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Biswas A, Rhee DS, Laytin AD, Zhao YJ, Ko J, Chidiac C, Clarke DL, Kong VY. Interpersonal Violence-Related Trauma Among South African Children. J Surg Res 2024; 302:150-159. [PMID: 39096743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2024.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Injuries account for a major portion of disability-adjusted life years in children globally, and low-and middle-income countries are disproportionally affected. While injuries due to motor vehicle collisions and self-harm have been well-characterized in pediatric populations in South Africa, injuries related to interpersonal violence (IPV) are less understood. Our study aims to characterize patterns of injury, management, and outcomes for pediatric patients presenting with IPV-related injuries in a South African trauma center. METHODS We performed a retrospective review of trauma patients ≤18 y of age presenting to the Pietermaritzburg Metropolitan Trauma Service in Gray's Hospital in South Africa from 2012 to 2022, comparing those with injuries resulting from IPV to those with non-IPV injuries. Patients' and injury pattern characteristics and outcomes were descriptively analyzed. RESULTS Out of 2155 trauma admissions, 500 (23.2%) had IPV-related injuries. Among patients with IPV-related injuries, the median age was 16.0 y. 407 (81.4%) patients were male. 271 (54.2%) patients experienced blunt trauma, 221 (44.2%) had penetrating trauma, and 3 (0.6%) suffered both. The most common weapons were knives (21.6%), stones (11.2%), and firearms (11.0%). The most commonly injured regions were the head (56.4%), abdomen (20.8%), and thorax (19.2%). 19.6% underwent surgical intervention, and 14.4% were referred out for subspecialty care. 1.4% patients died, and 1.2% returned to Pietermaritzburg Metropolitan Trauma Service within 30 d of discharge. CONCLUSIONS IPV patients are a distinctive subgroup of pediatric trauma patients with different demographics, patterns of injury, and clinical needs. Further research is needed to better understand the unique needs of this neglected population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arushi Biswas
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daniel S Rhee
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Adam D Laytin
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Jonathan Ko
- Department of Surgery, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Charbel Chidiac
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Damian L Clarke
- Department of Surgery, College of Health Sciences, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Department of Surgery, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Victor Y Kong
- Department of Surgery, College of Health Sciences, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Department of Surgery, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Carmo E, Brazão N, Carvalho J. The Primary Prevention of Sexual Violence Against Adolescents in School and Community Settings: A Scoping Review. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2024:1-17. [PMID: 38940424 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2024.2367562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Sexual Violence (SV) is a public health problem with serious long-term consequences for victims. This scoping review aimed at summarizing the implementation, methodology, characteristics, and efficacy of SV prevention programs conducted in school and community settings with middle and high school students. This study also gathered recommendations for future research. Studies were searched in three databases: EBSCOHOST, SCOPUS and Web of Science. Eighty-six peer-reviewed empirical studies about SV prevention programs applied in school and community settings with samples of middle and high school students were analyzed. Most original studies (46.3%) used sexual violence outcomes, although many approached sexual violence in the context of dating violence (43.3%). Most SV prevention programs were applied in the U.S.A. although studies were identified across the globe. Prevention programs tend to reduce SV attitudes, perpetration, and victimization and to increase SV knowledge, as well as bystander attitudes and behaviors. The evidence reveals the efficacy of these programs, although future studies are needed to clarify the specificities of SV prevention. This article provides recommendations considering the measurement of SV outcomes, the role of technology, the involvement of adults and communities, the timing of interventions, sexual education, and reporting practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice Carmo
- Center for Psychology at University of Porto, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto
| | - Nélio Brazão
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, CINEICC - Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioral Intervention, University of Coimbra
| | - Joana Carvalho
- Center for Psychology at University of Porto, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto
- William James Center for Research, Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro
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Bacchus LJ, Colombini M, Pearson I, Gevers A, Stöckl H, Guedes AC. Interventions that prevent or respond to intimate partner violence against women and violence against children: a systematic review. Lancet Public Health 2024; 9:e326-e338. [PMID: 38702097 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(24)00048-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Efforts to prevent or respond to intimate partner violence (IPV) and violence against children (VAC) are still disparate worldwide, despite increasing evidence of intersections across these forms of violence. We conducted a systematic review to explore interventions that prevent or respond to IPV and VAC by parents or caregivers, aiming to identify common intervention components and mechanisms that lead to a reduction in IPV and VAC. 30 unique interventions from 16 countries were identified, with 20 targeting both IPV and VAC. Key mechanisms for reducing IPV and VAC in primary prevention interventions included improved communication, conflict resolution, reflection on harmful gender norms, and awareness of the adverse consequences of IPV and VAC on children. Therapeutic programmes for women and children who were exposed to IPV facilitated engagement with IPV-related trauma, increased awareness of the effects of IPV, and promoted avoidance of unhealthy relationships. Evidence gaps in low-income and middle-income countries involved adolescent interventions, post-abuse interventions for women and children, and interventions addressing both prevention and response to IPV and VAC. Our findings strengthen evidence in support of efforts to address IPV and VAC through coordinated prevention and response programmes. However, response interventions for both IPV and VAC are rare and predominantly implemented in high-income countries. Although therapeutic programmes for parents, caregivers, and children in high-income countries are promising, their feasibility in low-income and middle-income countries remains uncertain. Despite this uncertainty, there is potential to improve the use of health services to address IPV and VAC together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loraine J Bacchus
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Manuela Colombini
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Isabelle Pearson
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Anik Gevers
- Sexual Violence Research Initiative, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Heidi Stöckl
- Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Melendez-Torres GJ, Orr N, Farmer C, Shaw N, Chollet A, Rizzo AJ, Kiff F, Rigby E, Hagell A, Priolo Filho SR, Taylor B, Young H, Bonell C, Berry V. School-based interventions TO Prevent Dating and Relationship Violence and Gender-Based Violence: STOP-DRV-GBV systematic review. PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 12:1-192. [PMID: 38421001 DOI: 10.3310/ktwr6997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Schools have a duty of care to prevent violence between students but a significant amount of dating and relationship violence and gender-based violence occurs in schools. These are important public health issues with important longitudinal consequences for young people. Objectives To understand functioning and effectiveness of school-based interventions for the prevention of dating and relationship violence and gender-based violence. Review methods We undertook a mixed-methods systematic review to synthesise different types of evidence relating to school-based interventions for the prevention of dating and relationship violence and gender-based violence to understand if, how and in what ways these interventions are effective. We searched 21 databases and 2 trial registers and undertook forwards and backwards citation chasing, author contact and other supplementary search methods. Searches identified all literature published to June 2021. All screening was undertaken in duplicate and independently, and we quality appraised all included studies. Results We included 247 reports (68 outcome evaluations, 137 process evaluations). Synthesis of intervention components produced an intervention typology: single-component, curricular, multicomponent, and multilevel programmes. Synthesis of intervention theories suggested that interventions aiming to increase students' sense of school belonging and sense of safety in the school building could encourage increased learning of prosocial skills and increased prosocial peer norms, and so potentially reducing dating and relationship violence and gender-based violence. Synthesis of factors affecting delivery highlighted school organisation and leaders who believed in the importance of addressing dating and relationship violence/gender-based violence, along with time and resources to deliver the interventions. The ease with which the intervention could be delivered and modified was also important. Meta-analysis found stronger evidence for intervention effectiveness in reducing dating and relationship violence than for gender-based violence, with significant long-term impacts on dating and relationship violence victimisation and perpetration, and some evidence that interventions in high-income countries could be effective for reducing victimisation and perpetration of gender-based violence in the long-term. Impacts on knowledge and attitudes were primarily short-term. Network meta-analysis did not suggest superiority of any intervention type. Moderation evidence suggested interventions reduced dating and relationship violence perpetration in boys more than girls, but reduced gender-based violence perpetration more in girls. Metaregression by intervention component did not explain heterogeneity in effectiveness, but qualitative comparative analysis suggested that reducing perpetration was important to reducing victimisation, and that perpetration could be reduced via focus on interpersonal skills, guided practice and (for gender-based violence) implementation of social structural components. Limitations Despite an exhaustive search, trials may have been missed and risk of publication bias was high for several analyses. Conclusions This is the most comprehensive systematic review of school-based interventions for dating and relationship violence and gender-based violence to date. It is clear that the prevention of dating and relationship violence and gender-based violence in schools will require longer-term investment to show benefit. Future work Future research is needed to understand why intervention effectiveness appears stronger for dating and relationship violence than gender-based violence. Study registration The study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42020190463. Funding This award was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Public Health Research programme (NIHR award ref: NIHR130144) and is published in full in Public Health Research; Vol. 12, No. 3. See the NIHR Funding and Awards website for further award information.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noreen Orr
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Caroline Farmer
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Naomi Shaw
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Annah Chollet
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew J Rizzo
- College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Fraizer Kiff
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Emma Rigby
- Association for Young People's Health, London, UK
| | - Ann Hagell
- Association for Young People's Health, London, UK
| | | | - Bruce Taylor
- National Opinion Research Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Honor Young
- Centre for Development, Evaluation, Complexity and Implementation in Public Health Improvement (DECIPHer), Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Chris Bonell
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Vashti Berry
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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Edwards KM, Kumar M, Waterman EA, Mullet N, Madeghe B, Musindo O. Programs to Prevent Violence Against Children in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024; 25:593-612. [PMID: 36964686 DOI: 10.1177/15248380231160742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Violence against children-which includes maltreatment (including physical, sexual, psychological and emotional violence, and neglect), bullying (including cyberbullying), youth violence (including physical assault with or without weapons), intimate partner violence (including exposure to domestic violence and direct involvement in teen dating violence), and sexual violence-continues to present itself as a significant public health crisis in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) leading to numerous short- and long-term deleterious outcomes. As such, the prevention of violence against children in SSA is a critical public health priority. In this systematic literature review, we identified 45 articles that reported on results from 22 programs that seek to reduce violence against children in SSA. Results suggested that programs that focus on (1) economic strengthening, (2) teachers schools, (3) entire families, (4) caregivers only, and (5) children only are generally effective in reducing violence against children by promoting focused action on the mechanisms of change (e.g., parenting skills, enhanced parent-child relationships, resistance skills for children). To date, no research in SSA has examined the impact of policy interventions on childhood victimization or community-level interventions to change norms and values that support violence against children. Future research is needed to examine the impacts of comprehensive efforts to prevent violence against children in SSA as well as factors that predict uptake and sustainability of such prevention efforts in SSA.
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Jewkes R, Mahlangu P. Intimate partner violence negatively affects parenting. Lancet Glob Health 2023; 11:e1321-e1322. [PMID: 37591571 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(23)00363-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Jewkes
- Gender & Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
| | - Pinky Mahlangu
- Gender & Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
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Keith T, Hyslop F, Richmond R. A Systematic Review of Interventions to Reduce Gender-Based Violence Among Women and Girls in Sub-Saharan Africa. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:1443-1464. [PMID: 35057674 DOI: 10.1177/15248380211068136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is disproportionately affected by gender-based violence (GBV). We systematically reviewed English language, peer-reviewed, quantitative evaluations of interventions to reduce violence against women and girls (VAWG) in SSA that involved a comparison group and reported GBV incidence, or GBV-related attitudes, norms and symptoms as an outcome. We identified 53 studies published between January 2000 and April 2020 and classified these programmes from an empowerment perspective using the following categories: social, economic, combined social and economic and psychological empowerment interventions. Our review found social empowerment interventions effective for transforming gender attitudes and norms and reducing GBV, and psychological empowerment interventions effective for managing GBV-related symptoms. The evidence for economic empowerment interventions was equivocal. Key elements of successful interventions included participatory group learning, engaging male partners, engaging the community, longer duration and utilising existing platforms. Promising approaches for further research included gender specific programmes, psychological empowerment interventions delivered by lay workers and psychological empowerment interventions focused on GBV reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Keith
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Fran Hyslop
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Robyn Richmond
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
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Tanton C, Bhatia A, Pearlman J, Devries K. Increasing disclosure of school-related gender-based violence: lessons from a systematic review of data collection methods and existing survey research. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1012. [PMID: 37254071 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15526-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND School-related gender-based violence (SRGBV) includes sexual, physical or psychological violence occurring in and around schools often perpetrated by teachers or peers. In this review, we focus on studies comparing how data collection methodologies affect children's disclosures of SRGBV. METHODS We conducted a systematic review, searching nine databases for studies from high, middle and low-income countries using search terms related to violence, disclosure and data collection methodology. Records were initially screened by abstract and then full-texts were retrieved and data from eligible reports extracted. In this paper, we draw on results from this larger systematic review highlighting studies conducted with children which either collected data in schools or asked about violence in schools. We also describe methods compared and results of studies that were not conducted in schools, but that included children and young people. Finally, we describe how multi-country nationally representative surveys conducted in at least one low and middle-income country measure children's experiences of SRGBV. RESULTS We screened 28,780 records, of which fourteen are included in this article. Only four studies compared data collection methodologies in schools or about violence in schools. These showed a 0 to more than 500-percent variation in the prevalence of violence measured using different data collection methodologies. An additional ten studies which were not conducted in schools, examined disclosure of violence in children and young people that was not specifically school-related. We assessed five multi-country national surveys that measured SRGBV. This limited evidence suggests that methods allowing increased anonymity (e.g. audio computer assisted self-interview, online surveys) may result in higher disclosure of violence, including SRGBV, than face-to-face interviewing. No studies included reported on safety, experiences of young people, or the costs of different methods. Multi-country national surveys used self-completion methods if completed in schools or face-to-face interviewing if completed in households, to measure SRGBV. CONCLUSION Evidence on the impact of data collection method on SRGBV disclosure is limited, however current prevalence of SRGBV in international surveys used to monitor SDG progress may be underestimated due to data collection methods used. Further research on SRGBV should aim to test the effects of data collection methodology on the disclosure of violence. Efforts to improve the measurement of SRGBV is central to understanding the epidemiology, monitoring changes, and developing school and community-based programs as well as policies to prevent and respond to SRGBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Tanton
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, UK.
| | - Amiya Bhatia
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, UK
| | - Jodie Pearlman
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, UK
| | - Karen Devries
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, UK
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Orr N, Chollet A, Rizzo AJ, Shaw N, Farmer C, Young H, Rigby E, Berry V, Bonell C, Melendez‐Torres GJ. School-based interventions for preventing dating and relationship violence and gender-based violence: A systematic review and synthesis of theories of change. REVIEW OF EDUCATION (BRITISH EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ASSOCIATION) 2022; 10:e3382. [PMID: 37090159 PMCID: PMC10116865 DOI: 10.1002/rev3.3382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
School-based interventions for preventing dating and relationship violence (DRV) and gender-based violence (GBV) are an important way of attempting to prevent and reduce the significant amount of DRV and GBV that occurs in schools. A theoretical understanding of how these interventions are likely to cause change is essential for developing and evaluating effectiveness, so developing an overarching theory of change for school-based interventions to prevent DRV and GBV was the first step in our systematic review. Theoretical data were synthesised from 68 outcome evaluations using methods common to qualitative synthesis. Specifically, we used a meta-ethnographic approach to develop a line-of-argument for an overarching theory of change and Markham and Aveyard's (2003, Social Science & Medicine, 56, 1209) theory of human functioning and school organisation as a framework for structuring the concepts. The overall theory of change generated was that by strengthening relationships between and among staff and students, between the classroom and the wider school, and between schools and communities, and by increasing students' sense of belonging with student-centred learning opportunities, schools would encourage student commitment to the school and its values, prosocial behaviour and avoidance of violence and aggression. The theory of human functioning informed our understanding of the mechanisms of action but from our analysis we found that it required refinement to address the importance of context and student agency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreen Orr
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of ExeterExeterUK
| | | | - Andrew J. Rizzo
- College of Health and Human PerformanceUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Naomi Shaw
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Caroline Farmer
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Honor Young
- School of Social SciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Emma Rigby
- Association for Young People's HealthLondonUK
| | - Vashti Berry
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Chris Bonell
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
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Lowe H, Dobbin J, Kiss L, Mak J, Mannell J, Watson D, Devakumar D. Mechanisms for the prevention of adolescent intimate partner violence: A realist review of interventions in low- and middle-income countries. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2:e0001230. [PMID: 36962608 PMCID: PMC10022317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent girls are among those at the greatest risk of experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV). Despite adolescence being widely regarded as a window of opportunity to influence attitudes and behaviours related to gender equality, evidence on what works to prevent IPV at this critical stage is limited outside of high-income, school-based settings. Even less is understood about the mechanisms of change in these interventions. We conducted a realist review of primary prevention interventions for adolescent IPV in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) to synthesise evidence on how they work, for whom, and under which circumstances. The review took place in four iterative stages: 1) exploratory scoping, 2) developing initial programme theory, 3) systematic database search, screening and extraction, and 4) purposive searching and refinement of programme theory. We identified eleven adolescent IPV prevention interventions in LMICs, most of which demonstrated a positive impact on IPV experience and/or perpetration (n = 10). Most interventions (n = 9) implemented school- or community-based interactive peer-group education to transform attitudes and norms around gender and relationships for behaviour change. The central mechanism of change related to gender transformative content prompting adolescents to critically reflect on their attitudes and relationships, leading to a reconceptualisation of their values and beliefs. This central mechanism was supported by two secondary implementation mechanisms: 1) the design and delivery of interventions: interactive, age-appropriate education delivered in peer-groups provided adolescents a safe space to engage with content and build communication skills, and 2) the target group: social norms interventions targeting the wider community created enabling environments supportive of individual change. This review highlights the immense potential of gender transformative interventions during the critical period of adolescence for IPV prevention. Future interventions should consider the broader drivers of adolescent IPV and ensure intersectionality informed approaches to maximise their potential to capitalise on this window of opportunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hattie Lowe
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Dobbin
- Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ligia Kiss
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joelle Mak
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jenevieve Mannell
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniella Watson
- Global Health Research Institute, School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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11
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Components Related to Long-Term Effects in the Intra- and Interpersonal Domains: A Meta-Analysis of Universal School-Based Interventions. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2022; 25:627-645. [PMID: 35908266 PMCID: PMC9622567 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-022-00406-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aims of the present meta-analysis were to (1) examine long-term effects of universal secondary school-based interventions on a broad range of competencies and problems and (2) analyze which intervention components were related to stronger or weaker intervention effects at follow-up. Fifty-four studies of controlled evaluations (283 effect sizes) reporting on 52 unique interventions were included. Long-term intervention effects were significant but small; effect sizes ranged from .08 to .23 in the intrapersonal domain (i.e., subjective psychological functioning) and from .10 to .19 in the interpersonal domain (i.e., social functioning). Intervention components were generally related to effects on specific outcomes. Some components (e.g., group discussions) were even related to both stronger and weaker effects depending on the assessed outcome. Moreover, components associated with long-term effects differed from those associated with short-term effects. Our findings underscore the importance of carefully selecting components to foster long-term development on specific outcomes. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42019137981.
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12
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Quinones C, Navarro A. A 10 year (2011-2021) systematic review of teen dating violence prevention programs. J Inj Violence Res 2022; 14:1739. [PMID: 35869841 PMCID: PMC9805663 DOI: 10.5249/jivr.v14i3.1739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Teen dating violence (TDV) refers to the physical, sexual and/or psychological violence that takes place within a romantic relationship amongst teenagers. TDV has devastating consequences for the victims, particularly for young women, who also experience increased risk of relationship violence in their adulthood. In view of this, the implementation of effective TDV prevention programs has the potential to tackle both TDV and contribute to eradicate gender-based violence. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review examining the effectiveness of the TDV programs published during the last decade (2011-2021). METHODS From the 1143 studies identified through the database searches, 28 met the inclusion criteria: 10-18 years old; experimental, or quasi-experimental with control group; examining knowledge, attitudes and/or TDV behavior indicators; 2011-2021. RESULTS Although there were still many programs focused on changing knowledge and attitudes only, we found an increase in the number of studies examining TDV behavioral indicators. A modest improvement in the quality of the programs in terms of their ability to modify the desired TDV behaviors was detected, yet resistance to change was still observed. CONCLUSIONS Effective programs met many of the requirements specified by the gender transformative programme literature (time-intensive, multilevel, multicomponent skill development approaches). Nonetheless, we identified some brief, creative and effective interventions worth implementing given their cost-efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Quinones
- Department of People and Organisations, Faculty of Business and Law, Open University Walton Hall Campus, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, United Kingdom.
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13
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Makkan H, Maenetje P, Chetty-Makkan CM, Muchiri E, Latka MH, Edward VA, Price MA, Omosa-Manyonyi G, Lindan C. Attitudes Toward Gender-Based Violence Among Sexually Active Adult Men at High Risk for HIV in Rustenburg, South Africa. Am J Mens Health 2022; 16:15579883221106331. [PMID: 35748400 PMCID: PMC9234859 DOI: 10.1177/15579883221106331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gender-based violence (GBV) toward women is widespread and has been associated with increased HIV risk. We investigated attitudes toward GBV among men living in Rustenburg, South Africa, who were enrolled in a longitudinal HIV incidence study. Participants were 18 to 49 years old, reported high risk sexual activity in the last 3 months, and were HIV-uninfected. Attitudes toward GBV were evaluated using responses to a five-item standardized questionnaire about men perpetrating physical violence on a female spouse; responses to each item were scaled from 1 (no agreement) to 4 (strong agreement) and summed. Total scores >10 were considered permissive toward GBV. Among the 535 men analyzed, nearly half (N = 229, 42.8%) had a GBV score >10. Being young (18-24 years) (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.53, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.06, 2.22]), having less years of education (aOR = 1.61, 95% CI [1.11, 2.32]), and reporting no current sexual partner at baseline (aOR = 2.10, 95% CI [1.06, 4.14]) were independently associated with permissive attitudes toward GBV. The following behaviors reported in the last 3 months were also associated with high GBV scores: having a new female partner (aOR = 1.78, 95% CI [1.02, 3.10]), and having had an STI (aOR = 1.85, 95% CI [1.15, 2.99]). Consuming alcohol prior to sex in the last month (aOR = 1.59, 95% CI [1.09, 2.31]) was also associated with high GBV scores. A large proportion of South African HIV-uninfected men in this analysis reported permissive attitudes toward GBV. These attitudes were associated with HIV risk behavior. Integrating GBV and HIV prevention programs is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heeran Makkan
- Rustenburg Research Centre, The Aurum Institute, Rustenburg, South Africa.,Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Public Health, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pholo Maenetje
- Rustenburg Research Centre, The Aurum Institute, Rustenburg, South Africa.,School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Candice M Chetty-Makkan
- Rustenburg Research Centre, The Aurum Institute, Rustenburg, South Africa.,Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Evans Muchiri
- Rustenburg Research Centre, The Aurum Institute, Rustenburg, South Africa
| | - Mary H Latka
- Rustenburg Research Centre, The Aurum Institute, Rustenburg, South Africa
| | - Vinodh A Edward
- Rustenburg Research Centre, The Aurum Institute, Rustenburg, South Africa.,Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Public Health, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.,School of Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Matt A Price
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,IAVI, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gloria Omosa-Manyonyi
- School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Christina Lindan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Mahlangu P, Chirwa E, Machisa M, Sikweyiya Y, Shai N, Jewkes R. Prevalence and factors associated with experience of corporal punishment in public schools in South Africa. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254503. [PMID: 34383762 PMCID: PMC8360577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Corporal punishment (CP) is still a common practice in schools globally. Although illegal, studies in South Africa report its continued use, but only a few have explored factors associated with school CP. Moreover, extant studies have not shown the interrelationships between explanatory factors. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with learners’ experiences, and to examine pathways to the learners’ experiences of CP at school. Method 3743 grade 8 learners (2118 girls and 1625 boys) from 24 selected public schools in Tshwane, South Africa, enrolled in a cluster randomised controlled trial evaluating a multi-component school-based intervention to prevent intimate partner violence, and completed self-administered questionnaires. We carried out descriptive analysis, simple linear and structural equation modelling to examine factors and pathways to the learners’ experience of CP at school. Results About 52% of learners had experienced CP at school in the last 6 months. It was higher among boys compared to girls. Experience of CP at school amongst learners was associated with learner behavior, home environment, and school environment. Learners from households with low-socio economic status (SES) had an increased risk of CP experience at school. Amongst boys, low family SES status was associated with a negative home environment and had a direct negative impact on a learner’s mental health, directly associated with misbehavior. Conclusion CP in public schools in South Africa continues despite legislation prohibiting its use. While addressing learner behaviour is critical, evidence-based interventions addressing home and school environment are needed to change the culture among teachers of using corporal punishment to discipline adolescents and inculcate one that promotes positive discipline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinky Mahlangu
- Gender & Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
- School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Esnat Chirwa
- Gender & Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
- School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mercilene Machisa
- Gender & Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
- School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Yandisa Sikweyiya
- Gender & Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
- School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nwabisa Shai
- Gender & Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
- School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Rachel Jewkes
- Gender & Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
- School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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15
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de Villiers T, Duma S, Abrahams N. "As young men we have a role to play in preventing sexual violence": Development and relevance of the men with conscience intervention to prevent sexual violence. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244550. [PMID: 33411823 PMCID: PMC7790258 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual violence against women and girls is a major public health problem globally and in South Africa. Although young men have been identified as an important risk group for prevention interventions, scant attention have been given to this age cohort in low and middle-income countries. There is strong evidence that perpetration starts early and increasing attention is being drawn to Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) as settings for prevention interventions. The main objective of this study was to adapt the One Man Can Intervention for use with male university students in residences and develop materials for implementation. This paper presents the qualitative findings of the adaptation process of the One Man Can Intervention with 15 young male student leaders at a HEI in South Africa. The same participants who started in the study, participated throughout. Only five of the 15 participants were located and participated in the interviews six months post intervention. The results show the emergence of a six-hour session adapted intervention that addresses key drivers of violence against women and girls (VAWG). Critical engagement and dialogue on sexual violence is shown to shift key norms on gender equality, on being a man and reflection on their role in preventing sexual violence. This paper contributes to the field where much learning, refining and improvement of prevention interventions for VAWG are ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania de Villiers
- Division of Nursing and Midwifery, Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Sinegugu Duma
- College of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Naeemah Abrahams
- Gender and Health Research Unit, SA Medical Research Council, Women’s Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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