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Kenda M, Lang M, Nee J, Hinrichs C, Dell'Orco A, Salih F, Kemmling A, Nielsen N, Wise M, Thomas M, Düring J, McGuigan P, Cronberg T, Scheel M, Moseby-Knappe M, Leithner C. Regional Brain Net Water Uptake in Computed Tomography after Cardiac Arrest - A Novel Biomarker for Neuroprognostication. Resuscitation 2024; 200:110243. [PMID: 38796092 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2024.110243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selective water uptake by neurons and glial cells and subsequent brain tissue oedema are key pathophysiological processes of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) after cardiac arrest (CA). Although brain computed tomography (CT) is widely used to assess the severity of HIE, changes of brain radiodensity over time have not been investigated. These could be used to quantify regional brain net water uptake (NWU), a potential prognostic biomarker. METHODS We conducted an observational prognostic accuracy study including a derivation (single center cardiac arrest registry) and a validation (international multicenter TTM2 trial) cohort. Early (<6 h) and follow-up (>24 h) head CTs of CA patients were used to determine regional NWU for grey and white matter regions after co-registration with a brain atlas. Neurological outcome was dichotomized as good versus poor using the Cerebral Performance Category Scale (CPC) in the derivation cohort and Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) in the validation cohort. RESULTS We included 115 patients (81 derivation, 34 validation) with out-of-hospital (OHCA) and in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA). Regional brain water content remained unchanged in patients with good outcome. In patients with poor neurological outcome, we found considerable regional water uptake with the strongest effect in the basal ganglia. NWU >8% in the putamen and caudate nucleus predicted poor outcome with 100% specificity (95%-CI: 86-100%) and 43% (moderate) sensitivity (95%-CI: 31-56%). CONCLUSION This pilot study indicates that NWU derived from serial head CTs is a promising novel biomarker for outcome prediction after CA. NWU >8% in basal ganglia grey matter regions predicted poor outcome while absence of NWU indicated good outcome. NWU and follow-up CTs should be investigated in larger, prospective trials with standardized CT acquisition protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kenda
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Biomedical Innovation Academy, BIH Charité Junior Digital Clinician Scientist Program, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Margareta Lang
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Radiology, Lund University, Helsingborg Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jens Nee
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Nephrology and Intensive Care Medicine, Circulatory Arrest Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carl Hinrichs
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Nephrology and Intensive Care Medicine, Circulatory Arrest Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Dell'Orco
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Neuroradiology, Campus Charité, Mitte, Germany
| | - Farid Salih
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - André Kemmling
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Niklas Nielsen
- Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Helsingborg Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Matt Wise
- Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Joachim Düring
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Peter McGuigan
- Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, UK; Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, UK
| | - Tobias Cronberg
- Department of Neurology, Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Michael Scheel
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Neuroradiology, Campus Charité, Mitte, Germany
| | - Marion Moseby-Knappe
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurology and Rehabilitation, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christoph Leithner
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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Bao R, Song Y, Bates SV, Weiss RJ, Foster AN, Cobos CJ, Sotardi S, Zhang Y, Gollub RL, Grant PE, Ou Y. BOston Neonatal Brain Injury Dataset for Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy (BONBID-HIE): Part I. MRI and Manual Lesion Annotation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.30.546841. [PMID: 37461570 PMCID: PMC10350009 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.30.546841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a brain injury that occurs in 1 ~ 5/1000 term neonates. Accurate identification and segmentation of HIE-related lesions in neonatal brain magnetic resonance images (MRIs) is the first step toward predicting prognosis, identifying high-risk patients, and evaluating treatment effects. It will lead to a more accurate estimation of prognosis, a better understanding of neurological symptoms, and a timely prediction of response to therapy. We release the first public dataset containing neonatal brain diffusion MRI and expert annotation of lesions from 133 patients diagnosed with HIE. HIE-related lesions in brain MRI are often diffuse (i.e., multi-focal), and small (over half the patients in our data having lesions occupying <1% of brain volume). Segmentation for HIE MRI data is remarkably different from, and arguably more challenging than, other segmentation tasks such as brain tumors with focal and relatively large lesions. We hope that this dataset can help fuel the development of MRI lesion segmentation methods for HIE and small diffuse lesions in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Bao
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Anna N. Foster
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Yue Zhang
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Randy L. Gollub
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P. Ellen Grant
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yangming Ou
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Yilmazer-Hanke D, Ouali Alami N, Fang L, Klotz S, Kovacs GG, Pankratz H, Weis J, Katona I, Scheuerle A, Streit WJ, Del Tredici K. Differential Glial Chitotriosidase 1 and Chitinase 3-like Protein 1 Expression in the Human Primary Visual Cortex and Cerebellum after Global Hypoxia-Ischemia. Neuroscience 2022; 506:91-113. [PMID: 36332693 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Here, we studied the neuroinflammation- and ischemia-related glial markers chitotriosidase 1 (CHIT1) and chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1, alias YKL-40) in the human striate cortex and cerebellum at different time points after global hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HIBI). Both regions differ considerably in their glial cell population but are supplied by the posterior circulation. CHIT1 and CHI3L1 expression was compared to changes in microglial (IBA1, CD68), astrocytic (GFAP, S100β), and neuronal markers (H&E, neurofilament heavy chain, NfH; calretinin, CALR) using immunohistochemistry and multiple-label immunofluorescence. Initial striatal cortical and cerebellar Purkinje cell damage, detectable already 1/2 d after HIBI, led to delayed neuronal death, whereas loss of cerebellar NfH-positive stellate and CALR-positive granule cells was variable. During the first week post-HIBI, a transient reduction of IBA1-positive microglia was observed in both regions, and fragmented/clasmatodendritic cerebellar Bergmann glia appeared. In long-term survivors, both brain regions displayed high densities of activated IBA1-positive cells and CD68-positive macrophages, which showed CHIT1 co-localization in the striate cortex. Furthermore, enlarged GFAP- and S100β-positive astroglia emerged in both regions around 9-10 d post-HIBI, i.e., along with clearance of dead neurons from the neuropil, although GFAP-/S100β-positive gemistocytic astrocytes that co-expressed CHI3L1 were found only in the striate cortex. Thus, only GFAP-/S100β-positive astrocytes in the striate cortex, but not cerebellar Bergmann glia, differentiated into CHI3L1-positive gemistocytes. CHIT1 was co-expressed almost entirely in macrophages in the striate cortex and not cerebellum of long-term survivors, thereby indicating that CHIT1 and CHI3L1 could be valuable biomarkers for monitoring the outcome of global HIBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Yilmazer-Hanke
- Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neurology, School of Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Najwa Ouali Alami
- Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neurology, School of Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lubin Fang
- Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neurology, School of Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sigried Klotz
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabor G Kovacs
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmut Pankratz
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich, Germany
| | - Joachim Weis
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Istvan Katona
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Angelika Scheuerle
- Department of Pathology, Section Neuropathology, University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Wolfgang J Streit
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, FL, USA
| | - Kelly Del Tredici
- Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neurology, School of Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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Snider SB, Fischer D, McKeown ME, Cohen AL, Schaper FLWVJ, Amorim E, Fox MD, Scirica B, Bevers MB, Lee JW. Regional Distribution of Brain Injury After Cardiac Arrest: Clinical and Electrographic Correlates. Neurology 2022; 98:e1238-e1247. [PMID: 35017304 PMCID: PMC8967331 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000013301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Disorders of consciousness, EEG background suppression, and epileptic seizures are associated with poor outcome after cardiac arrest. Our objective was to identify the distribution of diffusion MRI-measured anoxic brain injury after cardiac arrest and to define the regional correlates of disorders of consciousness, EEG background suppression, and seizures. METHODS We analyzed patients from a single-center database of unresponsive patients who underwent diffusion MRI after cardiac arrest (n = 204). We classified each patient according to recovery of consciousness (command following) before discharge, the most continuous EEG background (burst suppression vs continuous), and the presence or absence of seizures. Anoxic brain injury was measured with the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) signal. We identified ADC abnormalities relative to controls without cardiac arrest (n = 48) and used voxel lesion symptom mapping to identify regional associations with disorders of consciousness, EEG background suppression, and seizures. We then used a bootstrapped lasso regression procedure to identify robust, multivariate regional associations with each outcome variable. Last, using area under receiver operating characteristic curves, we then compared the classification ability of the strongest regional associations to that of brain-wide summary measures. RESULTS Compared to controls, patients with cardiac arrest demonstrated ADC signal reduction that was most significant in the occipital lobes. Disorders of consciousness were associated with reduced ADC most prominently in the occipital lobes but also in deep structures. Regional injury more accurately classified patients with disorders of consciousness than whole-brain injury. Background suppression mapped to a similar set of brain regions, but regional injury could no better classify patients than whole-brain measures. Seizures were less common in patients with more severe anoxic injury, particularly in those with injury to the lateral temporal white matter. DISCUSSION Anoxic brain injury was most prevalent in posterior cerebral regions, and this regional pattern of injury was a better predictor of disorders of consciousness than whole-brain injury measures. EEG background suppression lacked a specific regional association, but patients with injury to the temporal lobe were less likely to have seizures. Regional patterns of anoxic brain injury are relevant to the clinical and electrographic sequelae of cardiac arrest and may hold importance for prognosis. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class IV evidence that disorders of consciousness after cardiac arrest are associated with widely lower ADC values on diffusion MRI and are most strongly associated with reductions in occipital ADC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel B Snider
- From the Division of Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology, (S.B.S., D.F., M.E.M., M.B.B.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Radiology (A.L.C., F.L.W.V.J.S., M.D.F.), Center for Brain Circuit Therapeutics, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (B.S.), and Division of Epilepsy, Department of Neurology (J.W.L.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Departments of Neurology and Radiology (A.L.C.), Computational Radiology Laboratory, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Neurology (E.A.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco; Neurology Service (E.A.), Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, CA; Departments of Neurology and Radiology (M.D.F.), Athinoula A. Martinos Centre for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; and Department of Neurology (M.D.F.), Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
| | - David Fischer
- From the Division of Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology, (S.B.S., D.F., M.E.M., M.B.B.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Radiology (A.L.C., F.L.W.V.J.S., M.D.F.), Center for Brain Circuit Therapeutics, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (B.S.), and Division of Epilepsy, Department of Neurology (J.W.L.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Departments of Neurology and Radiology (A.L.C.), Computational Radiology Laboratory, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Neurology (E.A.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco; Neurology Service (E.A.), Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, CA; Departments of Neurology and Radiology (M.D.F.), Athinoula A. Martinos Centre for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; and Department of Neurology (M.D.F.), Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Morgan E McKeown
- From the Division of Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology, (S.B.S., D.F., M.E.M., M.B.B.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Radiology (A.L.C., F.L.W.V.J.S., M.D.F.), Center for Brain Circuit Therapeutics, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (B.S.), and Division of Epilepsy, Department of Neurology (J.W.L.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Departments of Neurology and Radiology (A.L.C.), Computational Radiology Laboratory, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Neurology (E.A.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco; Neurology Service (E.A.), Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, CA; Departments of Neurology and Radiology (M.D.F.), Athinoula A. Martinos Centre for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; and Department of Neurology (M.D.F.), Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Alexander Li Cohen
- From the Division of Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology, (S.B.S., D.F., M.E.M., M.B.B.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Radiology (A.L.C., F.L.W.V.J.S., M.D.F.), Center for Brain Circuit Therapeutics, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (B.S.), and Division of Epilepsy, Department of Neurology (J.W.L.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Departments of Neurology and Radiology (A.L.C.), Computational Radiology Laboratory, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Neurology (E.A.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco; Neurology Service (E.A.), Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, CA; Departments of Neurology and Radiology (M.D.F.), Athinoula A. Martinos Centre for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; and Department of Neurology (M.D.F.), Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Frederic L W V J Schaper
- From the Division of Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology, (S.B.S., D.F., M.E.M., M.B.B.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Radiology (A.L.C., F.L.W.V.J.S., M.D.F.), Center for Brain Circuit Therapeutics, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (B.S.), and Division of Epilepsy, Department of Neurology (J.W.L.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Departments of Neurology and Radiology (A.L.C.), Computational Radiology Laboratory, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Neurology (E.A.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco; Neurology Service (E.A.), Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, CA; Departments of Neurology and Radiology (M.D.F.), Athinoula A. Martinos Centre for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; and Department of Neurology (M.D.F.), Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Edilberto Amorim
- From the Division of Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology, (S.B.S., D.F., M.E.M., M.B.B.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Radiology (A.L.C., F.L.W.V.J.S., M.D.F.), Center for Brain Circuit Therapeutics, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (B.S.), and Division of Epilepsy, Department of Neurology (J.W.L.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Departments of Neurology and Radiology (A.L.C.), Computational Radiology Laboratory, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Neurology (E.A.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco; Neurology Service (E.A.), Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, CA; Departments of Neurology and Radiology (M.D.F.), Athinoula A. Martinos Centre for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; and Department of Neurology (M.D.F.), Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Michael D Fox
- From the Division of Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology, (S.B.S., D.F., M.E.M., M.B.B.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Radiology (A.L.C., F.L.W.V.J.S., M.D.F.), Center for Brain Circuit Therapeutics, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (B.S.), and Division of Epilepsy, Department of Neurology (J.W.L.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Departments of Neurology and Radiology (A.L.C.), Computational Radiology Laboratory, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Neurology (E.A.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco; Neurology Service (E.A.), Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, CA; Departments of Neurology and Radiology (M.D.F.), Athinoula A. Martinos Centre for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; and Department of Neurology (M.D.F.), Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Benjamin Scirica
- From the Division of Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology, (S.B.S., D.F., M.E.M., M.B.B.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Radiology (A.L.C., F.L.W.V.J.S., M.D.F.), Center for Brain Circuit Therapeutics, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (B.S.), and Division of Epilepsy, Department of Neurology (J.W.L.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Departments of Neurology and Radiology (A.L.C.), Computational Radiology Laboratory, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Neurology (E.A.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco; Neurology Service (E.A.), Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, CA; Departments of Neurology and Radiology (M.D.F.), Athinoula A. Martinos Centre for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; and Department of Neurology (M.D.F.), Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Matthew B Bevers
- From the Division of Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology, (S.B.S., D.F., M.E.M., M.B.B.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Radiology (A.L.C., F.L.W.V.J.S., M.D.F.), Center for Brain Circuit Therapeutics, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (B.S.), and Division of Epilepsy, Department of Neurology (J.W.L.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Departments of Neurology and Radiology (A.L.C.), Computational Radiology Laboratory, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Neurology (E.A.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco; Neurology Service (E.A.), Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, CA; Departments of Neurology and Radiology (M.D.F.), Athinoula A. Martinos Centre for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; and Department of Neurology (M.D.F.), Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jong Woo Lee
- From the Division of Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology, (S.B.S., D.F., M.E.M., M.B.B.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Radiology (A.L.C., F.L.W.V.J.S., M.D.F.), Center for Brain Circuit Therapeutics, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (B.S.), and Division of Epilepsy, Department of Neurology (J.W.L.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Departments of Neurology and Radiology (A.L.C.), Computational Radiology Laboratory, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Neurology (E.A.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco; Neurology Service (E.A.), Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, CA; Departments of Neurology and Radiology (M.D.F.), Athinoula A. Martinos Centre for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; and Department of Neurology (M.D.F.), Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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