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Townley J, Northstone K, Hinton EC, Hamilton-Shield J, Searle A, Leary S. Daily Duration of Eating for Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2024; 16:993. [PMID: 38613026 PMCID: PMC11013214 DOI: 10.3390/nu16070993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Time-limited eating is a dietary intervention whereby eating is limited to a specific window of time during the day. The usual eating windows of adults, and how these can be manipulated for dietary interventions, is well documented. However, there is a paucity of data on eating windows of young people, the manipulation of which may be a useful intervention for reducing obesity. This paper reviewed the existing literature on the eating windows of children and adolescents, aged 5-18 years, plus clock times of first and last intakes and variations by subgroup. Two databases (Medline and Embase) were searched for eligible papers published between February 2013 and February 2023, with forward searching of the citation network of included studies on Web of Science. Articles were screened, and data extracted, in duplicate by two independent reviewers. Ten studies were included, with both observational and experimental designs. Narrative synthesis showed large variations in eating windows with average values ranging from 9.7 h to 16.4 h. Meta-analysis, of five studies, showed a pooled mean daily eating window of 11.3 h (95% CI 11.0, 11.7). Large variations in eating windows exist across different study populations; however, the pooled data suggest that it may be possible to design time-limited eating interventions in paediatric populations aimed at reducing eating windows. Further high-quality research, investigating eating windows and subsequent associations with health outcomes, is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Townley
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Kate Northstone
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK;
| | - Elanor C. Hinton
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Diet and Physical Activity Theme, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Education and Research Centre, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 3NU, UK; (E.C.H.); (J.H.-S.); (A.S.)
| | - Julian Hamilton-Shield
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Diet and Physical Activity Theme, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Education and Research Centre, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 3NU, UK; (E.C.H.); (J.H.-S.); (A.S.)
| | - Aidan Searle
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Diet and Physical Activity Theme, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Education and Research Centre, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 3NU, UK; (E.C.H.); (J.H.-S.); (A.S.)
| | - Sam Leary
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, 1 Trinity Walk, Bristol BS2 0PT, UK;
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Minaeva O, Schat E, Ceulemans E, Kunkels YK, Smit AC, Wichers M, Booij SH, Riese H. Individual-specific change points in circadian rest-activity rhythm and sleep in individuals tapering their antidepressant medication: an actigraphy study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:855. [PMID: 38195786 PMCID: PMC10776866 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50960-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Group-level studies showed associations between depressive symptoms and circadian rhythm elements, though whether these associations replicate at the within-person level remains unclear. We investigated whether changes in circadian rhythm elements (namely, rest-activity rhythm, physical activity, and sleep) occur close to depressive symptom transitions and whether there are differences in the amount and direction of circadian rhythm changes in individuals with and without transitions. We used 4 months of actigraphy data from 34 remitted individuals tapering antidepressants (20 with and 14 without depressive symptom transitions) to assess circadian rhythm variables. Within-person kernel change point analyses were used to detect change points (CPs) and their timing in circadian rhythm variables. In 69% of individuals experiencing transitions, CPs were detected near the time of the transition. No-transition participants had an average of 0.64 CPs per individual, which could not be attributed to other known events, compared to those with transitions, who averaged 1 CP per individual. The direction of change varied between individuals, although some variables showed clear patterns in one direction. Results supported the hypothesis that CPs in circadian rhythm occurred more frequently close to transitions in depression. However, a larger sample is needed to understand which circadian rhythm variables change for whom, and more single-subject research to untangle the meaning of the large individual differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Minaeva
- Department of Psychiatry (CC72), Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Evelien Schat
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eva Ceulemans
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yoram K Kunkels
- Department of Psychiatry (CC72), Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arnout C Smit
- Department of Psychiatry (CC72), Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke Wichers
- Department of Psychiatry (CC72), Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne H Booij
- Department of Psychiatry (CC72), Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Lentis, Center for Integrative Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harriëtte Riese
- Department of Psychiatry (CC72), Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Grant AD, Kriegsfeld LJ. Continuous body temperature as a window into adolescent development. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2023; 60:101221. [PMID: 36821877 PMCID: PMC9981811 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2023.101221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuous body temperature is a rich source of information on hormonal status, biological rhythms, and metabolism, all of which undergo stereotyped change across adolescence. Due to the direct actions of these dynamic systems on body temperature regulation, continuous temperature may be uniquely suited to monitoring adolescent development and the impacts of exogenous reproductive hormones or peptides (e.g., hormonal contraception, puberty blockers, gender affirming hormone treatment). This mini-review outlines how traditional methods for monitoring the timing and tempo of puberty may be augmented by markers derived from continuous body temperature. These features may provide greater temporal precision, scalability, and reduce reliance on self-report, particularly in females. Continuous body temperature data can now be gathered with ease across a variety of wearable form factors, providing the opportunity to develop tools that aid in individual, parental, clinical, and researcher awareness and education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azure D Grant
- Levels Health, Inc., New York City, NY 10003, United States
| | - Lance J Kriegsfeld
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States; Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States; Graduate Group in Endocrinology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States; The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States.
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Grant AD, Wilbrecht L, Kriegsfeld LJ. Sex Differences in Pubertal Circadian and Ultradian Rhythmic Development Under Semi-naturalistic Conditions. J Biol Rhythms 2022; 37:442-454. [PMID: 35502708 PMCID: PMC9329191 DOI: 10.1177/07487304221092715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Biological rhythms in core body temperature (CBT) provide informative markers of adolescent development under controlled laboratory conditions. However, it is unknown whether these markers are preserved under more variable, semi-naturalistic conditions, and whether CBT may therefore prove useful in a real-world setting. To evaluate this possibility, we examined fecal steroid concentrations and CBT rhythms from pre-adolescence (p26) through early adulthood (p76) in intact male and female Wistar rats under natural light and climate at the Stephen Glickman Field Station for the Study of Behavior, Ecology and Reproduction. Despite greater environmental variability, CBT markers of pubertal onset and its rhythmic progression were comparable with those previously reported in laboratory conditions in female rats and extend actigraphy-based findings in males. Specifically, sex differences emerged in CBT circadian rhythm (CR) power and amplitude prior to pubertal onset and persisted into early adulthood, with females exhibiting elevated CBT and decreased CR power compared with males. Within-day (ultradian rhythm [UR]) patterns also exhibited a pronounced sex difference associated with estrous cyclicity. Pubertal onset, defined by vaginal opening, preputial separation, and sex steroid concentrations, occurred later than previously reported under lab conditions for both sexes. Vaginal opening and increased fecal estradiol concentrations were closely tied to the commencement of 4-day oscillations in CBT and UR power. By contrast, preputial separation and the first rise in testosterone concentration were not associated with adolescent changes to CBT rhythms in male rats. Together, males and females exhibited unique temporal patterning of CBT and sex steroids across pubertal development, with tractable associations between hormonal concentrations, external development, and temporal structure in females. The preservation of these features outside the laboratory supports CBT as a strong candidate for translational pubertal monitoring under semi-naturalistic conditions in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azure D. Grant
- The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States
| | - Linda Wilbrecht
- The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States
| | - Lance J. Kriegsfeld
- The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States
- Graduate Group in Endocrinology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States
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Grant AD, Wilbrecht L, Kriegsfeld LJ. Adolescent Development of Biological Rhythms in Female Rats: Estradiol Dependence and Effects of Combined Contraceptives. Front Physiol 2021; 12:752363. [PMID: 35615288 PMCID: PMC9126190 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.752363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a period of continuous development, including the maturation of endogenous rhythms across systems and timescales. Although, these dynamic changes are well-recognized, their continuous structure and hormonal dependence have not been systematically characterized. Given the well-established link between core body temperature (CBT) and reproductive hormones in adults, we hypothesized that high-resolution CBT can be applied to passively monitor pubertal development and disruption with high fidelity. To examine this possibility, we used signal processing to investigate the trajectory of CBT rhythms at the within-day (ultradian), daily (circadian), and ovulatory timescales, their dependence on estradiol (E2), and the effects of hormonal contraceptives. Puberty onset was marked by a rise in fecal estradiol (fE2), followed by an elevation in CBT and circadian power. This time period marked the commencement of 4-day rhythmicity in fE2, CBT, and ultradian power marking the onset of the estrous cycle. The rise in circadian amplitude was accelerated by E2 treatment, indicating a role for this hormone in rhythmic development. Contraceptive administration in later adolescence reduced CBT and circadian power and resulted in disruption to 4-day cycles that persisted after discontinuation. Our data reveal with precise temporal resolution how biological rhythms change across adolescence and demonstrate a role for E2 in the emergence and preservation of multiscale rhythmicity. These findings also demonstrate how hormones delivered exogenously in a non-rhythmic pattern can disrupt rhythmic development. These data lay the groundwork for a future in which temperature metrics provide an inexpensive, convenient method for monitoring pubertal maturation and support the development of hormone therapies that better mimic and support human chronobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azure D. Grant
- The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Linda Wilbrecht
- The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Lance J. Kriegsfeld
- The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Graduate Group in Endocrinology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
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Ma J, Cheng Y, Su Q, Ai W, Gong L, Wang Y, Li L, Ma Z, Pan Q, Qiao Z, Chen K. Effects of intermittent fasting on liver physiology and metabolism in mice. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:950. [PMID: 34335892 PMCID: PMC8290466 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A broad spectrum of health benefits from intermittent fasting have been reported in studies on animal models and human subjects. However, the underlying mechanisms of these beneficial effects remain largely elusive. The present study aimed to explore the effects and potential mode of action of intermittent fasting in mouse models with a focus on the liver. C57BL/6 mice were subjected to intermittent fasting or ad libitum feeding as controls. It was determined that 12 h of daily intermittent fasting for 30 days significantly reduced the cumulative food intake compared with that in mice with ad libitum feeding. Fasting resulted in a significantly reduced liver mass but only had a minimal effect on bodyweight. The effects on the liver by 30 days of fasting were not reversed by subsequent ad libitum refeeding for 30 days. Among the measured blood biochemical parameters, the levels of blood glucose were decreased, while the levels of alkaline phosphatase were increased in fasting mice. Of note, targeted metabolic profiling revealed global elevation of metabolites in the livers of fasting mice. These metabolic molecules included adenosine triphosphate, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), reduced NADP and succinate, which are essentially involved in the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Thus, it was concluded that daily 12 h of intermittent fasting for one month significantly reduced the liver weight of mice, which is associated with enhanced liver metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China.,Experimental Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Su
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Wen Ai
- Department of Cardiology, Union Shenzhen Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518102, P.R. China
| | - Ling Gong
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, P.R. China
| | - Yueying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Linhao Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Zhongren Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Qiuwei Pan
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Zilin Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Kan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China.,College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P.R. China
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