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Ávila MI, Vajda ÉA, Jeffrey Gutiérrez E, Gibson D, Renteria MM, Presley N, O'Reilly D, Tatarsky A, Lobo NF. Entomological Surveillance Planning Tool (ESPT)-generated actionable evidence on human and vector behaviours optimizes present interventions and reduces exposure to Anopheles vectors in two communities of Guna Yala, Panamá. Malar J 2023; 22:26. [PMID: 36698147 PMCID: PMC9875519 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04453-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although most of Panamá is free from malaria, localized foci of transmission persist, including in the Guna Yala region. Government-led entomological surveillance using an Entomological Surveillance Planning Tool (ESPT) sought to answer programmatically relevant questions on local entomological drivers of transmission and gaps in protection to guide local vector control decision-making. METHODS The ESPT was used to design a sampling plan to answer priority programmatic questions about the appropriateness of Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs) and spaces and times where humans remain exposed to Anopheles bites (gaps in protection) in the communities of Permé and Puerto Obaldía, Guna Yala. Adult Anopheles were sampled at three time points via human landing catches (HLCs) during the rainy and dry seasons (2018/2019). Human behaviour observations (HBOs) were conducted alongside HLCs to examine intervention use, indoor versus outdoor activity, and sleeping patterns. HLC and HBO data were integrated to evaluate HBO-adjusted human biting rate (HBR). RESULTS A total of 7,431 adult Anopheles were collected across both sites. Of the 450 specimens molecularly confirmed to species-level, 75.5% (n = 340) were confirmed as Anopheles Nyssorhynchus albimanus, followed by Anopheles (Ny.) aquasalis. Anopheles host seeking activity was demonstrated to be primarily exophagic throughout all sampling periods and in both communities. When adjusted with HBOs, exposure to mosquito bites was predominantly indoors and overnight in Permé (Nov, Mar), compared to predominantly outdoors in Puerto Obaldía (Nov, Mar, Jul). Differences in site-specific human-vector exposure profiles were due to contrasting cultural and lifestyle practices between Permé and Puerto Obaldía (possibly partly influenced by the absence of electricity in Permé), and lower LLIN use in Permé. This evidence supported a previously planned LLIN campaign alongside a social behaviour change communication (SBCC) strategy in the Guna Yala Comarca (Jul 2019), which increased LLIN use. In turn, this led to a reduction of indoor exposure to mosquito bites, and a shift to predominant outdoor exposure to mosquito bites. CONCLUSION ESPT-based question-driven planning and the integration of HBOs, intervention, and HLC data generated evidence towards answering the programmatic questions. This evidence enabled the characterization of site-specific human-vector exposure profiles, and the quantification of remaining gaps in protection. These data also provide important insights into remaining gaps in protection that must be addressed to further reduce human exposure to mosquito bites at these sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario I Ávila
- Ministerio de Salud de Panamá (MINSA), Panama City, Panama
| | - Élodie A Vajda
- Malaria Elimination Initiative (MEI), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA.
| | - Eileen Jeffrey Gutiérrez
- Malaria Elimination Initiative (MEI), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA
| | - Daragh Gibson
- Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI), Panama City, Panama
| | | | - Nicolas Presley
- Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI), Panama City, Panama
| | | | - Allison Tatarsky
- Malaria Elimination Initiative (MEI), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Malaria Elimination Initiative (MEI), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame (UND), Notre Dame, IN, USA
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Pradhan S, Hore S, Maji SK, Manna S, Maity A, Kundu PK, Maity K, Roy S, Mitra S, Dam P, Mondal R, Ghorai S, Jawed JJ, Dutta S, Das S, Mandal S, Mandal S, Kati A, Sinha S, Maity AB, Dolai TK, Mandal AK, İnce İA. Study of epidemiological behaviour of malaria and its control in the Purulia district of West Bengal, India (2016-2020). Sci Rep 2022; 12:630. [PMID: 35022476 PMCID: PMC8755807 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04399-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purulia is a malaria-prone district in West Bengal, India, with approximately half of the blocks defined as malaria endemic. We analyzed the malaria case in each block of the Purulia district from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2020. As per the API, 20 blocks of Purulia were assigned to four different categories (0–3) and mapped using ArcGIS software. An exponential decay model was fitted to forecast the trend of malaria cases for each block of Purulia (2021–2025). There was a sharp decrease in total malaria cases and API from 2016 to 2020 due to the mass distribution of LLINs. The majority of cases (72.63%) were found in ≥ 15-year age group. Males were more prone to malaria (60.09%). Malaria was highly prevalent among Scheduled Tribes (48.44%). Six blocks were reported in Category 3 (high risk) and none in Category 0 (no risk) in 2016, while no blocks were determined to be in Category 3, and three blocks were in Category 0 in 2020. The exponential decay model prediction is oriented towards gaining malaria-free status in thirteen blocks of Purulia by 2025. This study will incite the government to uphold and strengthen the current efforts to meet the malaria elimination goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantan Pradhan
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Department of Sericulture, Raiganj University, North Dinajpur, West Bengal, 733134, India.,Hematology Department, Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College & Hospital, Kolkata, 700014, India
| | - Samrat Hore
- Department of Statistics, Tripura University, Agartala, Tripura, 799022, India
| | - Suman Kumar Maji
- District Public Health Centre, Deben Mahata Government Medical College and Hospital, Purulia, West Bengal, 723101, India
| | - Simi Manna
- Department of Bio-Medical Laboratory Science & Management, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, 721102, India
| | - Abhijit Maity
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Department of Sericulture, Raiganj University, North Dinajpur, West Bengal, 733134, India
| | - Pratip Kumar Kundu
- Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, College Square, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700073, India
| | - Krishna Maity
- Department of Statistics, VisvaBharati University, Bolpur, West Bengal, 731204, India
| | - Stabak Roy
- Department of Geography and Disaster Management, Tripura University, Agartala, Tripura, 799022, India
| | - Saptarshi Mitra
- Department of Geography and Disaster Management, Tripura University, Agartala, Tripura, 799022, India
| | - Paulami Dam
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Department of Sericulture, Raiganj University, North Dinajpur, West Bengal, 733134, India
| | - Rittick Mondal
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Department of Sericulture, Raiganj University, North Dinajpur, West Bengal, 733134, India
| | - Suvankar Ghorai
- Department of Microbiology, Raiganj University, North Dinajpur, West Bengal, 733134, India
| | - Junaid Jibran Jawed
- School of Biotechnology, Presidency University - 2nd Campus, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700156, India
| | - Subhadeep Dutta
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Department of Sericulture, Raiganj University, North Dinajpur, West Bengal, 733134, India
| | - Sandip Das
- Department of Botany, School of Sciences, Durgapur Regional Centre, Netaji Subhas Open University, West Burdwan, Kolkata, West Bengal, 713214, India
| | - Sukhendu Mandal
- Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, 700019, India
| | - Sanjib Mandal
- Department of Economics, Raiganj University, North Dinajpur, West Bengal, 733134, India
| | - Ahmet Kati
- Department of Biotechnology, Institution of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Uskudar, Istanbul, 34668, Turkey
| | - Sangram Sinha
- Department of Botany, Vivekananda Mahavidyalaya, Haripal, Hoogly, West Bengal, 712405, India
| | - Amit Bikram Maity
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Deben Mahata Government Medical College and Hospital, Purulia, West Bengal, 723101, India
| | - Tuphan Kanti Dolai
- Hematology Department, Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College & Hospital, Kolkata, 700014, India.
| | - Amit Kumar Mandal
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Department of Sericulture, Raiganj University, North Dinajpur, West Bengal, 733134, India. .,Centre for Nanotechnology Sciences, Raiganj University, North Dinajpur, West Bengal, 733134, India.
| | - İkbal Agah İnce
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, Ataşehir, Istanbul, 34752, Turkey.
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Ávila MI, Vajda ÉA, Gutiérrez EJ, Gibson DA, Renteria MM, Presley N, O'Reilly D, Burton TA, Tatarsky A, Lobo NF. Anopheles drivers of persisting malaria transmission in Guna Yala, Panamá: an operational investigation. Malar J 2021; 20:443. [PMID: 34819092 PMCID: PMC8611962 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03972-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Though most of Panamá is free from malaria, localized foci of transmission persist, including in the Guna Yala region. Government-led entomological surveillance using an entomological surveillance planning tool (ESPT) sought to answer programmatically-relevant questions that would enhance the understanding of both local entomological drivers of transmission and gaps in protection that result in persisting malaria transmission to guide local vector control decision-making. Methods The ESPT was used to design a sampling plan centered around the collection of minimum essential indicators to investigate the relevance of LLINs and IRS in the communities of Permé and Puerto Obaldía, Guna Yala, as well as to pinpoint any remaining spaces and times where humans are exposed to Anopheles bites (gaps in protection). Adult Anopheles were collected at three time points via human landing catches (HLCs), CDC Light Traps (LT), and pyrethrum spray catches (PSCs) during the rainy and dry seasons. Mosquitoes were identified to species via molecular methods. Insecticide susceptibility testing of the main vector species to fenitrothion was conducted. Results In total, 7537 adult Anopheles were collected from both sites. Of the 493 specimens molecularly confirmed to species, two thirds (n = 340) were identified as Nyssorhynchus albimanus, followed by Anopheles aquasalis. Overall Anopheles human biting rates (HBRs) were higher outdoors than indoors, and were higher in Permé than in Puerto Obaldía: nightly outdoor HBR ranged from 2.71 bites per person per night (bpn) (Puerto Obaldía), to 221.00 bpn (Permé), whereas indoor nightly HBR ranged from 0.70 bpn (Puerto Obaldía) to 81.90 bpn (Permé). Generally, peak biting occurred during the early evening. The CDC LT trap yields were significantly lower than that of HLCs and this collection method was dropped after the first collection. Pyrethrum spray catches resulted in only three indoor resting Anopheles collected. Insecticide resistance (IR) of Ny. albimanus to fenitrothion was confirmed, with only 65.5% mortality at the diagnostic time. Conclusion The early evening exophagic behaviour of Anopheles vectors, the absence of indoor resting behaviours, and the presence of resistance to the primary intervention insecticide demonstrate limitations of the current malaria strategy, including indoor residual spraying (IRS) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), and point to both gaps in protection and to the drivers of persisting malaria transmission in Guna Yala. These findings highlight the need for continued and directed entomological surveillance, based on programmatic questions, that generates entomological evidence to inform an adaptive malaria elimination strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario I Ávila
- Ministerio de Salud de Panamá (MINSA), Panama City, República de Panamá
| | - Élodie A Vajda
- Malaria Elimination Initiative (MEI), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), USA.
| | | | - Daragh A Gibson
- Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI), Panama City, Panama
| | | | | | - Daniel O'Reilly
- Ministerio de Salud de Panamá (MINSA), Panama City, República de Panamá
| | - Timothy A Burton
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame (UND), Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Allison Tatarsky
- Malaria Elimination Initiative (MEI), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), USA
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Malaria Elimination Initiative (MEI), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), USA.,Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame (UND), Notre Dame, IN, USA
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Plasmodium vivax Genetic Diversity in Panama: Challenges for Malaria Elimination in Mesoamerica. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10080989. [PMID: 34451452 PMCID: PMC8401434 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Panama and all nations within the Mesoamerican region have committed to eliminate malaria within this decade. With more than 90% of the malaria cases in this region caused by Plasmodium vivax, an efficient national/regional elimination plan must include a comprehensive study of this parasite's genetic diversity. Here, we retrospectively analyzed P. vivax genetic diversity in autochthonous and imported field isolates collected in different endemic regions in Panama from 2007 to 2020, using highly polymorphic markers (csp, msp-1, and msp-3α). We did the analysis using molecular techniques that are cost-effective for malaria molecular surveillance within Mesoamerica. Thus, we used molecular analyses that are feasible for malaria molecular surveillance within the region, and that can provide useful information for policy and decision making about malaria elimination. We also evaluated if haplotypes established by combining the genotypes found in these genes were associated with relevant epidemiological variables and showed structure across the transmission foci that have been observed in Panama. Ten different haplotypes were identified, some of them strongly associated with geographical origin, age, and collection year. Phylogenetic analysis of csp (central repeat domain) revealed that both major variant types (vk210 and vk247) were circulating in Panama. Variant vk247 was restricted to the eastern endemic regions, while vk210 was predominant (77.3%) and widespread, displaying higher diversity (14 alleles) and geographically biased alleles. The regional implications of these molecular findings for the control of P. vivax malaria to achieve elimination across Mesoamerica are discussed.
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Torres-Cosme R, Rigg C, Santamaría AM, Vásquez V, Victoria C, Ramirez JL, Calzada JE, Cáceres Carrera L. Natural malaria infection in anophelines vectors and their incrimination in local malaria transmission in Darién, Panama. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250059. [PMID: 33939707 PMCID: PMC8092770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background More than 85% of the malaria cases in Panama occur in poor, rural and indigenous regions like Darien Province. Vector diversity, infection rate and spatial distribution are important entomological parameters of malaria transmission dynamics. Their understanding is crucial for the development of effective disease control strategies. The objective of this study was to determine the composition of Anopheles species, their natural infection rate and their geographic distribution to better understand the malaria transmission dynamics in Darién, Panama. Methods Anophelines mosquitoes were captured during the rainy and dry season of 2016. We selected five communities where adult anophelines were collected using CDC light-traps, and through protective human-baited traps. Detection of natural infection and Plasmodium genotype were detected via nested PCR through the amplification of ssrRNA and the circumsporozoite protein gene (csp), respectively. Results A total of 1,063 mosquitoes were collected mosquitoes were collected for the detection of natural infection with Plasmodium spp. Nine Anophelines species were identified, with the predominant species being: An. (Nys.) darlingi (45.0%) and An. (Nys.) albimanus (42.6%). Natural infection in An. (Nys.) albimanus with P. vivax was detected in one mosquito pool from the community Pueblo Tortuga (0.6%), three from Marraganti (1.7%), two from Bajo Chiquito (1.1%) and three pools from Alto Playona 3 (1.7%). For An. (Nys.) darlingi mosquitoes, we detected seven positive pools from the community Bajo Chiquito (4.0%), two pools from Marraganti (1.1%) and two pools from Alto Playona (1.1%). The P. vivax allelic variant VK210 was detected in infected mosquitoes. Conclusion The results from this study provide new information on the transmission dynamics associated with anophelines vectors in the Darién region. This is the first report of natural P. vivax infection in An. (Nys.) darlingi and its incrimination as a potential malaria vector in this region of Panama. Additional studies are necessary to expand our knowledge and determine crucial parameters in malaria transmission in Darién, which in turn will aid the National Malaria Program in attaining an adequate malaria control strategy towards malaria elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolando Torres-Cosme
- Departamento de Investigación en Entomología Médica, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Panam, Repblica de Panam
| | - Chystrie Rigg
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Panam, Repblica de Panam
| | - Ana María Santamaría
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Panam, Repblica de Panam
| | - Vanessa Vásquez
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Panam, Repblica de Panam
| | - Carlos Victoria
- Departamento de Control de Vectores, Ministerio de Salud (MINSA), Panam, Repblica de Panam
| | - José Luis Ramirez
- Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois, United States of America
| | - José E. Calzada
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Panam, Repblica de Panam
| | - Lorenzo Cáceres Carrera
- Departamento de Investigación en Entomología Médica, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Panam, Repblica de Panam
- * E-mail: ,
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Buyon LE, Santamaria AM, Early AM, Quijada M, Barahona I, Lasso J, Avila M, Volkman SK, Marti M, Neafsey DE, Obaldia III N. Population genomics of Plasmodium vivax in Panama to assess the risk of case importation on malaria elimination. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008962. [PMID: 33315861 PMCID: PMC7769613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria incidence in Panama has plateaued in recent years in spite of elimination efforts, with almost all cases caused by Plasmodium vivax. Notwithstanding, overall malaria prevalence remains low (fewer than 1 case per 1000 persons). We used selective whole genome amplification to sequence 59 P. vivax samples from Panama. The P. vivax samples were collected from two periods (2007-2009 and 2017-2019) to study the population structure and transmission dynamics of the parasite. Imported cases resulting from increased levels of human migration could threaten malaria elimination prospects, and four of the samples evaluated came from individuals with travel history. We explored patterns of recent common ancestry among the samples and observed that a highly genetically related lineage (termed CL1) was dominant among the samples (47 out of 59 samples with good sequencing coverage), spanning the entire period of the collection (2007-2019) and all regions of the country. We also found a second, smaller clonal lineage (termed CL2) of four parasites collected between 2017 and 2019. To explore the regional context of Panamanian P. vivax we conducted principal components analysis and constructed a neighbor-joining tree using these samples and samples collected worldwide from a previous study. Three of the four samples with travel history clustered with samples collected from their suspected country of origin (consistent with importation), while one appears to have been a result of local transmission. The small number of Panamanian P. vivax samples not belonging to either CL1 or CL2 clustered with samples collected from Colombia, suggesting they represent the genetically similar ancestral P. vivax population in Panama or were recently imported from Colombia. The low diversity we observe in Panama indicates that this parasite population has been previously subject to a severe bottleneck and may be eligible for elimination. Additionally, while we confirmed that P. vivax is imported to Panama from diverse geographic locations, the lack of impact from imported cases on the overall parasite population genomic profile suggests that onward transmission from such cases is limited and that imported cases may not presently pose a major barrier to elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas E. Buyon
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Angela M. Early
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mario Quijada
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panama City, Panama
| | | | | | | | - Sarah K. Volkman
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Simmons University, College of Natural, Behavioral and Health Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Daniel E. Neafsey
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DEN); (NO)
| | - Nicanor Obaldia III
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panama City, Panama
- University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (DEN); (NO)
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Gomes ECDS, Cruz DLD, Santos MAVM, Souza RMC, Oliveira CMFD, Ayres CFJ, Domingos RM, Pedro MDGDS, Paiva MHS, Pimentel LMLM. Outbreak of autochthonous cases of malaria in coastal regions of Northeast Brazil: the diversity and spatial distribution of species of Anopheles. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:621. [PMID: 33317632 PMCID: PMC7734732 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04502-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brazil has the fourth highest prevalence of malaria of all countries in the Americas, with an estimated 42 million people at risk of contracting this disease. Although most cases occur in the Amazon region, cases of an autochthonous nature have also been registered in the extra-Amazonian region where Anopheles aquasalis and An. albitarsis are the mosquito species of greatest epidemiological interest. In 2019, the municipality of Conde (state of Paraíba) experienced an epidemic of autochthonous cases of malaria. Here we present preliminary results of an entomological and case epidemiology investigation, in an attempt to correlate the diversity and spatial distribution of species of Anopheles with the autochthonous cases of this outbreak of malaria. METHODS Case data were collected using case report forms made available by the Conde Municipal Health Department. The entomological survey was carried out from July to November 2019. The various methods of capture included the use of battery-powered aspirators, mouth aspirators, Shannon traps, BG-Sentinel traps (with and without dry ice) and CDC light traps. Captured mosquitoes were separated, packaged and sent to the laboratory for sexing and molecular identification of the various species of anophelines. The data were tabulated and analyzed using Microsoft Excel. Spatial analysis of the data was performed using ArcGis 10 software. RESULTS In 2019, 20 autochthonous cases and one imported case of malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax were diagnosed, with three cases of relapses. A total of 3713 mosquitoes were collected, of which 3390 were culicines and 323 were anophelines. Nine species of genus Anopheles were identified, with the most abundant being An. aquasalis (38.9%), followed by An. minor (18.2%) and An. albitarsis (9.0%). Spatial analysis of the data showed that the area could be considered to be at risk of malaria cases and that there was a high prevalence of Anopheles. CONCLUSIONS The results presented indicate that this extra-Amazonian region has an environment conducive to maintenance of the malaria transmission cycle owing to the wide diversity of Anopheles species. This environment in combination with the high influx of people from endemic areas to the study area provides a perfect setting for the occurrence and maintenance of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elainne Christine de Souza Gomes
- Department of Parasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Fiocruz, Ministry of Health, Brazil, Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50740-465, Brazil.
| | - Derciliano Lopes da Cruz
- Department of Entomology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Fiocruz, Ministry of Health Brazil, Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50740-465, Brazil
| | - Maria Alice Varjal Melo Santos
- Department of Entomology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Fiocruz, Ministry of Health Brazil, Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50740-465, Brazil
| | - Renata Maria Costa Souza
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Fiocruz, Ministry of Health, Brazil, Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50740-465, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Maria Fontes de Oliveira
- Department of Entomology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Fiocruz, Ministry of Health Brazil, Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50740-465, Brazil
| | - Constância Flávia Junqueira Ayres
- Department of Entomology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Fiocruz, Ministry of Health Brazil, Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50740-465, Brazil
| | - Renata Martins Domingos
- Health Department of Conde/ Paraíba, Rua Paulo da Rocha Barreto, 79 Centro, Conde, PB, 58322-000, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Henrique Santos Paiva
- Department of Entomology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Fiocruz, Ministry of Health Brazil, Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50740-465, Brazil.,Agreste Academic Center, University of Pernambuco, Rodovia BR-104, km 59 Nova Caruaru, Caruaru, PE, 55002-970, Brazil
| | - Lílian Maria Lapa Montenegro Pimentel
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Fiocruz, Ministry of Health, Brazil, Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50740-465, Brazil
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Santamaría AM, Vásquez V, Rigg C, Moreno D, Romero L, Justo C, Chaves LF, Saldaña A, Calzada JE. Plasmodium falciparum Genetic Diversity in Panamá Based on glurp, msp-1 and msp-2 Genes: Implications for Malaria Elimination in Mesoamerica. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:E319. [PMID: 33260605 PMCID: PMC7760695 DOI: 10.3390/life10120319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Panamá, together with all the nations in Mesoamerica, has committed to eliminate malaria from the region by 2020. As these countries approach malaria elimination and local transmission decreases, an active molecular surveillance to identify genotypes circulating along the border areas is particularly needed to accurately infer infection origin, drug resistance and disease propagation patterns in the region. This study evaluated the genetic diversity and allele frequencies of msp-1, msp-2 and glurp genes using different molecular analyses (nested PCR, PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and sequencing) from 106 autochthonous and imported P. falciparum isolates collected from different endemic areas in Panamá between 2003 and 2019. We also explored if P. falciparum genotypes assessed with these molecular markers were associated with relevant malaria epidemiological parameters using a multiple correspondence analysis. A strong association of certain local haplotypes with their geographic distribution in endemic areas, but also with parasite load and presence of gametocytes, was evidenced. Few multiclonal infections and low genetic diversity among locally transmitted P. falciparum samples were detected, consequent with the low transmission intensity of this parasite in Panamá, a pattern likely to be extended across Mesoamerica. In addition, several imported cases were genetically dissimilar to local infections and representative of more diverse extra-continental lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Santamaría
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá 0816-02593, Republic of Panama; (A.M.S.); (V.V.); (C.R.); (A.S.)
- Facultades de Ciencias Naturales Exactas y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Panamá, Panamá 4 3366, Republic of Panama
| | - Vanessa Vásquez
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá 0816-02593, Republic of Panama; (A.M.S.); (V.V.); (C.R.); (A.S.)
| | - Chystrie Rigg
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá 0816-02593, Republic of Panama; (A.M.S.); (V.V.); (C.R.); (A.S.)
| | - Dianik Moreno
- Laboratorio Central de Referencia en Salud Publica, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá 0816-02593, Republic of Panama; (D.M.); (L.R.); (C.J.)
| | - Luis Romero
- Laboratorio Central de Referencia en Salud Publica, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá 0816-02593, Republic of Panama; (D.M.); (L.R.); (C.J.)
| | - Carlos Justo
- Laboratorio Central de Referencia en Salud Publica, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá 0816-02593, Republic of Panama; (D.M.); (L.R.); (C.J.)
| | - Luis Fernando Chaves
- Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud (INCIENSA), Tres Ríos 4-2250, Cartago 1, Costa Rica;
| | - Azael Saldaña
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá 0816-02593, Republic of Panama; (A.M.S.); (V.V.); (C.R.); (A.S.)
- Facultades de Ciencias Naturales Exactas y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Panamá, Panamá 4 3366, Republic of Panama
| | - José E. Calzada
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá 0816-02593, Republic of Panama; (A.M.S.); (V.V.); (C.R.); (A.S.)
- Facultades de Ciencias Naturales Exactas y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Panamá, Panamá 4 3366, Republic of Panama
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Hurtado L, Cumbrera A, Rigg C, Perea M, Santamaría AM, Chaves LF, Moreno D, Romero L, Lasso J, Caceres L, Saldaña A, Calzada JE. Long-term transmission patterns and public health policies leading to malaria elimination in Panamá. Malar J 2020; 19:265. [PMID: 32703206 PMCID: PMC7376851 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03329-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present study provides a countrywide perspective of the malaria situation in Panamá over a long-term framework, with the purpose of identifying historical malaria resurgence events and their potential causes. Methods A descriptive-ecological study was conducted by analysing demographic and epidemiological annual malaria time series data in Panamá (1884–2019) using several data sources. Malaria intensity indicators were calculated during the study period. The effects of El Niño Southern Oscillation on malaria transmission were also analysed using a retrospective analysis of malaria cases between 1957 and 2019. Results Several factors were identified responsible for malaria resurgence in Panamá, mostly related with Malaria Control Programme weakening. During the past 20 years (2000–2019) malaria has progressively increased in prevalence within indigenous settlements, with a predominance of male cases and a high proportion (15% of total cases) in children less than 5 years old. During this period, a significant and increasing proportion of the Plasmodium falciparum cases were imported. Retrospective analysis (1957–2019) evidenced that ENSO had a significant impact on malaria transmission dynamics in Panamá. Conclusions Data analysis confirmed that although authorities have been successful in focalizing malaria transmission in the country, there are still neglected issues to be solved and important intercultural barriers that need to be addressed in order to achieve elimination of the disease by 2022. This information will be useful for targeting strategies by the National Malaria Elimination Programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth Hurtado
- Departamento de Análisis Epidemiológico y Bioestadísticas, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá, República de Panamá.,Universidad de Panamá, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Alberto Cumbrera
- Dirección de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Chystrie Rigg
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Milixa Perea
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Ana María Santamaría
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Luis Fernando Chaves
- Instituto Costarricense de Investigación Y Enseñanza en Nutrición Y Salud (INCIENSA), Tres Ríos, Cartago, Costa Rica
| | - Dianik Moreno
- Laboratorio Central de Referencia en Salud Publica, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Luis Romero
- Laboratorio Central de Referencia en Salud Publica, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Jose Lasso
- Departamento de Control de Vectores, Ministerio de Salud (MINSA), Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Lorenzo Caceres
- Departamento de Investigación en Entomología Médica, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Azael Saldaña
- Universidad de Panamá, Panamá, República de Panamá.,Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Jose E Calzada
- Universidad de Panamá, Panamá, República de Panamá. .,Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá, República de Panamá.
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