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Moophayak K, Taeprayoon P, Pichtel J, Premmanee S, Phooseekaew C, Thinnok C, Avakul P, Meeinkuirt W. Necrophagous flies as bioindicators in Cd and Zn co-contaminated areas of Tak Province, Thailand. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 269:115800. [PMID: 38061082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Necrophagous flies may be effective bioindicators of chemical substances within polluted locations, as they are sensitive to environmental changes, have large populations, and thrive in a single location over their lifespan. Diversity and abundance of necrophagous flies were determined at livestock farms contaminated with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in Tak Province and Nakhon Sawan Province, Thailand. Substantial soil zinc (Zn) concentrations (> 1100 mg kg-1) were detected at a cattle farm at Khaothong, Nakhon Sawan Province, and soil cadmium (Cd) values were significantly elevated (> 3 mg kg-1) at a cattle farm in Pha De, Tak Province. Anthropogenic inputs including Zn mining, domestic wastewater, and certain materials used in local agriculture were point sources of PTEs at the livestock farms in the Pha De and Khaothong subdistricts. Lower temperatures and humidity during the rainy season may have resulted in increased numbers of necrophagous flies, which was 1.5 times greater compared to the dry season. However, the dry season exhibited a higher PTE buildup in fly tissue. The order of important value index (IVI) values of the necrophagous flies were: Chrysomya megacephala (56.80), Musca domestica (27.21), C. rufifacies (25.40) and Sarcophaga spp. (17.54), respectively. These necrophagous flies may play a significant role in PTE-contaminated ecosystems based on their high IVI values, suggesting that they could be used as bioindicators of PTEs. Principal component analysis (PCA) results for necrophagous flies associated with each sampling site during the dry season were consistent with flies having substantial IVI values. Musca domestica and C. megacephala of both sexes displayed substantial correlations with Cr, Al, and Mn, while females of Sarcophaga spp. displayed strong associations with Cd. At the cattle farm in Khaothong, males of M. domestica showed a significant relationship with Zn, Cu, Pb, and Ni. When considering PTE accumulation capacity in flies commonly found at field sites, C. megacephala and M. domestica are the most suitable bioindicators of PTEs. This study confirms that necrophagous flies serve as reliable bioindicators of PTE pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kittikhun Moophayak
- Medical and Agricultural Fly Research Unit, Mahidol University, Nakhonsawan Campus, Nakhonsawan 60130, Thailand
| | - Puntaree Taeprayoon
- Agricultural and Environmental Utilization Research Unit, Nakhonsawan Campus, Mahidol University, Nakhonsawan 60130, Thailand
| | - John Pichtel
- Ball State University, Environment, Geology, and Natural Resources, Muncie, IN 47306, USA
| | - Siwaporn Premmanee
- Water and Soil Environmental Research Unit, Nakhonsawan Campus, Mahidol University, Nakhonsawan 60130, Thailand
| | - Chonthicha Phooseekaew
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Kantharawichai, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand
| | - Chonthicha Thinnok
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Kantharawichai, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand
| | - Piyathap Avakul
- Academic and Curriculum Division, Mahidol University, Nakhonsawan Campus, Nakhonsawan, Thailand 60130
| | - Weeradej Meeinkuirt
- Water and Soil Environmental Research Unit, Nakhonsawan Campus, Mahidol University, Nakhonsawan 60130, Thailand.
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Qin L, Sun X, Yu L, Wang J, Modabberi S, Wang M, Chen S. Ecological risk threshold for Pb in Chinese soils. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 444:130418. [PMID: 36410246 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Derivation of ecological risk threshold (the threshold concentration value that protect a certain proportion of species within the acceptable hazard level) of lead (Pb) is a yardstick and plays a key role in formulating soil protection policies, while the research about deducing soil Pb ecological risk threshold is still limited. In this study, toxicological data of Pb based on 30 different test endpoints was collected from our experiment and literature, and applied into interspecific extrapolation by species sensitivity distribution (SSD) method to derive the hazard concentration for 5% of species (HC5, that can protect 95% of species), the prediction models according to different soil properties were established. The results showed that EC10 (the effective concentrations of Pb that inhibit 10% of endpoint bioactivity) ranged from 205.6 to 1596.3 mg kg1, and hormesis induced by Pb were up to 118%. Toxicity data were corrected by leaching and aging process before SSD curves fitting. HC5 was then derived and prediction model was developed, as LogHC5 = 0.134 pH + 0.315 LogOC + 0.324 LogCEC + 1.077. The prediction model was well verified in the field test, indicating that can correctly estimate Pb ecotoxicity thresholds in different soils. This study provides a scientific frame for deriving the ecological risk threshold of Pb and is of great significance for ecological species protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Qin
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of cultivated land quality monitoring and evaluation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Xiaoyi Sun
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of cultivated land quality monitoring and evaluation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Lei Yu
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of cultivated land quality monitoring and evaluation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of cultivated land quality monitoring and evaluation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Soroush Modabberi
- School of Geology, University of Tehran, 16th Azar St., Enghelab Avenue, Tehran, Iran
| | - Meng Wang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of cultivated land quality monitoring and evaluation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, PR China.
| | - Shibao Chen
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of cultivated land quality monitoring and evaluation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, PR China.
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Thanwisai L, Janket A, Tran HTK, Siripornadulsil W, Siripornadulsil S. Low Cd-accumulating rice grain production through inoculation of germinating rice seeds with a plant growth-promoting endophytic bacterium. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 251:114535. [PMID: 36640569 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of the plant growth-promoting endophytic bacterium Cupriavidus taiwanensis KKU2500-3 on the growth of KDML105 rice plants and cadmium (Cd) accumulation in grains. The rice plants were cultivated in soils with 20 and 50 ppm Cd under greenhouse conditions for two consecutive years. At both levels, Cd reduced rice growth and development. Under Cd stress, KKU2500-3 colonized the root surface and interior of rice plants at the early growth stage, and this colonization remained until the late stage. The colonized bacteria increased the pigment contents but reduced the root-to-aboveground translocation of Cd. In soil with 20 ppm Cd, the phytochelatin content of the bacteria-inoculated rice was lower (32.3-89.3%) than that of uninoculated rice. In soil with 50 ppm Cd, the bacteria-inoculated rice exhibited higher glutathione reductase (5-63%) and proline (5-115%) levels, a higher reduced glutathione (GSH)/0.5 oxidized glutathione (GSSG) ratio (4-212%) and decreased lipid peroxidation (1-19%) compared with uninoculated rice. The root-to-grain translocation factor of inoculated rice in soil with 50 ppm Cd was significantly lower than that of inoculated rice in soil with 20 ppm Cd, and this finding was consistent with the 38.6% and 75.1% reductions in Cd accumulation observed in grains from soils with 20 and 50 ppm Cd, respectively. The Cd content of KDML105 grains grown in soil with 50 ppm Cd was 0.36 ppm, which is below the Codex standard for polished rice (0.4 ppm). The levels of available P, Zn, and SO42- also affect Cd availability in soil, and colonized KKU2500-3 showed varying responses to different Cd levels. Thus, bacterial inoculation, the Cd level and soil properties play important roles in Cd accumulation in KDML105 rice grains. The role of C. taiwanensis KKU2500-3 on the production of low-Cd-accumulating rice in paddy fields contaminated with a range of Cd levels should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalita Thanwisai
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Anon Janket
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Hong Thi Kim Tran
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Wilailak Siripornadulsil
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Research Center for Environmental and Hazardous Substance Management, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Surasak Siripornadulsil
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Research Center for Environmental and Hazardous Substance Management, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
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Zhang Y, Li Z, Ke X, Wu L, Christie P. Multigenerational exposure of the collembolan Folsomia candida to soil metals: Adaption to metal stress in soils polluted over the long term. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 292:118242. [PMID: 34600067 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Multigenerational tests provide a comprehensive assessment of the long-term toxicity of pollutants. Here, the multigenerational effects of soil metal contamination on Folsomia candida were investigated over five generations (generations 1-5: F1-F5). Nine soils with varying physicochemical properties and degrees of metal pollution were studied. The selected endpoints were survival, reproduction, body size and body metal concentrations. F. candida was cultured only up to the fifth generation with high reproduction in contaminated acid soils where reproduction was at least 5 times that in neutral soils and 20 times that in calcareous soils. Correlation analysis indicated that soil pH (68.9% contribution) and cation exchange capacity (CEC, 15.4% contribution) were more important factors than pollution level affecting the reproduction of F. candida. No significant difference was observed in adult survival or adult length over five generations. The highest collembolan body Cd concentrations in soils A1-A3 were 3.15, 2.93 and 3.23 times those in F1, with similar results for body Pb. A similar trend in reproduction and juvenile length was observed with an initial decrease (p < 0.05) and then an increase (p < 0.05) over the generations in each acid soil; the opposite trend occurred in the changes in body cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) concentrations which increased initially (p < 0.05) and then decreased (p < 0.05) compared to the original concentrations of the first generation. The results indicate that F. candida can adapt to soil metal stress during multigenerational exposure and the adaption energy may be related to a tradeoff between reproduction or growth of juveniles and the detoxification of metals accumulated in the body. Soil properties, especially pH and CEC, had a substantial influence on the long-term survival of the collembolan in the metal-polluted soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabing Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Zhu Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Xin Ke
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Longhua Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Peter Christie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
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The Effects of Waste Cement on the Bioavailability, Mobility, and Leaching of Cadmium in Soil. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18168885. [PMID: 34444633 PMCID: PMC8393406 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Waste cement is a construction and demolition waste produced from old buildings' demolition and transformation. In recent years, the recycling of recycled concrete is limited to the use of recycled aggregate, and the research on the utilization of waste cement in waste concrete is scarce. This study explored the effective application of waste cement for the adsorption of cadmium (Cd2+) from an aqueous solution and the bioavailability and immobility of Cd2+ in soil. Results showed that the maximum adsorption capacities of ordinary Portland cement(OPC) paste, fly ash cement (FAC) paste, and zeolite cement (ZEC) paste for Cd2+ were calculated to be 10.97, 9.47, 4.63 mg·g-1, respectively. The possible mechanisms for Cd2+ adsorption in the solution by waste cement mainly involve precipitation by forming insoluble Cd2+ compounds in alkaline conditions, and ion exchange for Cd2+ with the exchangeable calcium ions in waste cement, which were confirmed by XRD and SEM. Results from diethylene triaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) extraction and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) implied reduction of the Cd2+ mobility. DTPA-extractable Cd2+ decreased by 52, 48 and 46%, respectively, by adding 1% OPC, FAC and ZEC. TCLP-extractable Cd2+ decreased by 89.0, 80.3, and 56.0% after 1% OPC, FAC, and ZEC treatment, respectively. BCR analyses indicate that OPC, FAC, and ZEC applications increased the percentage of Cd2+ in residual fraction and induced a high reduction in the acid-soluble Cd2+ proportion. The leaching column test further confirmed a reduction in Cd2+ mobility by waste cement treated under continuous leaching of simulated acid rain (SAR). Therefore, waste cement exhibited a significant enhancement in the immobilization of Cd2+ under simulated acid rain (SAR) leaching. In summary, the application of alkaline waste cement could substantially remove Cd2+ from wastewater and reduce Cd2+ mobility and bioavailability in contaminated soil.
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Predicting Bioaccumulation of Potentially Toxic Element in Soil–Rice Systems Using Multi-Source Data and Machine Learning Methods: A Case Study of an Industrial City in Southeast China. LAND 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/land10060558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Potentially toxic element (PTE) pollution in farmland soils and crops is a serious cause of concern in China. To analyze the bioaccumulation characteristics of chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and nickel (Ni) in soil-rice systems, 911 pairs of top soil (0–0.2 m) and rice samples were collected from an industrial city in Southeast China. Multiple linear regression (MLR), support vector machines (SVM), random forest (RF), and Cubist were employed to construct models to predict the bioaccumulation coefficient (BAC) of PTEs in soil–rice systems and determine the potential dominators for PTE transfer from soil to rice grains. Cr, Cu, Zn, and Ni contents in soil of the survey region were higher than corresponding background contents in China. The mean Ni content of rice grains exceeded the national permissible limit, whereas the concentrations of Cr, Cu, and Zn were lower than their thresholds. The BAC of PTEs kept the sequence of Zn (0.219) > Cu (0.093) > Ni (0.032) > Cr (0.018). Of the four algorithms employed to estimate the bioaccumulation of Cr, Cu, Zn, and Ni in soil–rice systems, RF exhibited the best performance, with coefficient of determination (R2) ranging from 0.58 to 0.79 and root mean square error (RMSE) ranging from 0.03 to 0.04 mg kg−1. Total PTE concentration in soil, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and annual average precipitation were identified as top 3 dominators influencing PTE transfer from soil to rice grains. This study confirmed the feasibility and advantages of machine learning methods especially RF for estimating PTE accumulation in soil–rice systems, when compared with traditional statistical methods, such as MLR. Our study provides new tools for analyzing the transfer of PTEs from soil to rice, and can help decision-makers in developing more efficient policies for regulating PTE pollution in soil and crops, and reducing the corresponding health risks.
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Gong B, He E, Peijnenburg WJGM, Iwasaki Y, Van Gestel CAM, Cao X, Zhao L, Xu X, Qiu H. Coupling mixture reference models with DGT-perceived metal flux for deciphering the nonadditive effects of rare earth mixtures to wheat in soils. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 188:109736. [PMID: 32521305 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The risk assessment of mixtures of rare earth elements (REEs) is hampered by a lack of fundamental understanding of their interactions in different soil types. Here, we assessed mixture interactions and toxicity to Triticum aestivum of Y and Ce in four different soils in relation to their bioavailability. Mixture toxicity was modelled by concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA), in combination with different expressions of exposure: three equilibrium-based doses (total soil concentrations [M]tot, free ion activity in soil solution {M3+}, and the fraction (f) of metal ions bound to the biotic ligands (BLs)) and one kinetically controlled dose ([M]flux) metrics. Upon single exposure, REE toxicity was increasingly better described when using exposure expressions based on deepened understanding of their bioavailability: [M]flux > f > {M3+} > [M]tot. The mixture analyses based on [M]tot and {M3+} displayed deviations from additivity depending on the soil type. With the parameters derived from single exposures, the BLM approach gave better predictions of mixture toxicity (R2 ~ 0.70) than when using CA and IA based on either [M]tot or {M3+} (R2 < 0.64). About 30% of the variance in toxicity remained unexplained, challenging the view that the free metal ion is the main bioavailable form under the BLM framework based on thermodynamic equilibrium. Toxicity was best described when accounting for changes in the size of the labile metal pool by using a kinetically controlled dose metric (R2 ~ 0.80). This suggests that dynamic bioavailability analysis could provide a robust basis for modeling and reconciling the interplays and toxicity of metal mixtures in different soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Gong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Erkai He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Willie J G M Peijnenburg
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, 2333CC, the Netherlands; National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Center for the Safety of Substances and Products, Bilthoven, 3720 BA, the Netherlands
| | - Yuichi Iwasaki
- Research Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, 305-8569, Japan
| | - Cornelis A M Van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Xinde Cao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaoyun Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hao Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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Jin Z, Zhang M, Li R, Zhang X, Wang G, Liu X, Qu J, Jin Y. Spent mushroom substrate combined with alkaline amendment passivates cadmium and improves soil property. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:16317-16325. [PMID: 32124292 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08099-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As an extremely toxic metal, cadmium (Cd) is readily taken up by most plants. In situ Cd passivation is of great importance to reduce Cd availability in soil. In this experiment, two alkaline amendments, lime (L) (at a dosage of 0.02%, 0.04%, or 0.08%) and biochar (B) (at a dosage of 0.5%, 1%, or 2%), were used to improve Cd passivation by spent mushroom substrate (SMS) in a simulating Cd-contaminated soil (0.6 mg kg-1). Results showed that the application of SMS alone reduced Cd bioavailability by 44.80% and EC by 9.71% and increased soil pH by 0.61 units, CEC by 25.32%, and soil enzymes activities by 17.11% to 21.10% compared with non-amendment Cd-contaminated soil. Biochar combination enhanced the efficiency of SMS on Cd reduction by 48.32-66.58% and pH increased by 0.17 to 0.59 units and enzymes activities elevation by 5.74% to 47.29% in a dose-dependent manner. Lime also facilitated SMS to passivate Cd by decreasing bioavailable Cd by 63.10%-66.47% and increasing soil pH by 0.25-0.72 units and enzymes activities by 3.28% to 37.86% compared to those of SMS. Among six combined amendments, SMSB3 (0.5% SMS + 2% B) performed best in reducing bioavailable Cd (39.46% higher than SMS), increasing organic matter content (28.54% higher than SMS) and soil enzyme activities (25.82%, 47.29%, and 26.23% higher than that of SMS for catalase, urease, and invertase, respectively). Both biochar and lime can assist SMS to passivate Cd and improve soil property, and biochar is more efficient than lime in reducing cadmium content and increasing enzyme activity and organic matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonghui Jin
- College of Resources and Environmental science, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental science, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Li
- College of Resources and Environmental science, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental science, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoliang Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental science, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuesheng Liu
- College of Resources and Environmental science, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Juanjuan Qu
- College of Resources and Environmental science, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu Jin
- College of Resources and Environmental science, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, People's Republic of China.
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