-01441-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disuse is a cardinal sign of various neurological diseases like stroke, cerebral palsy, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Disuse leads to reduced mechanical loading of the skeleton, and a substantial and significant loss of bone mass quickly materializes. Several animal models have been proposed to investigate the pathogenesis of disuse-induced bone loss and to test new pharmaceutical targets to counteract it. As animal models may overcome several of the limitations in observational studies conducted in patients and allow for measurements not possible in humans, the primary objective of the present study is to provide a comprehensive overview of the available animal models of disuse-induced bone loss. METHODS/DESIGN This is a protocol for a systematic review of animal models of disuse-induced bone loss. An exhaustive search will be performed on PubMed and Embase in order to identify relevant studies. The primary outcome will be the method of disuse induction. The secondary outcomes will be related to bone samples and anatomical sites investigated, methods used to analyze and quantify bone loss, and bibliographic information. The protocol adheres to the current guiding principles of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Extracted data will be analyzed with descriptive statistics, and all the methods used to induce disuse will be described in detail with a narrative synthesis. DISCUSSION This systematic review will provide an overview of available animal models of disuse-induced bone loss and discuss the different methods used to quantify and analyze the bone loss. Since bone loss caused by disuse is a hallmark of various diseases from different medical specialties, this overview will be of great benefit for all researchers planning to conduct disuse animal studies in the future. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42020157452 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Bo Brent
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 3, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Annemarie Brüel
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 3, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jesper Skovhus Thomsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 3, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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19
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Ferreira GS, Veening-Griffioen DH, Boon WPC, Moors EHM, van Meer PJK. Levelling the Translational Gap for Animal to Human Efficacy Data. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1199. [PMID: 32679706 PMCID: PMC7401509 DOI: 10.3390/ani10071199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports of a reproducibility crisis combined with a high attrition rate in the pharmaceutical industry have put animal research increasingly under scrutiny in the past decade. Many researchers and the general public now question whether there is still a justification for conducting animal studies. While criticism of the current modus operandi in preclinical research is certainly warranted, the data on which these discussions are based are often unreliable. Several initiatives to address the internal validity and reporting quality of animal studies (e.g., Animals in Research: Reporting In Vivo Experiments (ARRIVE) and Planning Research and Experimental Procedures on Animals: Recommendations for Excellence (PREPARE) guidelines) have been introduced but seldom implemented. As for external validity, progress has been virtually absent. Nonetheless, the selection of optimal animal models of disease may prevent the conducting of clinical trials, based on unreliable preclinical data. Here, we discuss three contributions to tackle the evaluation of the predictive value of animal models of disease themselves. First, we developed the Framework to Identify Models of Disease (FIMD), the first step to standardise the assessment, validation and comparison of disease models. FIMD allows the identification of which aspects of the human disease are replicated in the animals, facilitating the selection of disease models more likely to predict human response. Second, we show an example of how systematic reviews and meta-analyses can provide another strategy to discriminate between disease models quantitatively. Third, we explore whether external validity is a factor in animal model selection in the Investigator's Brochure (IB), and we use the IB-derisk tool to integrate preclinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data in early clinical development. Through these contributions, we show how we can address external validity to evaluate the translatability and scientific value of animal models in drug development. However, while these methods have potential, it is the extent of their adoption by the scientific community that will define their impact. By promoting and adopting high quality study design and reporting, as well as a thorough assessment of the translatability of drug efficacy of animal models of disease, we will have robust data to challenge and improve the current animal research paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme S. Ferreira
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3512 JE Utrecht, The Netherlands; (D.H.V.-G.); (P.J.K.v.M.)
| | - Désirée H. Veening-Griffioen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3512 JE Utrecht, The Netherlands; (D.H.V.-G.); (P.J.K.v.M.)
| | - Wouter P. C. Boon
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Innovation Studies, Utrecht University, 3512 JE Utrecht, The Netherlands; (W.P.C.B.); (E.H.M.M.)
| | - Ellen H. M. Moors
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Innovation Studies, Utrecht University, 3512 JE Utrecht, The Netherlands; (W.P.C.B.); (E.H.M.M.)
| | - Peter J. K. van Meer
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3512 JE Utrecht, The Netherlands; (D.H.V.-G.); (P.J.K.v.M.)
- Medicines Evaluation Board, 3531 AH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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20
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Pruett WA, Clemmer JS, Hester RL. Physiological Modeling and Simulation-Validation, Credibility, and Application. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2020; 22:185-206. [PMID: 32501771 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-082219-051740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the science of model validation as it applies to physiological modeling. There is widespread disagreement and ambiguity about what constitutes model validity. In areas in which models affect real-world decision-making, including within the clinic, in regulatory science, or in the design and engineering of novel therapeutics, this question is of critical importance. Without an answer, it impairs the usefulness of models and casts a shadow over model credibility in all domains. To address this question, we examine the use of nonmathematical models in physiological research, in medical practice, and in engineering to see how models in other domains are used and accepted. We reflect on historic physiological models and how they have been presented to the scientific community. Finally, we look at various validation frameworks that have been proposed as potential solutions during the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Andrew Pruett
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, USA; , ,
| | - John S Clemmer
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, USA; , ,
| | - Robert L Hester
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, USA; , , .,John D. Bower School of Population Health, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, USA
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21
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Pound P, Ritskes-Hoitinga M. Can prospective systematic reviews of animal studies improve clinical translation? J Transl Med 2020; 18:15. [PMID: 31918734 PMCID: PMC6953128 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-02205-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Systematic reviews are powerful tools with the potential to generate high quality evidence. Their application to animal studies has been instrumental in exposing the poor quality of these studies, as well as a catalyst for improvements in study design, conduct and reporting. It has been suggested that prospective systematic reviews of animal studies (i.e. systematic reviews conducted prior to clinical trials) would allow scrutiny of the preclinical evidence, providing valuable information on safety and efficacy, and helping to determine whether clinical trials should proceed. However, while prospective systematic reviews allow valuable scrutiny of the preclinical animal data, they are not necessarily able to reliably predict the safety and efficacy of an intervention when trialled in humans. Consequently, they may not reliably safeguard humans participating in clinical trials and might potentially result in lost opportunities for beneficial clinical treatments. Furthermore, animal and human studies are often conducted concurrently, which not only makes prospective systematic reviews of animal studies impossible, but suggests that animal studies do not inform human studies in the manner presumed. We suggest that this points to a confused attitude regarding animal studies, whereby tradition demands that they precede human studies but practice indicates that their findings are often ignored. We argue that it is time to assess the relative contributions of animal and human research in order to better understand how clinical knowledge is actually produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pandora Pound
- Safer Medicines Trust, PO Box 122, Kingsbridge, TQ7 9AX, UK.
| | - Merel Ritskes-Hoitinga
- SYRCLE, Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, Route 133, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Ferreira GS, Veening-Griffioen DH, Boon WPC, Moors EHM, Gispen-de Wied CC, Schellekens H, van Meer PJK. Correction: A standardised framework to identify optimal animal models for efficacy assessment in drug development. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220325. [PMID: 31329650 PMCID: PMC6645540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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