1
|
Porricelli D, Tecilla M, Pucci V, Di Rosa E, Mondini S, Cappelletti M. Cognitive reserve modulates mental health in adulthood. Aging Clin Exp Res 2024; 36:139. [PMID: 38954168 PMCID: PMC11219466 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-024-02776-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Cognitive Reserve (CR) reflects acquired knowledge, skills, and abilities throughout life, and it is known for modulating cognitive efficiency in healthy and clinical populations. CR, which was initially proposed to explain individual differences in the clinical presentation of dementia, has subsequently been extended to healthy ageing, showing its role in cognitive efficiency also during middle age. Recently, CR has been linked to affective processes in psychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia, major depressive and anxiety symptoms, and psychological distress, suggesting its potential role in emotional expression and regulation. Whether the role of CR in mental health extends to non-pathological adults, and whether this is only relevant in older age is not yet clear. The aim of this work was therefore to explore the relationship between CR and mental health in healthy adults, with a focus on middle adulthood (40-60). In a sample of 96 participants, we found a positive association between CR and mental health outcomes, such that a higher cognitive reserve index corresponded to fewer mental health reported symptoms. Specifically, a higher CR reflecting professional activities was associated with lower stress levels, especially in middle agers. Taken together, these data therefore suggest that engaging occupations may help maintain a robust mental health, especially by reducing stress symptoms during middle age. These results broaden previous findings suggesting that CR relates to affective components of mental health in middle aged and older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Veronica Pucci
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Human Inspired Technology Centre (HIT), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Elisa Di Rosa
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Sara Mondini
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Human Inspired Technology Centre (HIT), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization (DPSS), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ophey A, Wirtz K, Wolfsgruber S, Balzer-Geldsetzer M, Berg D, Hilker-Roggendorf R, Kassubek J, Liepelt-Scarfone I, Becker S, Mollenhauer B, Reetz K, Riedel O, Schulz JB, Storch A, Trenkwalder C, Witt K, Wittchen HU, Dodel R, Roeske S, Kalbe E. Mid- and late-life lifestyle activities as main drivers of general and domain-specific cognitive reserve in individuals with Parkinson's disease: cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence from the LANDSCAPE study. J Neurol 2024:10.1007/s00415-024-12484-0. [PMID: 38951175 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-024-12484-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive reserve (CR) is considered a protective factor for cognitive function and may explain interindividual differences of cognitive performance given similar levels of neurodegeneration, e.g., in Alzheimer´s disease. Recent evidence suggests that CR is also relevant in Parkinson's disease (PD). OBJECTIVE We aimed to explore the role of life-stage specific CR for overall cognition and specific cognitive domains cross-sectionally and longitudinally in PD. METHODS The cross-sectional analysis with data from the DEMPARK/LANDSCAPE study included 81 individuals without cognitive impairment (PD-N) and 87 individuals with mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI). Longitudinal data covered 4 years with over 500 observations. CR was operationalized with the Lifetime of Experiences Questionnaire (LEQ), capturing the complexity of lifestyle activities across distinct life-stages. Cognition was assessed using a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery. RESULTS Higher LEQ scores, particularly from mid- and late-life, were observed in PD-N compared to PD-MCI [F(1,153) = 4.609, p = .033, ηp2 = 0.029]. They were significantly associated with better cognitive performance (0.200 ≤ β ≤ 0.292). Longitudinally, linear mixed effect models (0.236 ≤ marginal R2 ≤ 0.441) revealed that LEQ scores were positively related to cognitive performance independent of time. However, the decline in overall cognition and memory over time was slightly more pronounced with higher LEQ scores. CONCLUSIONS This study emphasizes the association between complex lifestyle activities and cognition in PD. Data indicate that while CR might be related to a delay of cognitive decline, individuals with high CR may experience a more pronounced drop in overall cognition and memory. Future studies will have to replicate these findings, particularly regarding domain-specific effects and considering reverse causal mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Ophey
- Department of Medical Psychology | Neuropsychology and Gender Studies, Center for Neuropsychological Diagnostic and Intervention (CeNDI), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Kathrin Wirtz
- Department of Medical Psychology | Neuropsychology and Gender Studies, Center for Neuropsychological Diagnostic and Intervention (CeNDI), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | - Daniela Berg
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian Albrechts-University (CAU), Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Jan Kassubek
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Ulm, Germany
| | - Inga Liepelt-Scarfone
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- IB-Hochschule, Stuttgart, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sara Becker
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Britt Mollenhauer
- Paracelsus-Elena Klinik, Kassel, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Reetz
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
- JARA Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging (INM-11), Juelich, Aachen, Germany
| | - Oliver Riedel
- Department Clinical Epidemiology, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - Jörg B Schulz
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
- JARA Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging (INM-11), Juelich, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Storch
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany
| | - Claudia Trenkwalder
- Paracelsus-Elena Klinik, Kassel, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Karsten Witt
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences and Research Center Neurosensory Science, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Evangelic Hospital Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Ullrich Wittchen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Richard Dodel
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sandra Roeske
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Elke Kalbe
- Department of Medical Psychology | Neuropsychology and Gender Studies, Center for Neuropsychological Diagnostic and Intervention (CeNDI), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jansen MG, Zwiers MP, Marques JP, Chan KS, Amelink JS, Altgassen M, Oosterman JM, Norris DG. The Advanced BRain Imaging on ageing and Memory (ABRIM) data collection: Study design, data processing, and rationale. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306006. [PMID: 38905233 PMCID: PMC11192316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
To understand the neurocognitive mechanisms that underlie heterogeneity in cognitive ageing, recent scientific efforts have led to a growing public availability of imaging cohort data. The Advanced BRain Imaging on ageing and Memory (ABRIM) project aims to add to these existing datasets by taking an adult lifespan approach to provide a cross-sectional, normative database with a particular focus on connectivity, myelinization and iron content of the brain in concurrence with cognitive functioning, mechanisms of reserve, and sleep-wake rhythms. ABRIM freely shares MRI and behavioural data from 295 participants between 18-80 years, stratified by age decade and sex (median age 52, IQR 36-66, 53.20% females). The ABRIM MRI collection consists of both the raw and pre-processed structural and functional MRI data to facilitate data usage among both expert and non-expert users. The ABRIM behavioural collection includes measures of cognitive functioning (i.e., global cognition, processing speed, executive functions, and memory), proxy measures of cognitive reserve (e.g., educational attainment, verbal intelligence, and occupational complexity), and various self-reported questionnaires (e.g., on depressive symptoms, pain, and the use of memory strategies in daily life and during a memory task). In a sub-sample (n = 120), we recorded sleep-wake rhythms using an actigraphy device (Actiwatch 2, Philips Respironics) for a period of 7 consecutive days. Here, we provide an in-depth description of our study protocol, pre-processing pipelines, and data availability. ABRIM provides a cross-sectional database on healthy participants throughout the adult lifespan, including numerous parameters relevant to improve our understanding of cognitive ageing. Therefore, ABRIM enables researchers to model the advanced imaging parameters and cognitive topologies as a function of age, identify the normal range of values of such parameters, and to further investigate the diverse mechanisms of reserve and resilience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle G. Jansen
- Donders Centre for Cognition, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel P. Zwiers
- Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jose P. Marques
- Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Kwok-Shing Chan
- Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jitse S. Amelink
- Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Mareike Altgassen
- Department of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Joukje M. Oosterman
- Donders Centre for Cognition, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - David G. Norris
- Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Balart-Sánchez SA, Bittencourt M, van der Naalt J, Maurits NM. Lower cognitive reserve is related to worse working memory performance in older adults after mTBI. An ERP study. Brain Inj 2024; 38:550-558. [PMID: 38481123 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2024.2328307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Older adults (OA) after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) have a high risk of developing persistent post-injury cognitive impairments. Lower pre-morbid cognitive reserve (CR) is increasingly investigated as a risk factor for cognitive dysfunction in OA. However, how CR protects against effects of mTBI at the brain level remains largely understudied. METHODS We examined 22 OA who sustained mTBI (mean 67.69 years, SD 5.11) in the sub-acute phase and 15 age- and CR-matched healthy OA (mean 68 years, SD 5.55) performing a three-level visual N-back task using electroencephalography. We calculated inverse efficiency scores of performance from accuracy and reaction times. Event-related potentials served as neurocognitive correlates of attentional (P2) and working memory (P3) processing. RESULTS Overall, mTBI OA performed worse than healthy OA (p = 0.031). Lower CR generally decreased performance (p < 0.001). Furthermore, with increasing task difficulty, task performance was more affected by CR (p = 0.004). At the brain level, P2 amplitude was lower in mTBI OA than in healthy OA (p = 0.05). There was no clear effect of CR on P2 or P3 measures. CONCLUSION As mTBI OA with lower CR performed worse on a working-memory task, lower CR may be a risk factor for worse recovery after mTBI in this group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A Balart-Sánchez
- Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
- Research School of Behavioural and Cognitive Neurosciences (BCN), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Bittencourt
- Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
- Research School of Behavioural and Cognitive Neurosciences (BCN), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J van der Naalt
- Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
- Research School of Behavioural and Cognitive Neurosciences (BCN), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - N M Maurits
- Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
- Research School of Behavioural and Cognitive Neurosciences (BCN), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Conte F, Rinaldi L, Gerosa T, Mondini S, Costantini G, Girelli L. Cognitive Reserve Potential: Capturing Cognitive Resilience Capability in Adolescence. Assessment 2024; 31:812-826. [PMID: 37394752 DOI: 10.1177/10731911231183363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive reserve (CR) represents the adaptive response of the cognitive system responsible for preserving normal functioning in the face of brain damage. Experiential factors such as education, occupation, and leisure activities influence the development of CR. Theoretically, such factors build up from childhood and across adulthood. Thus, appropriate tools to define and measure CR as early as adolescence are essential to understand its developmental processes. To this aim, we introduce the construct of "Cognitive Reserve Potential" (CRP) and its corresponding index of experiential factors tailored to youth. We investigated prototypical youth exposures potentially associated with the lifelong development of CR (e.g., sport practice, musical experiences, cultural activities, and relationships with peers and family). Principal component analysis and confirmatory factor analysis identified and replicated the CRP factor structure on two independent samples of Italian students: N = 585 (295 F) and N = 351 (201 F), ages 11 to 20. CRP was associated mainly with family socio-cultural status (i.e., socioeconomic status [SES], Home Possessions, and Books at Home). Results confirmed the strength of the factorial model and warranted the proposal of the CRP-questionnaire as an innovative tool for understanding CR evolutionary dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Rinaldi
- University of Pavia, Italy
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Luisa Girelli
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
- Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wei W, Wang K, Shi J, Li Z. Instruments to Assess Cognitive Reserve Among Older Adults: a Systematic Review of Measurement Properties. Neuropsychol Rev 2024; 34:511-529. [PMID: 37115436 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-023-09594-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive reserve explains the differences in the susceptibility to cognitive impairment related to brain aging, pathology, or insult. Given that cognitive reserve has important implications for the cognitive health of typically and pathologically aging older adults, research needs to identify valid and reliable instruments for measuring cognitive reserve. However, the measurement properties of current cognitive reserve instruments used in older adults have not been evaluated according to the most up-to-date COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health status Measurement INstruments (COSMIN). This systematic review aimed to critically appraise, compare, and summarize the quality of the measurement properties of all existing cognitive reserve instruments for older adults. A systematic literature search was performed to identify relevant studies published up to December 2021, which was conducted by three of four researchers using 13 electronic databases and snowballing method. The COSMIN was used to assess the methodological quality of the studies and the quality of measurement properties. Out of the 11,338 retrieved studies, only seven studies that concerned five instruments were eventually included. The methodological quality of one-fourth of the included studies was doubtful and three-seventh was very good, while only four measurement properties from two instruments were supported by high-quality evidence. Overall, current studies and evidence for selecting cognitive reserve instruments suitable for older adults were insufficient. All included instruments have the potential to be recommended, while none of the identified cognitive reserve instruments for older adults appears to be generally superior to the others. Therefore, further studies are recommended to validate the measurement properties of existing cognitive reserve instruments for older adults, especially the content validity as guided by COSMIN.Systematic Review Registration numbers: CRD42022309399 (PROSPERO).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanrui Wei
- School of Nursing, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 33 Ba Da Chu Road, Shijingshan District, 100144, Beijing, China
| | - Kairong Wang
- School of Nursing, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 33 Ba Da Chu Road, Shijingshan District, 100144, Beijing, China
| | - Jiyuan Shi
- School of Nursing, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 33 Ba Da Chu Road, Shijingshan District, 100144, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Li
- School of Nursing, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 33 Ba Da Chu Road, Shijingshan District, 100144, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Denche-Zamorano Á, Salas-Gómez D, Franco-García JM, Adsuar JC, Parraca JA, Collado-Mateo D. Associations between Physical Activity Frequency in Leisure Time and Subjective Cognitive Limitations in Middle-Aged Spanish Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:1056. [PMID: 38891131 PMCID: PMC11171578 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12111056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a global ageing of the world's population. Ageing is associated with multiple pathologies, reductions in physical activity, and losses in cognitive function. This study aimed to analyse the associations between the frequency of leisure-time physical activity (PAF) in middle-aged Spaniards and subjective cognitive limitations (SCLs): self-reported problems for remembering or concentrating (data extracted from the 2017 National Health Survey and the 2020 European Health Survey in Spain). Furthermore, the study aimed to evaluate risk factors that could be related to a higher probability of developing SCLs. This was a cross-sectional study with 15,866 middle-aged Spaniards. The associations between FAP and SCLs were analysed using chi-square. Also, the risk factors for SCLs were evaluated using binary multiple logistic regression. The median age of participants was 55 years, with 49% men and 51% women. Associations were found between PAF and SCLs (p < 0.001). The highest prevalence of SCLs was found in physically inactive people and the lowest in very active people (13.7% vs. 5.8%, p < 0.05), and people with SCLs had a higher prevalence of inactivity than those without SCLs (47.2% vs. 33.8%, p < 0.05). Physical inactivity, low educational level, low social class, and being female were the main risk factors for SCLs. Among the actions to prevent cognitive limitations, as well as interventions in people with cognitive limitations, it would be advisable to include physical activity programmes, both as a preventive measure to delay cognitive limitations and to reduce the risk of other pathologies in people who already have them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Denche-Zamorano
- Promoting a Healthy Society Research Group (PHeSO), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain; (Á.D.-Z.)
- Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade de Évora, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal
| | - Diana Salas-Gómez
- Escuelas Universitarias Gimbernat (EUG), Physiotherapy School Cantabria, University of Cantabria, 39300 Torrelavega, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Franco-García
- Health Economy Motricity and Education (HEME), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain
| | - José Carmelo Adsuar
- Promoting a Healthy Society Research Group (PHeSO), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain; (Á.D.-Z.)
- CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José A. Parraca
- Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade de Évora, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), University of Evora, 7004-516 Evora, Portugal
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pappalettera C, Carrarini C, Miraglia F, Vecchio F, Rossini PM. Cognitive resilience/reserve: Myth or reality? A review of definitions and measurement methods. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:3567-3586. [PMID: 38477378 PMCID: PMC11095447 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This review examines the concept of cognitive reserve (CR) in relation to brain aging, particularly in the context of dementia and its early stages. CR refers to an individual's ability to maintain or regain cognitive function despite brain aging, damage, or disease. Various factors, including education, occupation complexity, leisure activities, and genetics are believed to influence CR. METHODS We revised the literature in the context of CR. A total of 842 articles were identified, then we rigorously assessed the relevance of articles based on titles and abstracts, employing a systematic approach to eliminate studies that did not align with our research objectives. RESULTS We evaluate-also in a critical way-the methods commonly used to define and measure CR, including sociobehavioral proxies, neuroimaging, and electrophysiological and genetic measures. The challenges and limitations of these measures are discussed, emphasizing the need for more targeted research to improve the understanding, definition, and measurement of CR. CONCLUSIONS The review underscores the significance of comprehending CR in the context of both normal and pathological brain aging and emphasizes the importance of further research to identify and enhance this protective factor for cognitive preservation in both healthy and neurologically impaired older individuals. HIGHLIGHTS This review examines the concept of cognitive reserve in brain aging, in the context of dementia and its early stages. We have evaluated the methods commonly used to define and measure cognitive reserve. Sociobehavioral proxies, neuroimaging, and electrophysiological and genetic measures are discussed. The review emphasizes the importance of further research to identify and enhance this protective factor for cognitive preservation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Pappalettera
- Brain Connectivity LaboratoryDepartment of Neuroscience and NeurorehabilitationIRCCS San Raffaele RomaRomeItaly
- Department of Theoretical and Applied ScienceseCampus UniversityNovedrateItaly
| | - Claudia Carrarini
- Brain Connectivity LaboratoryDepartment of Neuroscience and NeurorehabilitationIRCCS San Raffaele RomaRomeItaly
- Department of NeuroscienceCatholic University of Sacred HeartRomeItaly
| | - Francesca Miraglia
- Brain Connectivity LaboratoryDepartment of Neuroscience and NeurorehabilitationIRCCS San Raffaele RomaRomeItaly
- Department of Theoretical and Applied ScienceseCampus UniversityNovedrateItaly
| | - Fabrizio Vecchio
- Brain Connectivity LaboratoryDepartment of Neuroscience and NeurorehabilitationIRCCS San Raffaele RomaRomeItaly
- Department of Theoretical and Applied ScienceseCampus UniversityNovedrateItaly
| | - Paolo M. Rossini
- Brain Connectivity LaboratoryDepartment of Neuroscience and NeurorehabilitationIRCCS San Raffaele RomaRomeItaly
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen H, Hu J, Gui S, Li Q, Wang J, Yang X, Yang J. Longitudinal validation of cognitive reserve proxy measures: a cohort study in a rural Chinese community. Alzheimers Res Ther 2024; 16:87. [PMID: 38654379 PMCID: PMC11036581 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-024-01451-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While evidence supports cognitive reserve (CR) in preserving cognitive function, longitudinal validation of CR proxies, including later-life factors, remains scarce. This study aims to validate CR's stability over time and its relation to cognitive function in rural Chinese older adults. METHODS Within the project on the health status of rural older adults (HSRO), the survey included baseline assessment (2019) and follow-up assessment (2022). 792 older adults (mean age: 70.23 years) were followed up. The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was constructed using cognitive reserve proxies that included years of formal education, social support, hobbies, and exercise. We examined the longitudinal validity of the CR factor using confirmatory factor analyses and measurement invariance and explored the association of CR with cognition using Spearman's correlation and Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE). RESULTS The results showed that CR's CFA structure was stable over time (T0, χ2/df: 3.21/2; RMSEA: 0.02, and T1, χ2/df: 7.47/2; RMSEA: 0.05) and that it accepted both configural and metric invariance (Δχ2/df = 2.28/3, P = 0.52). In addition, it was found that CR had a stable positive relationship with cognitive function across time (T0, r = 0.54; T1, r = 0.49). Furthermore, longitudinal CR were associated with MMSE (β = 2.25; 95%CI = 2.01 ~ 2.49). CONCLUSIONS This study provided valuable evidence on the stability and validity of cognitive reserve proxy measures in rural Chinese older adults. Our findings suggested that cognitive reserve is associated with cognitive function over time and highlighted the importance of accumulating cognitive reserve in later life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- The Third People's Hospital of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
| | - Jin Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Shiqi Gui
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Qiushuo Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xing Yang
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jingyuan Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mashinchi GM, McFarland CP, Hall S, Strongin DL, Williams GA, Cotter KA. Handicraft art leisure activities and cognitive reserve. Clin Neuropsychol 2024; 38:683-714. [PMID: 37674299 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2023.2253993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
ObjectiveOlder individuals face a higher likelihood of developing dementia. The rate of cognitive decline resulting from dementia is not equivalent for all, as some patients with dementia are able to function independently longer than others, despite having similar disease burden. The cognitive reserve (CR) theory provides one explanation for the differing rate of decline. CR suggests that there are factors-most notably, educational attainment and occupational attainment-that can protect against the cognitive decline. Although the beneficial effects of these notable CR factors are clear, not all are easily modifiable. Participation in leisure activities may represent a more easily modifiable factor. Some research hints at beneficial effects of leisure activities, although specific leisure activities have not been well examined. The present study examined the relations between handicraft art leisure activities (HALAs) and multiple cognitive domains. MethodArchival WAIS-IV and demographic data for 50 California retirement community residents were examined. ResultsHALA participation accounted for statistically significant variance in working memory performance (R2 = .40, β = .24%) over and above the established CR factors of age, depression, educational attainment, and occupational attainment. In addition, HALA participation was related to a better ability to perform abstract visual information tasks (Block Design subtest, r = .28, p = .05) and non-verbal reasoning tasks (Visual Puzzles subtest, r = .38, p = .008). ConclusionsHALA participation among older adults could contribute to the retention of cognitive function, supporting the role of HALA participation as a CR factor.
Collapse
|
11
|
Pucci V, La Face A, Gasteiger-Klicpera B, Mondini S. Cognitive reserve proxies for individuals with intellectual developmental disability: A scoping review. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2024; 37:e13204. [PMID: 38361365 DOI: 10.1111/jar.13204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive reserve (CR) has not been studied in people with Intellectual Developmental Disability, a population with a high incidence of dementia. Commonly adopted CR proxies should be adapted to reflect more specifically the experiences of people with Intellectual Developmental Disability. METHOD This scoping review intended to identify CR proxies relevant to people with this condition. RESULTS Some of these were the same already detected in a population without intellectual disabilities (education, occupation, physical activity, leisure, community and social activities); others were found to be specifically relevant for this population: type of schooling, parental educational level, environmental stimulation and living place. CONCLUSIONS These proxies need to be considered in studies on CR and Intellectual Developmental Disability and in clinical practice. Research on the protective effect of CR aims to encourage policies promoting lifestyle-based educational and preventive interventions and overcome participation barriers for people with Intellectual Developmental Disability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Pucci
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
- Human Inspired Technology Centre (HIT), University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Annalisa La Face
- Inclusive Education Unit, Institute of Education Research and Teacher Education, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Barbara Gasteiger-Klicpera
- Inclusive Education Unit, Institute of Education Research and Teacher Education, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sara Mondini
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
- Human Inspired Technology Centre (HIT), University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sandrini M, Manenti R, Gobbi E, Pagnoni I, Geviti A, Alaimo C, Campana E, Binetti G, Cotelli M. Cognitive reserve predicts episodic memory enhancement induced by transcranial direct current stimulation in healthy older adults. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4879. [PMID: 38418583 PMCID: PMC10902403 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53507-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Episodic memory shows the largest degree of age-related decline. Anodal transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) can enhance episodic memory in aging but there is also evidence of response variability even when using identical stimulation parameters. To explore which inter-individual factors (i.e. age, education, encoding performance, cognitive reserve, tDCS group and timing of tDCS application) may directly and/or indirectly modulate verbal memory recall, we used data from our previous tDCS studies that showed enhanced episodic memory recall in 80 healthy older adults. In these studies we used the same paradigm and stimulation parameters but tDCS was applied during different memory stages. Memory recall was tested 48 hours and 30 days after encoding. Univariate regression models showed that tDCS group (Anodal vs. Sham) predicted memory recall, indicating higher scores in the Anodal group than in the Sham group. Encoding performance predicted memory recall in both tDCS groups. Multiple regression models revealed that cognitive reserve, measured with a life experience questionnaire, predicted memory recall only for the Anodal group. Higher cognitive reserve was linked to better memory recall. Accounting for individual differences in cognitive reserve at baseline helps to explain tDCS responsiveness. This knowledge may contribute to optimize its use in older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Sandrini
- School of Psychology, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | - Rosa Manenti
- Neuropsychology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elena Gobbi
- Neuropsychology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Pagnoni
- Neuropsychology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Geviti
- Statistics Service, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Cristina Alaimo
- Neuropsychology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elena Campana
- Neuropsychology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuliano Binetti
- MAC Memory Clinic and Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maria Cotelli
- Neuropsychology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jardim NYV, Bento-Torres NVO, Tomás AM, da Costa VO, Bento-Torres J, Picanço-Diniz CW. Unexpected cognitive similarities between older adults and young people: Scores variability and cognitive performances. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2024; 117:105206. [PMID: 37742393 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2023.105206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased interindividual variability in cognitive performance during aging has been proposed as an indicator of cognitive reserve. OBJECTIVE To determine if interindividual variability performance in episodic memory (PAL), working memory (SWM), reaction time (RTI), and sustained attention (RVP) could differentiate clusters of differential cognitive performance in healthy young and older adults and search for cognitive tests that most contribute to these differential performances. METHODS We employed hierarchical cluster and canonical discriminant function analyses of cognitive scores using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) to identify cognitive variability in older and young adults using the coefficient of variability of cognitive performances between and within groups. We also analyzed potential influences of age, education, and physical activity. RESULTS Cluster analysis distinguished groups with differential cognitive performance and correlation analysis revealed coefficient of variability and cognitive performance associations. The greater the coefficient of variability the poorer was cognitive performance in RTI but not in PAL and SWM. Older adults showed diverse trajectories of cognitive decline, and better education or higher percentage of physically active individuals exhibited better cognitive performance in both older and young adults. CONCLUSION PAL and SWM are the most sensitive tests to investigate the wide age range encompassing older and young adults. In older adults' intragroup analysis PAL showed greater discriminatory capacity, indicating its potential for clinical applications late in life. Our data underscore the importance of studying variability as a tool for early detection of subtle cognitive declines and for interpreting results that deviate from normality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naina Yuki Vieira Jardim
- Neurodegeneration and Infection Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Science, João de Barros Barreto University Hospital, Federal University of Pará, Belém, 66073 005, Brazil
| | - Natáli Valim Oliver Bento-Torres
- Neurodegeneration and Infection Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Science, João de Barros Barreto University Hospital, Federal University of Pará, Belém, 66073 005, Brazil; Graduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, 66075-110, Brazil.
| | - Alessandra Mendonça Tomás
- Neurodegeneration and Infection Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Science, João de Barros Barreto University Hospital, Federal University of Pará, Belém, 66073 005, Brazil
| | - Victor Oliveira da Costa
- Neurodegeneration and Infection Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Science, João de Barros Barreto University Hospital, Federal University of Pará, Belém, 66073 005, Brazil
| | - João Bento-Torres
- Neurodegeneration and Infection Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Science, João de Barros Barreto University Hospital, Federal University of Pará, Belém, 66073 005, Brazil; Graduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Cristovam Wanderley Picanço-Diniz
- Neurodegeneration and Infection Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Science, João de Barros Barreto University Hospital, Federal University of Pará, Belém, 66073 005, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Šneidere K, Zdanovskis N, Mondini S, Stepens A. Relationship between lifestyle proxies of cognitive reserve and cortical regions in older adults. Front Psychol 2024; 14:1308434. [PMID: 38250107 PMCID: PMC10797127 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1308434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction With the rapid increase in the population over 65 years old, research on healthy aging has become one of the priorities in the research community, looking for a cost-effective method to prevent or delay symptoms of mild cognitive disorder or dementia. Studies indicate that cognitive reserve theory could be beneficial in this regard. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential relationship between lifestyle socio-behavioral proxies of cognitive reserve and cortical regions in adults with no subjective cognitive decline. Methods Overall, 58 participants, aged 65-85 years, were included in the data analysis (M = 71.83, SD = 5.02, 20.7% male). Cognitive reserve proxies were measured using the Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire, while cortical volumes were obtained with the Siemens 1.5 T Avanto MRI scanner and further mapped using the Desikan-Killiany-Tourville (DKT) Atlas. Estimated intracranial volume and age were used as covariates. Results The results indicated that higher occupational complexity was associated with larger cortical volume in the left middle temporal gyrus, the left and right inferior temporal gyrus, and the left inferior parietal lobule, while a combined proxy (the total CRI score) showed a positive relationship with the volume of left middle temporal gyrus and inferior parietal lobule, and pars orbitalis in the right hemisphere. Discussion These results might indicate that more complex occupational activities and overall more intellectually and socially active life-style could contribute to better brain health, especially in regions known to be more vulnerable to Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Šneidere
- Department of Health Psychology and Pedagogy, Riga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
- Military Medicine Research and Study Centre, Riga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Nauris Zdanovskis
- Military Medicine Research and Study Centre, Riga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
- Department of Radiology, Riga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
- Department of Radiology, Riga East University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Sara Mondini
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Ainars Stepens
- Military Medicine Research and Study Centre, Riga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Manrique-Gutiérrez G, Rodríguez-Cayetano Q, Samudio-Cruz MA, Carrillo-Mora P. The role of cognitive reserve in traumatic brain injury: a systematic review of observational studies. Brain Inj 2024; 38:45-60. [PMID: 38219070 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2024.2304876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluate the role of cognitive reserve (CR) on cognitive and physical sequelae in traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS A comprehensive search strategy was conducted in four databases in English and Spanish in the last 12 years (2011-2023). Inclusion criteria: original cross-sectional and longitudinal studies whose main or secondary objective was to evaluate the effect of CR in adult patients with TBI. PRISMA guidelines were used to report the search and selection method and STROBE checklist was used to evaluate the quality of studies. RESULTS Eighteen observational studies were included in this review. Multiple sources of variability were observed: number of patients, time of evolution, severity of the TBI, type of CR proxy, cognitive assessment instrument, etc. However, the most commonly used indicators of CR were premorbid IQ and educational attainment. A positive and consistent association between CR and performance on cognitive tests after injury was found. CONCLUSIONS CR has a consistent positive effect on cognition and on some other aspects of recovery in traumatic brain injury. In future studies, it will be necessary to promote the use of CR indices based on various indicators and explore the effects of CR on other aspects related to the recovery of brain trauma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Manrique-Gutiérrez
- PECEM (Plan de Estudios Combinados en Medicina), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | | | - María Alejandra Samudio-Cruz
- Division de Neurociencias Clinicas, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillerimo Ibarra Ibarra", México City, México
| | - Paul Carrillo-Mora
- Division de Neurociencias Clinicas, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillerimo Ibarra Ibarra", México City, México
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ayton A, Hicks AJ, Spitz G, Ponsford J. The utility of the Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire in chronic traumatic brain injury. Clin Neuropsychol 2024; 38:182-201. [PMID: 37035985 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2023.2196441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Objective: This study examined the relationship between cognitive reserve measured with the Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire (CRIq) and cognitive and functional outcomes in a chronic traumatic brain injury (TBI) cohort compared to a non-TBI cohort. The utility of the CRIq was compared to common proxies of cognitive reserve (premorbid IQ and years of education) in TBI and non-TBI cohorts. Method: Participants were 105 individuals with moderate-severe TBI (10-33 years post injury) and 91 participants without TBI. Cognitive outcome was examined across four cognitive factors; verbal memory, visual ability and memory, executive attention, and episodic memory. Functional outcome was measured using the Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended. The CRIq total score and three subscale scores (education, work, leisure) were examined. Results: In the TBI cohort, associations were identified between two CRIq subscales and cognitive factors (CRIq education and verbal memory; CRIq work and executive attention). There were no associations between CRIq leisure and cognitive outcomes, or between CRIq and functional outcome. Model selection statistics suggested premorbid IQ and years of education provided a better fit than the CRIq for the relationship between cognitive reserve with two cognitive factors and functional outcome, with neither model providing an improved fit for the remaining two cognitive factors. This finding was broadly consistent in the non-TBI cohort. Conclusion: Cognitive reserve contributes significantly to long-term clinical outcomes following moderate-severe TBI. The relationship between cognitive reserve and long-term cognitive and functional outcomes following TBI is best characterised with traditional proxies of cognitive reserve, mainly premorbid IQ, rather than the CRIq.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amber Ayton
- Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amelia J Hicks
- Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gershon Spitz
- Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennie Ponsford
- Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pinto JO, Peixoto B, Dores AR, Barbosa F. Measures of cognitive reserve: An umbrella review. Clin Neuropsychol 2024; 38:42-115. [PMID: 37073431 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2023.2200978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Recently, there has been a growing interest in operationalizing and measuring cognitive reserve (CR) for clinical and research purposes. This umbrella review aims to summarize the existing systematic and meta-analytic reviews about measures of CR. Method: A literature search was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and the guidelines of Aromataris et al. (2015) to identify the systematic reviews and meta-analysis involving the assessment of CR. The methodological quality of the papers included in this umbrella review was assessed with A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews 2 (AMSTAR-2) and Specialist Unit for Review Evidence (SURE). Results: Thirty-one reviews were identified, sixteen of which were systematic reviews, and fifteen were meta-analyses. Most of the reviews had a critically low quality, according to AMSTAR-2. The reviews included between two and 135 studies. Most of the papers focused on older adults, mainly those with dementia. CR was measured using one to six proxies, but most considered each proxy separately. The most assessed proxies of CR were education on its own, combined with occupation and/or engagement in activities or combined with parental education, bilingualism, and engagement in activities when four CR proxies were studied. Most of the studies included in higher quality reviews focused on three proxies, with education and engagement in activities being the most evaluated using CR questionnaires. Conclusion: Despite the growing interest in measuring CR, its operationalization did not improve since the last umbrella review in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana O Pinto
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ESS, Polytechnic of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- CESPU, University Institute of Health Sciences, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Bruno Peixoto
- CESPU, University Institute of Health Sciences, Gandra, Portugal
- NeuroGen - Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Porto, Portugal
- TOXRUN - Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Artemisa R Dores
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ESS, Polytechnic of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Center for Rehabilitation Research, ESS, Polytechnic of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Barbosa
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Farran N, Darwish H. Validation of the Cognitive Reserve Index Questionnaire (CRIq) in Arabic. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:1006. [PMID: 38131862 PMCID: PMC10740462 DOI: 10.3390/bs13121006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive reserve is the adaptability of cognitive processes in the face of brain aging and pathology. This study aimed to validate the Arabic version of the Cognitive Reserve Index Questionnaire (CRIq) in a healthy Lebanese sample. CRIq assesses cognitive reserve through three domains: education, working activity, and leisure time. Statistical measures, including descriptive and regression analysis along with structural equation modeling, were utilized to investigate the convergent and discriminant validity of the CRIq, incorporating fluid intelligence (Gf) and measures of cognitive function, long-term memory encoding and retrieval (Glr), and processing speed (Gs). Results from 174 participants revealed that the activities assessed by the CRIq-Arabic were comparable to the original CRIq study, with slight cultural differences. The internal consistency of the CRIq-Arabic was good (Cronbach's α = 0.88), indicating reliability. Convergent validity was confirmed, with moderate to high loadings on the cognitive reserve latent construct. Discriminant validity was supported as correlations between cognitive reserve variables and non-target constructs (Gf, Glr, and Gs) were less than 1. The findings provide an initial psychometric validation of the CRIq-Arabic. Further research of clinical samples is needed to enhance its utility in neuropsychological practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natali Farran
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AB, UK
| | - Hala Darwish
- Hariri School of Nursing, American University of Beirut, Beirut 11-0236, Lebanon
- Department of Systems, Populations and Leadership, School of Nursing and Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mondini S, Pucci V, Pastore M, Gaggi O, Tricomi PP, Nucci M. s-CRIq: the online short version of the Cognitive Reserve Index Questionnaire. Aging Clin Exp Res 2023; 35:2903-2910. [PMID: 37733229 PMCID: PMC10721653 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-023-02561-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The wide use of the term Cognitive Reserve (CR) is in need of a clear and shared definition of its concept and of the development of new tools, quick and easy to use and updated for the people of today. This study describes the online short CRIq (s-CRIq), the new shorter version of the CRIq, following an item analysis revision, and compares the data distribution of different samples. METHODS The s-CRIq was administered online to 435 people while another 440 filled out the s-CRIq in self-administration. A further 588 participants had been administered the original paper-and-pencil long CRIq and 344 the online long CRIq. RESULTS The major difference in the databases of s-CRIq versus the long versions is an increased score in education and in leisure activity. However, the density distributions of the total score of CRI in the 4 databases share 64% of their areas, and at least two of them share 84%. CONCLUSION The s-CRIq proved to be a simple and easy-to-administer tool. Similarly, to the original version, the s-CRIq is freely available on the web, and it is our hope that it will be of fruitful use for researchers and clinicians alike.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mondini
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, FISPPA, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
- Human Inspired Technology Research Centre, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| | - Veronica Pucci
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, FISPPA, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Human Inspired Technology Research Centre, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Ombretta Gaggi
- Human Inspired Technology Research Centre, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Department of Mathematics, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Tricomi
- Human Inspired Technology Research Centre, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Department of Mathematics, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Massimo Nucci
- Human Inspired Technology Research Centre, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Department of General Psychology, DPG, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
D’Aurizio G, Festucci F, Di Pompeo I, Tempesta D, Curcio G. Effects of Physical Activity on Cognitive Functioning: The Role of Cognitive Reserve and Active Aging. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1581. [PMID: 38002541 PMCID: PMC10670180 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13111581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increase in average life expectancy necessitates the identification of possible mechanisms capable of promoting "active aging" to ensure adequate levels of global functioning. Numerous studies show that regular physical activity promotes, even in the elderly, a state of functional psychophysical well-being capable of slowing down age-related cognitive decline. This study aimed to clarify whether, and how, the intensity of physical activity can modulate cognitive and executive skills by influencing specific psychological variables. METHODS Our sample consisted of 151 senior subjects divided into hikers (HIK), gentle gymnastics (GYM), and sedentary (SED), who practice intense, moderate, and reduced physical activity, respectively. A battery of psychological questionnaires was administrated to evaluate attentional skills, decision-making, the ability to implement targeted behaviors, perceived self-efficacy, and psychophysical well-being. We included: the Mini-Mental State Examination, Cognitive Reserve Index Questionnaire, General Self-Efficacy Scale, Letter Cancellation Test, Everyday Competence Questionnaire, and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). RESULTS Comparisons between the scores reported by the three groups showed that the HIK group differs from the others with respect to most of the measurements, presenting better mood and cognitive performance, and a specific psychological profile. On the contrary, the GYM group appeared to have a greater affinity with the SED group than with the HIK group, both cognitively and psychologically. CONCLUSIONS Types of physical activity, as well as the intensity and frequency with which they are practiced, are factors that promote an active aging process, protecting the psychophysical well-being and overall cognitive functioning of the elderly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Giuseppe Curcio
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (G.D.); (F.F.); (I.D.P.); (D.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ourry V, Rehel S, André C, Mary A, Paly L, Delarue M, Requier F, Hendy A, Collette F, Marchant NL, Felisatti F, Palix C, Vivien D, de la Sayette V, Chételat G, Gonneaud J, Rauchs G. Effect of cognitive reserve on the association between slow wave sleep and cognition in community-dwelling older adults. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:9275-9292. [PMID: 37770186 PMCID: PMC10564409 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Sleep, especially slow wave sleep (SWS), is essential for cognitive functioning and is reduced in aging. The impact of sleep quality on cognition is variable, especially in aging. Cognitive reserve (CR) may be an important modulator of these effects. We aimed at investigating this question to better identify individuals in whom sleep disturbances might have greater behavioral consequences. Polysomnography and neuropsychological assessments were performed in 135 cognitively intact older adults (mean age ± SD: 69.4 ± 3.8y) from the Age-Well randomized controlled trial (baseline data). Two measures of cognitive engagement throughout life were used as CR proxies. Linear regression analyses were performed between the proportion of SWS, and executive function and episodic memory composite scores. Then, interaction analyses between SWS and CR proxies on cognition were conducted to assess the possible impact of CR on these links. SWS was positively associated with episodic memory, but not with executive function. CR proxies modulated the associations between SWS and both executive and episodic memory performance. Specifically, individuals with higher CR were able to maintain cognitive performance despite low amounts of SWS. This study provides the first evidence that CR may protect against the deleterious effects of age-related sleep changes on cognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Ourry
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, France
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, PSL Université, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, GIP Cyceron, NIMH, Caen, France
| | - Stéphane Rehel
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, France
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, PSL Université, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, GIP Cyceron, NIMH, Caen, France
| | - Claire André
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, France
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, PSL Université, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, GIP Cyceron, NIMH, Caen, France
| | - Alison Mary
- Neuropsychology and Functional Imaging Research Group (UR2NF), Centre for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences (CRCN), UNI - ULB Neuroscience Institute, Bruxelles 1050, Belgium
| | - Léo Paly
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, France
| | - Marion Delarue
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, France
| | - Florence Requier
- University of Liege, GIGA CRC Vivo Imaging, Liege, Belgium
- University of Liege, Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition, Liege, Belgium
| | - Anne Hendy
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fabienne Collette
- University of Liege, GIGA CRC Vivo Imaging, Liege, Belgium
- University of Liege, Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition, Liege, Belgium
| | | | - Francesca Felisatti
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, France
| | - Cassandre Palix
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, France
| | - Denis Vivien
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, France
- Département de Recherche Clinique, CHU de Caen, Caen, France
| | - Vincent de la Sayette
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, PSL Université, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, GIP Cyceron, NIMH, Caen, France
- Service de Neurologie, CHU de Caen, Caen, France
| | - Gaël Chételat
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, France
| | - Julie Gonneaud
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, France
| | - Géraldine Rauchs
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cespón J, Chupina I, Carreiras M. Cognitive reserve counteracts typical neural activity changes related to ageing. Neuropsychologia 2023; 188:108625. [PMID: 37364777 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that older adults with high Cognitive Reserve (HCR) exhibit better executive functioning than their low CR (LCR) counterparts. However, the neural processes linked to those differences are unclear. This study investigates (1) the neural processes underlying executive functions in older adults with HCR compared to older adults with LCR and (2) how executive control differences between HCR and LCR groups are modulated by increased task difficulty. We recruited 74 participants (37 in each group) with diverse CR levels, as determined by a standardised CR questionnaire. Participants performed two executive control tasks with lower and higher difficulty levels (i.e., Simon and spatial Stroop tasks, respectively) while recording the electroencephalogram. The accuracy on both tasks requiring inhibition of irrelevant information was better in the HCR than the LCR group. Also, in the task with higher difficulty level (i.e., the spatial Stroop task), event-related potential (ERP) latencies associated with inhibition (i.e., frontal N200) and updating of working memory (i.e., P300) were earlier in HCR than LCR. Moreover, the HCR, but not the LCR group, showed larger P300 amplitude in parietal than frontal regions and in the left than right hemisphere, suggesting a posterior to anterior shift of activity and loss of inter-hemispheric asymmetries in LCR participants. These results suggest that high CR counteracts neural activity changes related to ageing. Thus, high levels of CR may be related to maintenance of neural activity patterns typically observed in young adults rather than to deployment of neural compensatory mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Cespón
- BCBL Basque Center on Cognition, Brain, and Language, Mikeletegi Pasealekua, 69, Donostia/San Sebastián, 20009, Spain.
| | - Irina Chupina
- Radboud University, Donders Centre for Cognition, Thomas van Aquinostraat 4, 6525 GD, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Manuel Carreiras
- BCBL Basque Center on Cognition, Brain, and Language, Mikeletegi Pasealekua, 69, Donostia/San Sebastián, 20009, Spain; Ikerbasque. Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain; University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). Bilbao, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Howard KA, Massimo L, Griffin SF, Gagnon RJ, Zhang L, Rennert L. Systematic examination of methodological inconsistency in operationalizing cognitive reserve and its impact on identifying predictors of late-life cognition. BMC Geriatr 2023; 23:547. [PMID: 37684556 PMCID: PMC10492336 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-023-04263-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive reserve (CR) is the ability to maintain cognitive performance despite brain pathology. CR is built through lifecourse experiences (e.g., education) and is a key construct in promoting healthy aging. However, the operationalization of CR and its estimated association with late-life cognition varies. The purpose of this study was to systematically examine the operationalization of CR and the relationship between its operationalization and late-life cognition. METHODS We performed a comprehensive review of experiences (proxies) used to operationalize CR. The review informed quantitative analyses using data from 1366 participants of the Memory and Aging Project to examine 1) relationships between proxies and 2) the relationship between operationalization and late-life cognition. We also conducted a factor analysis with all identified CR experiences to create a composite lifecourse CR score. Generalized linear mixed models examined the relationship between operationalizations and global cognition, with secondary outcomes of five domains of cognition to examine consistency. RESULTS Based on a review of 753 articles, we found the majority (92.3%) of the 28 commonly used proxies have weak to no correlation between one another. There was substantial variability in the association between operationalizations and late-life global cognition (median effect size: 0.99, IQR: 0.34 to 1.39). There was not strong consistency in the association between CR operationalizations and the five cognitive domains (mean consistency: 56.1%). The average estimate for the 28 operationalizations was 0.91 (SE = 0.48), compared to 2.48 (SE = 0.40) for the lifecourse score and it was associated with all five domains of cognition. CONCLUSIONS Inconsistent methodology is theorized as a major limitation of CR research and barrier to identification of impactful experiences for healthy cognitive aging. Based on the weak associations, it is not surprising that the relationship between CR and late-life cognition is dependent on the experience used to operationalize CR. Scores using multiple experiences across the lifecourse may help overcome such limitations. Adherence to a lifecourse approach and collaborative movement towards a consensus operationalization of CR are imperative shifts in the study of CR that can better inform research on risk factors related to cognitive decline and ultimately aid in the promotion of healthy aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerry A Howard
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.
- Center for Public Health Modeling and Response, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.
| | - Lauren Massimo
- Department of Neurology, Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sarah F Griffin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Ryan J Gagnon
- Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Lior Rennert
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.
- Center for Public Health Modeling and Response, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Montoliu T, Zapater-Fajarí M, Hidalgo V, Salvador A. Openness to experience and cognitive functioning and decline in older adults: The mediating role of cognitive reserve. Neuropsychologia 2023; 188:108655. [PMID: 37507065 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Openness to experience has been consistently associated with better cognitive functioning in older people, but its association with cognitive decline is less clear. Cognitive reserve has been proposed as a mechanism underlying this relationship, but previous studies have reported mixed findings, possibly due to the different ways of conceptualizing cognitive reserve. We aimed to analyze the potential mediating role of cognitive reserve in the association between openness and cognitive functioning and decline in healthy older people. METHOD In Wave 1 and at the four-year follow-up (Wave 2), 87 healthy older people (49.4% women; M age = 65.08, SD = 4.54) completed a neuropsychological battery to assess cognitive functioning and a questionnaire to assess cognitive reserve. Openness was measured with the NEO- Five-Factor Inventory. Mediation models were proposed to investigate the relationship between openness and cognitive function or decline through cognitive reserve or its change. RESULTS Cognitive reserve mediated the openness-cognitive functioning association. Thus, individuals with higher openness showed greater cognitive reserve, and this greater cognitive reserve was associated with better cognitive functioning. Moreover, greater cognitive reserve at baseline also mediated the association between higher openness and slower cognitive decline. However, change in cognitive reserve did not mediate the association between openness and change in cognitive functioning. CONCLUSIONS Cognitive reserve is a mechanism underlying the association between openness and cognitive functioning and decline. These findings support the differential preservation hypothesis, suggesting that healthy older adults who engage in more cognitively stimulating activities would show less age-related cognitive decline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Montoliu
- Department Psychobiology-IDOCAL, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Vanesa Hidalgo
- Department Psychobiology-IDOCAL, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Department of Psychology and Sociology, University of Zaragoza, Teruel, Spain.
| | - Alicia Salvador
- Department Psychobiology-IDOCAL, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health CIBERSAM, 28029, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Giaquinto F, Tosi G, Abbatantuono C, Pepe I, Iaia M, Macchitella L, Rizzi E, De Caro MF, Romano D, Taurisano P, Angelelli P. The indirect effect of cognitive reserve on the relationship between age and cognition in pathological ageing: A cross-sectional retrospective study in an unselected and consecutively enrolled sample. J Neuropsychol 2023; 17:477-490. [PMID: 37184066 DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive reserve (CR) allows individuals to maintain cognitive functionality even in the presence of pathologies. The compensation hypothesis suggests that CR plays an indirect role between age and cognitive decline, contrasting the negative effect of ageing on cognition. We test this hypothesis in an unselected and consecutively enrolled sample of memory clinic attendees (n = 134) who completed the CR Index questionnaire and three neuropsychological tests assessing global cognition (MMSE, FAB, CDT). Participants were divided into two groups based on standard diagnostic criteria (DSM-5): those who were cognitively impaired (n = 92) and those who were preserved (n = 42). A principal component analysis was used to extract a composite measure of global cognitive functioning from the three neuropsychological tests, and mediation analysis was used to examine the relationship between CR, age and global cognitive functioning in the two groups. Results revealed that: (i) age had a significant direct negative effect on the global cognitive score in both groups; (ii) the three socio-behavioural proxies of CR together suppress the direct negative relationship between age and global cognitive score in cognitively impaired patients but not in cognitively preserved participants. This study confirms the association between CR, age and cognition and allows us to validate its role in a population with cognitive impairment and extend findings to a low-to-middle educated population. These results hold important implications for public health and wellness promotion, emphasising the beneficial role of maintaining healthy and active physical, cognitive and social lifestyles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Giaquinto
- Laboratory of Applied Psychology and Intervention, Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Giorgia Tosi
- Laboratory of Applied Psychology and Intervention, Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
- Psychology Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Abbatantuono
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience "DiBraiN", University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Ilaria Pepe
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience "DiBraiN", University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Marika Iaia
- Laboratory of Applied Psychology and Intervention, Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Luigi Macchitella
- Laboratory of Applied Psychology and Intervention, Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
- Scientific Institute I.R.C.C.S. "E. Medea"- Unit for Severe Disabilities in Developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi, Italy
| | - Ezia Rizzi
- Laboratory of Applied Psychology and Intervention, Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
- Psychology Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Fara De Caro
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience "DiBraiN", University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Daniele Romano
- Psychology Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Taurisano
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience "DiBraiN", University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Angelelli
- Laboratory of Applied Psychology and Intervention, Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Snow C, Guadagni V, Eskes GA, Poulin MJ, Longman RS. Internal consistency and reliability of the lifetime and modified current cognitive activity questionnaires and their association with cognitive performance: a six-year follow up of the Brain in Motion study. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2023; 45:579-596. [PMID: 38146770 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2023.2272979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cognitive activity questionnaires could provide insight into neurocognitive reserve. The Lifetime Cognitive Activities Questionnaire (LCAQ) assesses cognitive activities at four stages of life. The Modified Current Cognitive Activities Questionnaire (CCAQ) assesses current cognitive activities. We examined the construct validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and stability of these questionnaires throughout the Brain in Motion (BIM) study and their relationship with cognitive performance. METHODS The LCAQ, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and neuropsychological battery were administered at the initial pre-intervention and six-year follow-up. The CCAQ was administered at five timepoints. Construct validity of the CCAQ/LCAQ was assessed using proxies of cognitive engagement (educational attainment and the North American Adult Reading Test [NAART]). Cronbach alpha analysis determined internal consistency. LCAQ reliability was established by comparing the pre-intervention and six-year follow-up. CCAQ reliability was determined by comparing both pre-intervention assessments, correlations throughout BIM determined stability. A multiple linear regression investigated the associations between cognitive engagement and cognitive domains derived from a principal component analysis. RESULTS MoCA scores at the initial pre-intervention (27.49 ± 1.46) and six-year follow up (26.53 ± 2.08). The LCAQ and CCAQ correlated with educational attainment and the NAART. The LCAQ (n = 266) produced an alpha of 0.90 (20 items). The CCAQ (n = 261) resulted in an alpha of 0.71 (25 items). LCAQ scores (n = 94) at the initial pre-intervention and six-year follow-up were correlated. CCAQ (n = 94) scores at the initial pre-intervention correlated with scores at all five other timepoints. The multiple linear regression revealed associations between the CCAQ and verbal memory/attention. The NAART was associated with processing speed, concept formation, and verbal memory/attention. CONCLUSIONS In the absence of cognitive decline, these questionnaires exhibit significant construct validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and the CCAQ displayed stability. The NAART and CCAQ were associated with neuropsychological performance. Our findings support future use of these questionnaires and exemplify the neuroprotective role of cognitive engagement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Connor Snow
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Veronica Guadagni
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- O'Brien Institute for Public Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Gail A Eskes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Marc J Poulin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- O'Brien Institute for Public Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - R Stewart Longman
- Psychology Service, Alberta Health Service, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ayesa-Arriola R, de la Foz VOG, Murillo-García N, Vázquez-Bourgon J, Juncal-Ruiz M, Gómez-Revuelta M, Suárez-Pinilla P, Setién-Suero E, Crespo-Facorro B. Cognitive reserve as a moderator of outcomes in five clusters of first episode psychosis patients: a 10-year follow-up study of the PAFIP cohort. Psychol Med 2023; 53:1891-1905. [PMID: 37310335 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721003536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive reserve (CR) has been associated with the development and prognosis of psychosis. Different proxies have been used to estimate CR among individuals. A composite score of these proxies could elucidate the role of CR at illness onset on the variability of clinical and neurocognitive outcomes. METHODS Premorbid intelligence quotient (IQ), years of education and premorbid adjustment were explored as proxies of CR in a large sample (N = 424) of first-episode psychosis (FEP) non-affective patients. Clusters of patients were identified and compared based on premorbid, clinical and neurocognitive variables at baseline. Additionally, the clusters were compared at 3-year (N = 362) and 10-year (N = 150) follow-ups. RESULTS The FEP patients were grouped into five CR clusters: C1 (low premorbid IQ, low education and poor premorbid) 14%; C2 (low premorbid IQ, low education and good premorbid adjustment) 29%; C3 (normal premorbid IQ, low education and poor premorbid adjustment) 17%; C4 (normal premorbid IQ, medium education and good premorbid adjustment) 25%; and C5 (normal premorbid IQ, higher education and good premorbid adjustment) 15%. In general, positive and negative symptoms were more severe in the FEP patients with the lowest CR at baseline and follow-up assessments, while those with high CR presented and maintained higher levels of cognitive functioning. CONCLUSIONS CR could be considered a key factor at illness onset and a moderator of outcomes in FEP patients. A high CR could function as a protective factor against cognitive impairment and severe symptomatology. Clinical interventions focused on increasing CR and documenting long-term benefits are interesting and desirable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Ayesa-Arriola
- Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor Ortiz-García de la Foz
- Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nancy Murillo-García
- Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Javier Vázquez-Bourgon
- Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Juncal-Ruiz
- Department of Psychiatry, Sierrallana Hospital, IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Torrelavega, Spain
| | - Marcos Gómez-Revuelta
- Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Paula Suárez-Pinilla
- Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Setién-Suero
- Department of Methods and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Sevilla, IBiS, Sevilla, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Cuéllar-García MF, Dager-Berecochea I, Villegas-Iparrea AP, Molina-Escalante Z, Villalobos-Gallegos L, Toledo-Fernández A. Big Five personality factors predict self-rated cognitive reserve: a two-wave online study in a Mexican sample. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2023; 28:102-115. [PMID: 36695101 DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2023.2168530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: One of the main contributors to cognitive reserve (CR) is the involvement in cognitively stimulating activities (CSAs), including education, work, leisure, social and physical activities. Personality traits are plausible determinants of CR, influencing the tendency to engage in CSAs. The goal of this study was to evaluate the association between personality and CR, operationalised as self-rated involvement in CSAs, in a sample of individuals aged 18-50 or more. Method: We collected two-wave non-probabilistic online data throughout Mexico. The instruments were the Big Five Inventory-2 for the baseline, its extra-short form for the follow-up and the Self-Rating of Cognitive Reserve (SRCR). Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were performed to test the unifactorial structure of the SRCR, and multiple regressions were conducted with personality factors as predictors of CR. Results: For the baseline, 2025 participants were recruited, and 610 for the follow-up, most of them female and aged 18-40. CFAs showed excellent goodness-of-fit, and the regression analyses proved Negative Emotionality and Extraversion to be the main predictors of CR. Conclusions: Our study highlights the need to identify personality profiles at high risk of underdevelopment of CR in ages where it is still feasible to promote engagement in CSAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Luis Villalobos-Gallegos
- Facultad de Medicina y Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California-Tijuana, Tijuana, Mexico
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bassis D, Rybko J, Maor R. It's never too late to improvise: The impact of theatre improvisation on elderly population. Exp Aging Res 2023; 49:83-99. [PMID: 35358023 DOI: 10.1080/0361073x.2022.2059208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the availability of improvisational theater training in different settings, studies that assess its effectiveness as a means for enhancing cognitive training for older adults are scarce. This study examines the influence of short theater improvisation exercises on the cognitive flexibility of cognitively-healthy older adults, and their influence on the four core components of improvisation (i.e., spontaneity, flow, creativity, playfulness). The study also examines the correlation between an improvement in these four key agents and an improvement in cognitive flexibility among older adults. This quantitative empirical study was conducted in retirement homes and daycare centers in Israel. A total of 45 participants took part in this study, all in good physical health and with age-appropriate cognitive abilities. The participants were divided into five research groups; each group met twice a week for a one-hour improvisation session over a six-week period. The data was collected through five questionnaires that were completed at four points of time (before, during, and after the workshop). The findings did not indicate a significant effect of the improvisation exercises on the participants' cognitive flexibility, yet they did show improvement in three components of improvisation: spontaneity, flow, playfulness. As such, the findings of this study indicate that despite a normal decline in basic cognitive functioning among older adults, the beneficial effect of improvisation on cognitive flexibility might still occur through spontaneity, playfulness, and flow. In conclusion, short theater improvisation exercises could contribute to various indicators of healthy aging in various settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniella Bassis
- Department of Psychology, Professional School of Psychology, Sacramento, Califonia, United States
| | - Judit Rybko
- Arts, Seminar Hakibbutzim: Kibbutzim College of Education Technology and the Arts, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rotem Maor
- Education, David Yellin College of Education, Jerusalem, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Cabaco AS, Wobbeking Sánchez M, Mejía-Ramírez M, Urchaga-Litago JD, Castillo-Riedel E, Bonete-López B. Mediation effects of cognitive, physical, and motivational reserves on cognitive performance in older people. Front Psychol 2023; 13:1112308. [PMID: 36733857 PMCID: PMC9888412 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1112308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction We study from a multidimensional perspective the different factors that help prevent the development of cognitive impairment in old aging. Methods This study analyzed in 300 elderly subjects the relationship between cognitive reserve (CR), physical reserve (PR) and motivational reserve (MR) with cognitive impairment. This study also takes into consideration different variables (sex, age, educational level, and institutionalization) that might affect the results in the different types of reserves (CR, physical and MR) and cognitive impairment. Results The results show that people with a higher cognitive reserve, physical reserve and motivational reserve have less cognitive impairment. Discussion Therefore, it is important to consider measuring the CR as a variable to diagnose neurodegenerative illnesses but it is also essential to consider the physical state and physical activity, as well as the motivational dimension. With the cognitive reserve and sex variables no significant differences were observed. Age had a negative effect on strategic flexibility, but those with higher CR had better cognitive flexibility and the educational.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Wobbeking Sánchez
- Department of Psychology, Pontificial University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain,*Correspondence: Marina Wobbeking Sánchez,
| | | | | | | | - Beatriz Bonete-López
- Department of Health Psychology, University of Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Siette J, Dodds L, Dawes P, Richards D, Savage G, Strutt P, Ijaz K, Johnco C, Wuthrich V, Heger I, Deckers K, Köhler S, Armitage CJ. Protocol for a pre-post, mixed-methods feasibility study of the Brain Bootcamp behaviour change intervention to promote healthy brain ageing in older adults. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272517. [PMID: 36445869 PMCID: PMC9707764 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Behaviour change interventions represent key means for supporting healthy ageing and reducing dementia risk yet brief, scalable behaviour change interventions targeting dementia risk reduction in older adults is currently lacking. Here we describe the aims and design of the three-month Brain Bootcamp initiative that seeks to target multiple dementia risk and protective factors (healthy eating, physical, social and cognitive inactivity), through the use of multiple behaviour change techniques, including goal-setting for behaviour, information about health consequences and physical prompts to change behaviours that reduce dementia risk among older adults. Our secondary aim is to understand participants' views of dementia prevention and explore the acceptability and integration of this campaign into daily life. METHODS Brain Bootcamp is a pre-post feasibility trial conducted in Sydney, Australia beginning in January 2021 until late August. Participants aged ≥65 years living independently in the community (n = 252), recruited through social media and flyers, will provide information about their demographics, medical history, alcohol consumption, smoking habits, mental health, physical activity, cognitive activity, and diet to generate a dementia risk profile at baseline and assess change therein at three-month follow-up. During the intervention, participants will receive a resource pack containing their individual risk profile, educational booklet on dementia risk factors and four physical items designed to prompt physical, social and mental activity, and better nutrition. Outcome measures include change in dementia risk scores, dementia awareness and motivation. A qualitative process evaluation will interview a sample of participants on the acceptability and feasibility of the intervention. DISCUSSION This will be the first short-term multi-domain intervention targeting dementia risk reduction in older adults. Findings will generate a new evidence base on how to best support efforts targeting lifestyle changes and to identify ways to optimise acceptability and effectiveness towards brain health for older adults. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ACTRN 381046 (registered 17/02/2021); Pre-results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Siette
- The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Health Systems and Safety Research, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Laura Dodds
- Centre for Health Systems and Safety Research, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Piers Dawes
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Deborah Richards
- Department of Computing, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Greg Savage
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Health & Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Ageing, Cognition and Wellbeing, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul Strutt
- Centre for Ageing, Cognition and Wellbeing, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Cognitive Science, Faculty of Medicine, Health & Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kiran Ijaz
- Centre for Health Informatics, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carly Johnco
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Health & Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Ageing, Cognition and Wellbeing, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Viviana Wuthrich
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Health & Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Ageing, Cognition and Wellbeing, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Irene Heger
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Alzheimer Centrum Limburg, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kay Deckers
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Alzheimer Centrum Limburg, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Köhler
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Alzheimer Centrum Limburg, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher J. Armitage
- Manchester Centre for Health Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
- NIHR Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Li F, Kong X, Zhu H, Xu H, Wu B, Cao Y, Li J. The moderating effect of cognitive reserve on cognitive function in patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1011510. [DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1011510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundRecovery of cognitive function after stroke has inter-individual variability. The theory of cognitive reserve offers a potential explanation of the variability in cognitive function after stroke.ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the moderating effect of cognitive reserve on the relationship between the stroke severity and cognitive function after stroke.Materials and methodsA total of 220 patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke (AIS) were recruited in 2021 from two stroke centers in Nanjing, China. The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) was used to assess stroke severity upon admission. Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire (CRIq) and validated Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Changsha Version (MoCA-CS) were used to assess cognitive reserve and cognitive function within 7 days after stroke onset, respectively. A series of multivariate linear regression models were applied to test the moderating effect of cognitive reserve.ResultsPatients with a higher level of cognitive reserve had better cognitive function after stroke compared with those with a lower level of cognitive reserve (β = 0.074, p = 0.003). The interaction of NIHSS and cognitive reserve was statistically significant (β = −0.010, p = 0.045) after adjusting for some key covariates [e.g., age, marital status, Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project (OCSP) classification, Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) classification, cerebral vascular stenosis, diabetes and atrial fibrillation].ConclusionCognitive reserve may help to buffer the effect of stroke-related pathology on cognitive decline in Chinese acute stroke patients. Enhancing cognitive reserve in stroke patients may be one of the potential strategies for preventing vascular dementia.
Collapse
|
33
|
The relationship between cognitive reserve and cognition in healthy adults: a systematic review. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03523-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe concept of Cognitive Reserve (CR) refers to the individual differences allowing some people to cope better with brain pathology. The aim of the present review was to explore the relationship between CR and cognition in adulthood. This association has been addressed in several neuro(psycho)logical disorders and in healthy elderly people. However, few studies explored this issue in adulthood (age range 18–65), when individuals might take advantage the most from psychoeducational approaches aimed at increasing CR. For our systematic review, we selected studies assessing CR and adopting neuropsychological and experimental tasks for evaluation of cognitive functioning in healthy individuals. In the selected articles, we examined the relationship of singular proxies, composite indexes or standardized scales of CR with measures of general cognition, attention, inhibitory control, verbal fluency, constructional abilities, and verbal and spatial memory. The results suggested a positive relationship between singular CR proxies, composite indexes or standardized scales, and almost all the explored cognitive domains. No clear conclusion could be made on constructional abilities due to the scarcity of available studies. CR seems associated with better cognitive performance in adulthood, but definite methodological improvements and the use of standardized scales for CR are necessary to reduce inconsistencies among studies.
Collapse
|
34
|
Cao T, Zhang S, Yu M, Zhao X, Wan Q. The Chinese Translation Study of the Cognitive Reserve Index Questionnaire. Front Psychol 2022; 13:948740. [PMID: 35936344 PMCID: PMC9353001 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.948740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PurposeThe purpose of this study was to perform the translation and adaption of the Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire into Chinese and assess the reliability of the Chinese version.Materials and MethodsThe Chinese version of the Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire was created from a standard forward-backward translation. A total of 371 volunteers, aged between 20 and 89 years, participated in this survey. Participants were divided into three age-groups (Young, Middle-aged, and Elderly), and subgroup differences were examined by independent samples t-tests, ANOVA analysis as well as post-hoc analysis. Pearson correlation analysis was applied to test the association between the total scores and each subscore (CRI-Education, CRI-WorkingActivity, and CRI-LeisureTime). The internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire were assessed. The test-retest reliability was measured among 40 participants with a 2-week interval using intraclass correlation coefficient.ResultsStrong correlations were observed between the total scores and each subscore (CRI-Education, CRI-WorkingActivity, and CRI-LeisureTime: r = 0.65, 0.79, and 0.70, respectively). In contrast, it was found low to moderate correlations among three subscores. The internal consistency was acceptable (Cronbach's alpha coefficient = 0.68). The intraclass correlation coefficient for total scores of the Chinese version of the Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire was 0.87 (95% CI 0.74–0.93).ConclusionThe Chinese version of the Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire was a potentially reliable and practical tool for evaluating cognitive reserve accumulated through a person's life span.
Collapse
|
35
|
Gallucci L, Umarova RM. Association of cognitive reserve with stroke outcome: a protocol for a systematic review. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e059378. [PMID: 35803623 PMCID: PMC9272103 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The concept of cognitive reserve (CR) was introduced to account for individual differences in the clinical manifestation of neurodegenerative diseases. Though several mechanisms and risk factors are shared between neurodegeneration and stroke, the effect of CR on poststroke functional outcome has been poorly addressed. This systematic review aims to synthesise the available research evidence on the association of CR with stroke outcome, in order to implement the understanding of interindividual variability in stroke outcome and to improve its prediction. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Cochrane Library, Embase, PubMed, Web of Science and reference lists of relevant literature will be searched for publications on CR proxies (eg, education, years of education, occupational attainment, premorbid intelligence) and stroke outcome, published between 1 January 1980 and 10 March 2022. Two reviewers will independently perform the study selection, data extraction and quality assessment. Disagreements between reviewers will be resolved by a third independent reviewer. The Quality In Prognosis Studies tool will be used to assess the quality of each included study. The primary outcome will be functional outcome after stroke assessed with modified Rankin Scale, activities of daily living (eg, Barthel Index), National Institute of Health Stroke Scale, dichotomised as favourable versus not favourable as well as reported as continuous or ordinal variables. Qualitative and quantitative findings will be summarised and, if possible, data will be synthesised using appropriate meta-analytical methods. The quality of evidence will be assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation framework. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION No ethical approval is required as it is a protocol for a systematic review and the data used will be extracted from published studies. The findings from this systematic review will be disseminated in a peer-reviewed scientific journal and presented at conferences. The data will be made freely available. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42021256175.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gallucci
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Roza M Umarova
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Voits T, DeLuca V, Abutalebi J. The Nuance of Bilingualism as a Reserve Contributor: Conveying Research to the Broader Neuroscience Community. Front Psychol 2022; 13:909266. [PMID: 35814120 PMCID: PMC9263506 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.909266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurological notion of “reserve” arises from an individually observable dissociation between brain health and cognitive status. According to the cognitive reserve hypothesis, high-reserve individuals experience functional compensation for neural atrophy and, thus, are able to maintain relatively stable cognitive functioning with no or smaller-than-expected impairment. Several lifestyle factors such as regular physical exercise, adequate and balanced nutrition, and educational attainment have been widely reported to contribute to reserve and, thus, lead to more successful trajectories of cognitive aging (CA). In recent years, it has become clear that bilingualism is also a potential reserve contributor. Yet, there is little communication between the neuroscience of bilingualism research community and researchers working in the field of CA more generally, despite compelling reasons for it. In fact, bilingualism tends to be overlooked as a contributory factor in the CA literature, or reduced to a dichotomous trait, despite it being a complex experience. Herein, we discuss issues that are preventing recognition of bilingualism as a reserve contributor across all literatures, highlight the benefits of including language experiences as a factor of interest across research disciplines, and suggest a roadmap to better integrate bilingualism and aging moving forward. We close with calls toward a model of aging that examines the contributions across lifestyle factors, including that of bilingual experience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toms Voits
- PoLaR Lab, AcqVA Aurora Centre, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- *Correspondence: Toms Voits,
| | - Vincent DeLuca
- PoLaR Lab, AcqVA Aurora Centre, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jubin Abutalebi
- PoLaR Lab, AcqVA Aurora Centre, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Centre for Neurolinguistics and Psycholinguistics (CNPL), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Livernoche Leduc C, Roy SJ, Paradis V, Potvin MJ. Cognitive profiles in the acute phase of traumatic brain injury according to injury severity. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2022:1-11. [PMID: 35611614 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2022.2071615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although several studies have documented the chronic phase of traumatic brain injury (TBI), few verified the nature and severity of cognitive impairments during the acute phase. Among the studies carried out during the acute phase, instrumental functions were rarely examined compared to attention, memory, and executive functions. This study aimed to compare the nature and intensity of cognitive problems in the acute phase according to TBI severity and age. It was hypothesized that cognitive impairments would increase in line with TBI severity and age, and that instrumental functions would be less affected in victims of mild or moderate TBI than in those with severe TBI. The Brief Cognitive Exam in Traumatology (EXACT), a new and reliable test specifically designed and validated to briefly assess global cognitive functioning during the acute phase, was administered to 319 mild to severe TBI victims (aged 16 to 96 years), within three months post-accident. The EXACT evaluates five domains: Language, Instrumental functions (other than language), Attention and working memory, Episodic memory, and Executive functions and behavioral regulation. Results confirmed the negative influence of TBI severity and age on global cognitive functioning. Also, compared to victims with a mild or moderate TBI, a higher proportion of those with a severe TBI presented impaired instrumental functions (calculation, praxis, and gnosis). Thus, during the acute phase, the nature and severity of cognitive impairments vary according to TBI severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah-Jade Roy
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Véronique Paradis
- Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, CIUSSS du Nord-de-l'île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Marie-Julie Potvin
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, CIUSSS du Nord-de-l'île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Panico F, Luciano SM, Sagliano L, Santangelo G, Trojano L. Cognitive reserve and coping strategies predict the level of perceived stress during COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022; 195:111703. [PMID: 35529603 PMCID: PMC9057976 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2022.111703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic and the measures to avert contagion heavily impacted individuals' mental health. In the present cross-sectional study, we investigate the relationship between cognitive reserve, coping modalities and the perceived stress during a chronic stage of COVID-19 pandemic by online administration of three standardized questionnaires in a sample of healthy volunteers covering a large lifespan (18–85 years). We found that positive orientation to problems and higher levels of cognitive reserve were associated with lower levels of stress. Conversely, coping strategies involving negation, substance consumption, and appeal to other people and religion to face everyday life, together with higher education, were associated with higher levels of stress. These results shade light on the long-term psychological consequences of COVID-19 and call for the development of psychological interventions improving coping and cognitive reserve, to preserve and restore mental health following the pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Panico
- University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Viale Ellittico 31, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Sharon Mara Luciano
- University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Viale Ellittico 31, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Laura Sagliano
- University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Viale Ellittico 31, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Gabriella Santangelo
- University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Viale Ellittico 31, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Luigi Trojano
- University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Viale Ellittico 31, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Montemurro S, Daini R, Tagliabue C, Guzzetti S, Gualco G, Mondini S, Arcara G. Cognitive reserve estimated with a life experience questionnaire outperforms education in predicting performance on MoCA: Italian normative data. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03062-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
40
|
Nogueira J, Gerardo B, Santana I, Simões MR, Freitas S. The Assessment of Cognitive Reserve: A Systematic Review of the Most Used Quantitative Measurement Methods of Cognitive Reserve for Aging. Front Psychol 2022; 13:847186. [PMID: 35465541 PMCID: PMC9023121 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.847186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The cognitive reserve (CR) is widely accepted as the active ability to cope with brain damage, using preexisting cognitive and compensatory processes. The common CR proxies used are the number of formal years of education, intelligence quotient (IQ) or premorbid functioning, occupation attainment, and participation in leisure activities. More recently, it has employed the level of literacy and engagement in high-level cognitive demand of professional activities. This study aims to identify and summarize published methodologies to assess the CR quantitatively. We searched for published studies on PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science between September 2018 and September 2021. We only included those studies that characterized the CR assessment methodology. The search strategy identified 1,285 publications, of which 25 were included. Most of the instruments targeted proxies individually. The lack of a gold standard tool that incorporates all proxies and cognitive tests highlights the need to develop a more holistic battery for the quantitative assessment of CR. Further studies should focus on a quantitative methodology that includes all these proxies supported by normative data to improve the use of CR as a valid measure in clinical contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Nogueira
- Univ Coimbra, Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences (FPCEUC), Coimbra, Portugal
- Univ Coimbra, Psychological Assessment and Psychometrics Laboratory (PsyAssessmentLab), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences (FPCEUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bianca Gerardo
- Univ Coimbra, Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences (FPCEUC), Coimbra, Portugal
- Univ Coimbra, Psychological Assessment and Psychometrics Laboratory (PsyAssessmentLab), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences (FPCEUC), Coimbra, Portugal
- Geobiotec Research Centre, Department of Geosciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Isabel Santana
- Univ Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal
- Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mário R. Simões
- Univ Coimbra, Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences (FPCEUC), Coimbra, Portugal
- Univ Coimbra, Psychological Assessment and Psychometrics Laboratory (PsyAssessmentLab), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences (FPCEUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sandra Freitas
- Univ Coimbra, Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences (FPCEUC), Coimbra, Portugal
- Univ Coimbra, Psychological Assessment and Psychometrics Laboratory (PsyAssessmentLab), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences (FPCEUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Brosnan MB, Shalev N, Ramduny J, Sotiropoulos SN, Chechlacz M. Right fronto-parietal networks mediate the neurocognitive benefits of enriched environments. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac080. [PMID: 35474852 PMCID: PMC9035529 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to enriched environments throughout a lifetime, providing so-called reserve, protects against cognitive decline in later years. It has been hypothesized that high levels of alertness necessitated by enriched environments might strengthen the right fronto-parietal networks to facilitate this neurocognitive resilience. We have previously shown that enriched environments offset age-related deficits in selective attention by preserving grey matter within right fronto-parietal regions. Here, using neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging, we examined the relationship between enriched environments, microstructural properties of fronto-parietal white matter association pathways (three branches of the superior longitudinal fasciculus), structural brain health (atrophy), and attention (alertness, orienting and executive control) in a group of older adults. We show that exposure to enriched environments is associated with a lower orientation dispersion index within the right superior longitudinal fasciculus 1 which in turn mediates the relationship between enriched environments and alertness, as well as grey and white matter atrophy. This suggests that enriched environments may induce white matter plasticity (and prevent age-related dispersion of axons) within the right fronto-parietal networks to facilitate the preservation of neurocognitive health in later years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Méadhbh B. Brosnan
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nir Shalev
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jivesh Ramduny
- School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Stamatios N. Sotiropoulos
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Magdalena Chechlacz
- Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Karsazi H, Hatami J, Rostami R, Moghadamzadeh A. The Lifetime of Experiences Questionnaire: Psychometric Properties and Relationships With Memory Function in an Iranian Elderly Sample. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:889177. [PMID: 35586406 PMCID: PMC9108157 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.889177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to validate the Persian version of the Lifetime of Experiences Questionnaire (LEQ) and examine the relationship between life experience and memory function. To this end, two studies were conducted. Study one examined the factor structure, internal consistency, and convergent and discriminant validity of the Persian version of LEQ with 247 healthy elderly individuals (M age = 70.17, SD = 4.42; 55.9% women). The exploratory factor analysis yielded a five-factor solution, including Knowledge, Physical, Socialization, Artistic, and Leisure dimensions, which accounted for 42.42% of the explained variance. The internal consistency of the LEQ was in the acceptable range (α = 0.703). Also, the LEQ and its subscales (except the Artistic subscale) had a negative relationship with geriatric depression and a positive relationship with a healthy lifestyle, supporting the measure's convergent and discriminant validity. In the second study, we examined the relationship between LEQ (total and subscales score) and memory function using Pearson correlation and moderating analysis with 149 participants (M age = 70.37, SD = 4.29; 55.03% women). The results demonstrated that the LEQ total and subscales scores correlated positively with episodic memory. In the same vein, LEQ total score and Knowledge subscale showed a positive correlation with semantic memory. The results of moderation analysis showed that LEQ subscales have a different role in memory decline. The knowledge subscale as a content component moderates the effect of age on semantic memory (B = 0.005, t = 2.021, p = 0.045), while the mid-life non-specific activities, which are based on life stages, moderate the effect of age on episodic memory (B = 0.007, t = 3.348, p = 0.001). In conclusion, our results indicated that the Persian version of the LEQ is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring experiences and activities throughout life, which can be used in professional clinical and research settings in the aging context with Iranian elderly samples. Furthermore, our findings suggest that various life experiences can be considered cognitive reserves in old age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Karsazi
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Hatami
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Rostami
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Moghadamzadeh
- Department of Curriculum Development and Instruction Methods, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Röschel A, Wagner C, Dür M. Examination of validity, reliability, and interpretability of a self-reported questionnaire on Occupational Balance in Informal Caregivers (OBI-Care) - A Rasch analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261815. [PMID: 34941966 PMCID: PMC8700023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Informal caregivers often experience a restriction in occupational balance. The self-reported questionnaire on Occupational Balance in Informal Caregivers (OBI-Care) is a measurement instrument to assess occupational balance in informal caregivers. Measurement properties of the German version of the OBI-Care had previously been assessed in parents of preterm infants exclusively. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the measurement properties of the questionnaire in a mixed population of informal caregivers. Methods A psychometric study was conducted, applying a multicenter cross-sectional design. Measurement properties (construct validity, internal consistency, and interpretability) of each subscale of the German version of the OBI-Care were examined. Construct validity was explored by assessing dimensionality, item fit and overall fit to the Rasch model, and threshold ordering. Internal consistency was examined with inter-item correlations, item-total correlations, Cronbach’s alpha, and person separation index. Interpretability was assessed by inspecting floor and ceiling effects. Results A total of 196 informal caregivers, 171 (87.2%) female and 25 (12.8%) male participated in this study. Mean age of participants was 52.27 (±12.6) years. Subscale 1 was multidimensional, subscale 2 and subscale 3 were unidimensional. All items demonstrated item fit and overall fit to the Rasch model and displayed ordered thresholds. Cronbach’s Alpha and person separation index values were excellent for each subscale. There was no evidence of ceiling or floor effects. Conclusions We identified satisfying construct validity, internal consistency, and interpretability. Thus, the findings of this study support the application of the German version of the OBI-Care to assess occupational balance in informal caregivers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Röschel
- Department of Health Sciences, IMC University of Applied Sciences Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Christina Wagner
- Department of Health Sciences, IMC University of Applied Sciences Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Mona Dür
- Department of Health Sciences, IMC University of Applied Sciences Krems, Krems, Austria
- Duervation, Krems, Austria
- * E-mail: ,
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Ourry V, Marchant NL, Schild AK, Coll-Padros N, Klimecki OM, Krolak-Salmon P, Goldet K, Reyrolle L, Bachelet R, Sannemann L, Meiberth D, Demnitz-King H, Whitfield T, Botton M, Lebahar J, Gonneaud J, de Flores R, Molinuevo JL, Jessen F, Vivien D, de la Sayette V, Valenzuela MJ, Rauchs G, Wirth M, Chételat G, Arenaza-Urquijo EM. Harmonisation and Between-Country Differences of the Lifetime of Experiences Questionnaire in Older Adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:740005. [PMID: 34720992 PMCID: PMC8551756 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.740005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The Lifetime of Experiences Questionnaire (LEQ) assesses complex mental activity across the life-course and has been associated with brain and cognitive health. The different education systems and occupation classifications across countries represent a challenge for international comparisons. The objectives of this study were four-fold: to adapt and harmonise the LEQ across four European countries, assess its validity across countries, explore its association with brain and cognition and begin to investigate between-country differences in life-course mental activities. Method: The LEQ was administered to 359 cognitively unimpaired older adults (mean age and education: 71.2, 13.2 years) from IMAP and EU-funded Medit-Ageing projects. Education systems, classification of occupations and scoring guidelines were adapted to allow comparisons between France, Germany, Spain and United Kingdom. We assessed the LEQ's (i) concurrent validity with a similar instrument (cognitive activities questionnaire - CAQ) and its structural validity by testing the factors' structure across countries, (ii) we investigated its association with cognition and neuroimaging, and (iii) compared its scores between countries. Results: The LEQ showed moderate to strong positive associations with the CAQ and revealed a stable multidimensional structure across countries that was similar to the original LEQ. The LEQ was positively associated with global cognition. Between-country differences were observed in leisure activities across the life-course. Conclusions: The LEQ is a promising tool for assessing the multidimensional construct of cognitive reserve and can be used to measure socio-behavioural determinants of cognitive reserve in older adults across countries. Longitudinal studies are warranted to test further its clinical utility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Ourry
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Caen, France.,Normandie University, UNICAEN, PSL Université, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, GIP Cyceron, NIMH, Caen, France
| | - Natalie L Marchant
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ann-Katrin Schild
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nina Coll-Padros
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga M Klimecki
- Clinical Psychology and Behavioural Neuroscience, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Pierre Krolak-Salmon
- Clinical and Research Memory Center, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, INSERM, Lyon, France
| | - Karine Goldet
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Institut du Vieillissement, CRC Vieillissement-Cerveau-Fragilite, Lyon, France
| | - Leslie Reyrolle
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Institut du Vieillissement, CRC Vieillissement-Cerveau-Fragilite, Lyon, France
| | - Romain Bachelet
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Institut du Vieillissement, CRC Vieillissement-Cerveau-Fragilite, Lyon, France
| | - Lena Sannemann
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dix Meiberth
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Tim Whitfield
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maëlle Botton
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Julie Lebahar
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Julie Gonneaud
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Robin de Flores
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Caen, France
| | - José Luis Molinuevo
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Frank Jessen
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Denis Vivien
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Caen, France.,Département de Recherche Clinique, CHU Caen-Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Vincent de la Sayette
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, PSL Université, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, GIP Cyceron, NIMH, Caen, France.,Service de Neurologie, CHU de Caen, Caen, France
| | - Michael J Valenzuela
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Skin2Neuron Pty Ltd., Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Géraldine Rauchs
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, PSL Université, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, GIP Cyceron, NIMH, Caen, France
| | - Miranka Wirth
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Dresden, Germany
| | - Gaël Chételat
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Eider M Arenaza-Urquijo
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Caen, France.,Barcelonabeta Brain Research Center, Fundación Pasqual Maragall, Barcelona, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Mendoza-Holgado C, Lavado-García J, López-Espuela F, Roncero-Martín R, Canal-Macías ML, Vera V, Aliaga I, Rey-Sánchez P, Pedrera-Zamorano JD, Moran JM. Cognitive Reserve Characteristics and Occupational Performance Implications in People with Mild Cognitive Impairment. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:1266. [PMID: 34682946 PMCID: PMC8535347 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9101266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cognitive Reserve hypothesis suggests that there are individual differences in the ability to cope with the pathologic changes in Alzheimer's Disease. The proportion of elderly individuals has increased in recent years; this increase emphasizes the importance of early detection of mild cognitive impairment and the promotion of healthy ageing. The purpose of our study is to characterize cognitive reserve and occupational performance implications in people with mild cognitive impairment. 125 patients with mild cognitive impairment were enrolled. The Montreal Cognitive Assessments (MoCA) was used to evaluate cognitive status and the Cognitive Reserve Index Questionnaire (CRIq) as an indicator of cognitive reserve. Higher level of education was associated with higher MoCA scores (r = 0.290, p = 0.001). Positive significant correlations were observed between MoCA and total CRIq (r = 0.385, p < 0.001) as well as its three sub-domains, education (r = 0.231, p = 0.010), working activity (r = 0.237, p = 0.008) and leisure time (r = 0.319, p < 0.001). This study findings provide the importance of considering socio-behavioral factors in cognitive status. This research helps to describe the importance of engaging occupationally along the whole life-course as a potential protective factor in ageing, and includes a perspective of occupational therapy regarding the hypothesis of cognitive reserve.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Mendoza-Holgado
- Occupational Therapist in Health and Social Services Department, Government of Extremadura, 10001 Cáceres, Spain;
| | - Jesús Lavado-García
- Metabolic Bone Diseases Research Group, Nursing Department, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (J.L.-G.); (R.R.-M.); (M.L.C.-M.); (I.A.); (P.R.-S.); (J.D.P.-Z.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Fidel López-Espuela
- Metabolic Bone Diseases Research Group, Nursing Department, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (J.L.-G.); (R.R.-M.); (M.L.C.-M.); (I.A.); (P.R.-S.); (J.D.P.-Z.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Raúl Roncero-Martín
- Metabolic Bone Diseases Research Group, Nursing Department, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (J.L.-G.); (R.R.-M.); (M.L.C.-M.); (I.A.); (P.R.-S.); (J.D.P.-Z.); (J.M.M.)
| | - María Luz Canal-Macías
- Metabolic Bone Diseases Research Group, Nursing Department, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (J.L.-G.); (R.R.-M.); (M.L.C.-M.); (I.A.); (P.R.-S.); (J.D.P.-Z.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Vicente Vera
- Department of Stomatology II, School of Dentistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ignacio Aliaga
- Metabolic Bone Diseases Research Group, Nursing Department, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (J.L.-G.); (R.R.-M.); (M.L.C.-M.); (I.A.); (P.R.-S.); (J.D.P.-Z.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Purificación Rey-Sánchez
- Metabolic Bone Diseases Research Group, Nursing Department, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (J.L.-G.); (R.R.-M.); (M.L.C.-M.); (I.A.); (P.R.-S.); (J.D.P.-Z.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Juan Diego Pedrera-Zamorano
- Metabolic Bone Diseases Research Group, Nursing Department, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (J.L.-G.); (R.R.-M.); (M.L.C.-M.); (I.A.); (P.R.-S.); (J.D.P.-Z.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Jose M. Moran
- Metabolic Bone Diseases Research Group, Nursing Department, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (J.L.-G.); (R.R.-M.); (M.L.C.-M.); (I.A.); (P.R.-S.); (J.D.P.-Z.); (J.M.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Bocancea DI, van Loenhoud AC, Groot C, Barkhof F, van der Flier WM, Ossenkoppele R. Measuring Resilience and Resistance in Aging and Alzheimer Disease Using Residual Methods: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Neurology 2021; 97:474-488. [PMID: 34266918 PMCID: PMC8448552 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000012499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE There is a lack of consensus on how to optimally define and measure resistance and resilience in brain and cognitive aging. Residual methods use residuals from regression analysis to quantify the capacity to avoid (resistance) or cope (resilience) "better or worse than expected" given a certain level of risk or cerebral damage. We reviewed the rapidly growing literature on residual methods in the context of aging and Alzheimer disease (AD) and performed meta-analyses to investigate associations of residual method-based resilience and resistance measures with longitudinal cognitive and clinical outcomes. METHODS A systematic literature search of PubMed and Web of Science databases (consulted until March 2020) and subsequent screening led to 54 studies fulfilling eligibility criteria, including 10 studies suitable for the meta-analyses. RESULTS We identified articles using residual methods aimed at quantifying resistance (n = 33), cognitive resilience (n = 23), and brain resilience (n = 2). Critical examination of the literature revealed that there is considerable methodologic variability in how the residual measures were derived and validated. Despite methodologic differences across studies, meta-analytic assessments showed significant associations of levels of resistance (hazard ratio [HR] [95% confidence interval (CI)] 1.12 [1.07-1.17]; p < 0.0001) and levels of resilience (HR [95% CI] 0.46 [0.32-0.68]; p < 0.001) with risk of progression to dementia/AD. Resilience was also associated with rate of cognitive decline (β [95% CI] 0.05 [0.01-0.08]; p < 0.01). DISCUSSION This review and meta-analysis supports the usefulness of residual methods as appropriate measures of resilience and resistance, as they capture clinically meaningful information in aging and AD. More rigorous methodologic standardization is needed to increase comparability across studies and, ultimately, application in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana I Bocancea
- From the Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience (D.I.B., A.C.v.L., C.G., W.M.v.d.F., R.O.), and Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering (F.B.), University College London, UK; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (W.M.v.d.F.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Clinical Memory Research Unit (R.O.), Lund University, Sweden
| | - Anna C van Loenhoud
- From the Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience (D.I.B., A.C.v.L., C.G., W.M.v.d.F., R.O.), and Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering (F.B.), University College London, UK; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (W.M.v.d.F.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Clinical Memory Research Unit (R.O.), Lund University, Sweden
| | - Colin Groot
- From the Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience (D.I.B., A.C.v.L., C.G., W.M.v.d.F., R.O.), and Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering (F.B.), University College London, UK; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (W.M.v.d.F.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Clinical Memory Research Unit (R.O.), Lund University, Sweden
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- From the Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience (D.I.B., A.C.v.L., C.G., W.M.v.d.F., R.O.), and Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering (F.B.), University College London, UK; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (W.M.v.d.F.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Clinical Memory Research Unit (R.O.), Lund University, Sweden
| | - Wiesje M van der Flier
- From the Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience (D.I.B., A.C.v.L., C.G., W.M.v.d.F., R.O.), and Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering (F.B.), University College London, UK; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (W.M.v.d.F.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Clinical Memory Research Unit (R.O.), Lund University, Sweden
| | - Rik Ossenkoppele
- From the Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience (D.I.B., A.C.v.L., C.G., W.M.v.d.F., R.O.), and Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering (F.B.), University College London, UK; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (W.M.v.d.F.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Clinical Memory Research Unit (R.O.), Lund University, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Boyle R, Knight SP, De Looze C, Carey D, Scarlett S, Stern Y, Robertson IH, Kenny RA, Whelan R. Verbal intelligence is a more robust cross-sectional measure of cognitive reserve than level of education in healthy older adults. Alzheimers Res Ther 2021; 13:128. [PMID: 34253231 PMCID: PMC8276413 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-021-00870-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive reserve is most commonly measured using socio-behavioural proxy variables. These variables are easy to collect, have a straightforward interpretation, and are widely associated with reduced risk of dementia and cognitive decline in epidemiological studies. However, the specific proxies vary across studies and have rarely been assessed in complete models of cognitive reserve (i.e. alongside both a measure of cognitive outcome and a measure of brain structure). Complete models can test independent associations between proxies and cognitive function in addition to the moderation effect of proxies on the brain-cognition relationship. Consequently, there is insufficient empirical evidence guiding the choice of proxy measures of cognitive reserve and poor comparability across studies. METHOD In a cross-sectional study, we assessed the validity of 5 common proxies (education, occupational complexity, verbal intelligence, leisure activities, and exercise) and all possible combinations of these proxies in 2 separate community-dwelling older adult cohorts: The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA; N = 313, mean age = 68.9 years, range = 54-88) and the Cognitive Reserve/Reference Ability Neural Network Study (CR/RANN; N = 234, mean age = 64.49 years, range = 50-80). Fifteen models were created with 3 brain structure variables (grey matter volume, hippocampal volume, and mean cortical thickness) and 5 cognitive variables (verbal fluency, processing speed, executive function, episodic memory, and global cognition). RESULTS No moderation effects were observed. There were robust positive associations with cognitive function, independent of brain structure, for 2 individual proxies (verbal intelligence and education) and 16 composites (i.e. combinations of proxies). Verbal intelligence was statistically significant in all models. Education was significant only in models with executive function as the cognitive outcome variable. Three robust composites were observed in more than two-thirds of brain-cognition models: the composites of (1) occupational complexity and verbal intelligence, (2) education and verbal intelligence, and (3) education, occupational complexity, and verbal intelligence. However, no composite had larger average effects nor was more robust than verbal intelligence alone. CONCLUSION These results support the use of verbal intelligence as a proxy measure of CR in cross-sectional studies of cognitively healthy older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Boyle
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S P Knight
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C De Looze
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - D Carey
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S Scarlett
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Y Stern
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York City, USA
| | - I H Robertson
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - R A Kenny
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Mercer's Institute for Successful Ageing, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - R Whelan
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
- Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Khachatryan E, Wittevrongel B, Perovnik M, Tournoy J, Schoenmakers B, Van Hulle MM. Electrophysiological Proxy of Cognitive Reserve Index. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:690856. [PMID: 34305555 PMCID: PMC8295460 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.690856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive reserve (CR) postulates that individual differences in task performance can be attributed to differences in the brain’s ability to recruit additional networks or adopt alternative cognitive strategies. Variables that are descriptive of lifetime experience such as socioeconomic status, educational attainment, and leisure activity are common proxies of CR. CR is mostly studied using neuroimaging techniques such as functional MRI (fMRI) in which case individuals with a higher CR were observed to activate a smaller brain network compared to individuals with a lower CR, when performing a task equally effectively (higher efficiency), and electroencephalography (EEG) where a particular EEG component (P300) that reflects the attention and working memory load, has been targeted. Despite the contribution of multiple factors such as age, education (formal and informal), working, leisure, and household activities in CR formation, most neuroimaging studies, and those using EEG in particular, focus on formal education level only. The aim of the current EEG study is to investigate how the P300 component, evoked in response to an oddball paradigm, is associated with other components of CR besides education, such as working and leisure activity in older adults. We have used hereto a recently introduced CR index questionnaire (CRIq) that quantifies both professional and leisure activities in terms of their cognitive demand and number of years practiced, as well as a data-driven approach for EEG analysis. We observed complex relationships between CRIq subcomponents and P300 characteristics. These results are especially important given that, unlike previous studies, our measurements (P300 and CRIq) do not require active use of the same executive function and, thus, render our results free of a collinearity bias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Khachatryan
- Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Wittevrongel
- Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matej Perovnik
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jos Tournoy
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Marc M Van Hulle
- Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Quattropani MC, Sardella A, Morgante F, Ricciardi L, Alibrandi A, Lenzo V, Catalano A, Squadrito G, Basile G. Impact of Cognitive Reserve and Premorbid IQ on Cognitive and Functional Status in Older Outpatients. Brain Sci 2021; 11:824. [PMID: 34206258 PMCID: PMC8301973 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11070824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate cross-sectionally the associations of cognitive reserve (CR) and premorbid IQ with cognitive and functional status in a cohort of older outpatients. Additionally, we evaluated the association of CR and premorbid IQ with the worsening of patients' cognitive status at one-year follow-up. We originally included 141 outpatients (mean age 80.31 years); a telephone-based cognitive follow-up was carried out after one year, including 104 subjects (mean age 80.26 years). CR (β = 0.418), premorbid IQ (β = 0.271) and handgrip strength (β = 0.287) were significantly associated with the MMSE score. The cognitive worsening at follow-up was associated with lower CR, lower MMSE score, reduced gait speed and frailty exhibited at baseline. Univariate linear regressions showed that CR was associated with handgrip strength (β = 0.346), gait speed (β = 0.185), autonomy in basic (β = 0.221) and instrumental (β = 0.272) daily activities, and frailty (β = -0.290); premorbid IQ was significantly associated with autonomy in instrumental daily activities (β = 0.211). These findings highlight the need for integrating CR and premorbid IQ with physical and motor measures when appraising predictors of cognitive decline in the elderly population. The study also newly extends the link of CR and premorbid IQ to the functional status in older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria C. Quattropani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (M.C.Q.); (F.M.); (A.C.); (G.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Alberto Sardella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (M.C.Q.); (F.M.); (A.C.); (G.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Francesca Morgante
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (M.C.Q.); (F.M.); (A.C.); (G.S.); (G.B.)
- Neurosciences Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK;
| | - Lucia Ricciardi
- Neurosciences Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK;
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford OX1 3TH, UK
| | - Angela Alibrandi
- Unit of Statistical and Mathematical Science, Department of Economics, University of Messina, 98123 Messina, Italy;
| | - Vittorio Lenzo
- Department of Social and Educational Sciences of the Mediterranean Area, “Dante Alighieri” University for Foreigners of Reggio Calabria, 89125 Reggio Calabria, Italy;
| | - Antonino Catalano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (M.C.Q.); (F.M.); (A.C.); (G.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Giovanni Squadrito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (M.C.Q.); (F.M.); (A.C.); (G.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Giorgio Basile
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (M.C.Q.); (F.M.); (A.C.); (G.S.); (G.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Lara E, Martín-María N, Miret M, Olaya B, Haro JM, Ayuso-Mateos JL. Is there a combined effect of depression and cognitive reserve on cognitive function? Findings from a population-based study. Psychol Health 2021; 37:1132-1147. [PMID: 34029134 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2021.1927030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyse the combined effect of depression and cognitive reserve (CR) on cognition over a three-year follow-up period; and to explore this relationship specifically in individuals aged 65+ years. DESIGN Data from the 'Edad con Salud' project were analysed (n = 1,144; 50+ years). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The Composite International Diagnostic Interview was used to evaluate depression. CR was assessed with the Cognitive Reserve Questionnaire. Episodic memory was assessed with the word list memory and recall. Verbal fluency was measured through the animal naming task. Random coefficient regression analyses were performed. RESULTS Depression was associated with lower scores in episodic memory, whereas increased levels of CR were related with higher scores across all the cognitive tests. Among older-aged individuals, cognition decreased at lower levels of CR regardless of depression, while participants with depression exhibited decreased values in both measures of memory at higher levels of CR. CONCLUSION Depression and CR were related with cognitive performance. Among older individuals, those with low levels of CR may constitute a vulnerable group with poor cognitive prognosis, whilst a harmful effect of depression on memory performance was observed among individuals with greater CR. Further evidence needs to be gathered to understand these associations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Lara
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Martín-María
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Miret
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Olaya
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain.,Research, Innovation and Teaching Unit, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Maria Haro
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain.,Research, Innovation and Teaching Unit, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luis Ayuso-Mateos
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|