1
|
Dichtl A, Stöver H, Schäffer D. [HIV/HCV Among Drug Users in Germany: Elimination Targets in the Mirror of Practice]. DAS GESUNDHEITSWESEN 2023; 85:712-717. [PMID: 35738305 PMCID: PMC11248736 DOI: 10.1055/a-1819-6116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2016, the World Health Organization presented the first strategy for the elimination of viral hepatitis by 2030, following the goals of the Agenda 2030. Ending Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) by 2030 was also formulated as one of the Sustainable Development Goals and subsequently included and elaborated in the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) strategy. People who inject drugs (PWID) are among the most vulnerable groups in terms of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Following the objectives of the WHO and the UN, the German Federal Ministry of Health (BMG) has presented the first integrated overall strategy for HIV and Hepatitis C (as well as Hepatitis B and other sexually transmitted infections). OBJECTIVES AND METHODS Six years after the adoption of the German government's BIS 2030 strategy this article discusses the role of PWID in Germany in relation to the elimination targets on HIV and HCV based on currently available data and in light of recent responses and efforts from the field. RESULTS Although there are multiple positive practice approaches, the WHO elimination targets have not yet been achieved with regard to HCV and HIV in PWID. CONCLUSION In order not to fail the elimination targets 2030, Germany will have to substantially improve the situation of PWID as a key group and in particular advance the implementation of diagnostics and treatment as well as evidence-based harm reduction measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dichtl
- Institut für Suchtforschung Frankfurt am Main (ISFF), Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Heino Stöver
- Institut für Suchtforschung Frankfurt am Main (ISFF), Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dirk Schäffer
- Drogen, Haft, Frauen und Migration, Deutsche Aidshilfe e.V., Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Seroprevalence and factors associated with hepatitis B virus exposure in the incarcerated population from southern Brazil. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278029. [PMID: 36413542 PMCID: PMC9681091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B viral infection (HBV) in prisons poses serious public health challenges because it significantly contributes to the increase in both morbidity and mortality indicators worldwide. Research has shown high HBV prevalence among inmates when compared to the general population. In this study, we estimated the prevalence of HBV exposure and its risk factors among 1,132 inmates detained in high security institutions. A cross-sectional, epidemiological study was carried out in 11 male-only prisons in the State of Paraná, Brazil, between May 2015 to December 2016. HBV exposure was explored using a variety of methods, including HBsAg, anti-HBs, and total anti-HBc. Data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate techniques. The overall prevalence of HBV exposure was 11.9% (95% CI: 10.9-12.8), totaling 135 individuals. In the multivariate analyses, risk factors that remained statistically significant were related to the penitentiary location (Francisco Beltrão; OR = 5.59; 95% CI: 3.32-9.42), age (over 30 years; OR = 5.78; 95% CI: 3.58-9.34), undergoing tattooing procedures in prison (OR = 1.64; 95% CI: 1.03-2.60), self-reported sexual activities with a known drug user (OR = 1.67; 95% CI: 1.12-2.48) and having a history of previous history of hepatitis B or C infection (OR = 2.62; 95% CI: 1.48-4.64). The findings indicate that public policies-including vaccination, early diagnosis, harm reduction strategies, and adequate treatment-should be designed and delivered in the same way for both the incarcerated and the general population in order to reduce the prevalence of HBV and its associated consequences.
Collapse
|
3
|
Schmidbauer C, Chromy D, Schmidbauer VU, Schwarz M, Jachs M, Bauer DJM, Binter T, Apata M, Nguyen DT, Mandorfer M, Simbrunner B, Rieger A, Mayer F, Breuer M, Strassl R, Schmidt R, Holzmann H, Trauner M, Gschwantler M, Reiberger T. Epidemiological trends of HBV and HDV coinfection among Viennese HIV+ patients. Liver Int 2021; 41:2622-2634. [PMID: 34268869 PMCID: PMC9290933 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Despite vaccination recommendations, hepatitis B (HBV) and D (HDV) coinfections are common in HIV+individuals. METHODS HBV immunization status (anti-HBs) as well as HBV (HBsAg/HBV-DNA) and HDV (anti-HDV) coinfection rates were assessed in 1870 HIV+individuals at HIV diagnosis (baseline, BL) and last follow-up (FU). RESULTS Sixty-eight (3.6%) HIV patients were never tested for HBV. At BL, 89/1802 (4.9%) HIV patients were HBV coinfected. Four hundred and fifteen (23.0%) showed virological HBV clearance [HBsAg(-)/anti-HBc(+)/anti-HBs(+)] and 210 (11.7%) presented with anti-HBc(+) only. Seven hundred and ten (39.4%) were HBV naïve [HBsAg(-)/anti-HBs(-)/anti-HBc(-)/HBV-DNA(-)], but only 378 (21.0%) received vaccinations with detectable anti-HBs(+) titres. Among the 89 HBV/HIV-coinfected patients, only 52 (58.4%) were tested for HDV: 11/49 (22.4%) had anti-HDV(+) and 3/12 (25.0%) showed HDV-RNA viraemia. During a median FU of 6.5 (IQR 7.2) years, 44 (4.6%) of the 953 retested BL HBV-negative patients acquired new HBV infection (including 15/304, 4.9% of vaccinated patients). Of the 89 patients, 22 (24.7%) patients cleared their HBsAg, resulting in 60/1625 (3.7%) HIV/HBV individuals at FU: 34 (56.7%) showed HBV-DNA suppression and 15 (25.0%) were HBV viraemic, while 12/89 (13.5%) remained without a FU test. Vaccinations induced anti-HBs(+) in 137 of the retested 649 (21.1%) BL HBV-naïve patients. CONCLUSION HBV testing is well established among Viennese HIV+patients with HBV coinfection rates around 4%-5%. HBV vaccinations are insufficiently implemented since anti-HBs titres were detected in only 21.1% of HBV-naive HIV(+) patients and new HBV infections occurred in previously vaccinated patients. HDV testing is not systematically performed despite up to 25% of HIV/HBV patients may show HDV coinfection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Schmidbauer
- Division of Gastroenterology & HepatologyDepartment of Internal Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria,Vienna HIV & Liver Study GroupMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria,Department of Internal Medicine IVKlinik OttakringViennaAustria
| | - David Chromy
- Vienna HIV & Liver Study GroupMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria,Department of DermatologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Victor U. Schmidbauer
- Vienna HIV & Liver Study GroupMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria,Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image‐guided TherapyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Michael Schwarz
- Division of Gastroenterology & HepatologyDepartment of Internal Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria,Vienna HIV & Liver Study GroupMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria,Department of Internal Medicine IVKlinik OttakringViennaAustria
| | - Mathias Jachs
- Division of Gastroenterology & HepatologyDepartment of Internal Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria,Vienna HIV & Liver Study GroupMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - David J. M. Bauer
- Division of Gastroenterology & HepatologyDepartment of Internal Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria,Vienna HIV & Liver Study GroupMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Teresa Binter
- Division of Gastroenterology & HepatologyDepartment of Internal Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria,Vienna HIV & Liver Study GroupMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Michael Apata
- Division of Gastroenterology & HepatologyDepartment of Internal Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria,Vienna HIV & Liver Study GroupMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Dung T. Nguyen
- Division of Gastroenterology & HepatologyDepartment of Internal Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria,Vienna HIV & Liver Study GroupMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Mattias Mandorfer
- Division of Gastroenterology & HepatologyDepartment of Internal Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria,Vienna HIV & Liver Study GroupMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria,Rare Liver Disease (RALID) Center of the ERN RARE‐LIVERMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Benedikt Simbrunner
- Division of Gastroenterology & HepatologyDepartment of Internal Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria,Vienna HIV & Liver Study GroupMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Armin Rieger
- Department of DermatologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Florian Mayer
- Department of Laboratory MedicineClinical Institute of VirologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Monika Breuer
- Department of Laboratory MedicineClinical Institute of VirologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Robert Strassl
- Department of Laboratory MedicineClinical Institute of VirologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Ralf Schmidt
- Department of Laboratory MedicineClinical Institute of VirologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | | | - Michael Trauner
- Vienna HIV & Liver Study GroupMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria,Rare Liver Disease (RALID) Center of the ERN RARE‐LIVERMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Michael Gschwantler
- Department of Internal Medicine IVKlinik OttakringViennaAustria,Sigmund Freud UniversityViennaAustria
| | - Thomas Reiberger
- Division of Gastroenterology & HepatologyDepartment of Internal Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria,Vienna HIV & Liver Study GroupMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria,Rare Liver Disease (RALID) Center of the ERN RARE‐LIVERMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Steffen G, Sperle I, Harder T, Sarma N, Beermann S, Thamm R, Bremer V, Zimmermann R, Dudareva S. Hepatitis B vaccination coverage in Germany: systematic review. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:817. [PMID: 34391406 PMCID: PMC8364709 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06400-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite being considered as a low prevalence country for hepatitis B (HBV), some populations in Germany are at higher risk of infection. In the context of the World Health Organization's (WHO) viral hepatitis elimination goals, a valid epidemiological data base is needed to plan and monitor the national response. Prevention strategies include general and targeted HBV vaccination programmes. OBJECTIVE The aim of this work was to estimate the HBV vaccination coverage (VC) in the general population (GP) and different population groups in Germany from available evidence and to identify current evidence gaps for future research. METHODS We conducted a systematic review on HBV VC in the general population and populations at high risk of HBV exposure or severe infection in Germany. We included eligible publications (01/01/2017 to 06/06/2020) from databases Embase, Pubmed and Livivo, from a previous scoping review (including data published 01/01/2005-17/03/2017), from the national surveillance system and screened the reference lists of all publications at full text level. Risk of bias was assessed using the Hoy et al. tool. RESULTS We included 68 publications of 67 studies and assigned them to one or more suitable population groups. Twenty-one studies contained data among children/adolescents and three among adults from the GP (VC 65.8-90.5% and 22.9-52.1%, respectively), one among travelers (VC 89.0%), 13 among immunocompromised populations (VC 7.8-89.0%), 16 among populations with occupational risk and 16 with non-occupational risk of HBV exposure (VC 63.6-96.5% and 4.4-84.5%, respectively). CONCLUSION Comprehensive evidence at low risk of bias was identified for children/adolescents. However, 25 years after including HBV in the national immunisation schedule, VC in Germany is still below the 95%-goal defined by WHO. For people at occupational risk of HBV exposure, VC was mostly reported to be over the WHO goal of 80%, but quality of evidence was heterogenous and should be improved. For people at non-occupational risk of HBV exposure, evidence was sparse and of low quality. The low VC highlights the need for future research to plan vaccination programmes targeting these populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gyde Steffen
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Unit for HIV/AIDS, STI and Blood-borne Infections, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.
- Translational Epidemiology of DZIF, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ida Sperle
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Unit for Gastrointestinal Infections, Zoonoses and Tropical Infections, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Harder
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Immunisation Unit, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Navina Sarma
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Unit for Crisis Management, Outbreak Investigations and Training Programmes, Focal Point for the Public Health Service, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandra Beermann
- Centre for International Health Protection, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roma Thamm
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Unit for Physical Health, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Viviane Bremer
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Unit for HIV/AIDS, STI and Blood-borne Infections, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ruth Zimmermann
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Unit for HIV/AIDS, STI and Blood-borne Infections, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandra Dudareva
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Unit for HIV/AIDS, STI and Blood-borne Infections, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pavicic Ivelja M, Dolic K, Tandara L, Perkovic N, Mestrovic A, Ivic I. Blood markers of endothelial dysfunction and their correlation to cerebrovascular reactivity in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10723. [PMID: 33520470 PMCID: PMC7811780 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Although liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma are major consequences of hepatitis C (HCV), there has been an increasing number of studies examining extrahepatic manifestations, especially those caused by systemic chronic inflammation and metabolic complications that might predispose HCV patients to atherosclerosis and ischemic cerebrovascular disease (CVD). The aim of our study was to assess E-selectin, VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and VEGF-A serum levels in patients with chronic HCV infection and to correlate them with cerebrovascular reactivity. A blood sample was taken from eighteen patients with chronic hepatitis C infection and from the same number of healthy blood donors in the control group. The aim was to analyse markers of endothelial dysfunction and to correlate them with cerebrovascular reactivity expressed as breath-holding index (BHI) determined using transcranial color Doppler. The obtained results revealed significant differences between the groups in all endothelial markers except for the E selectin. While the ICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 were significantly increased in the hepatitis group, VEGF-A was significantly decreased. A significant reduction of 0.5 (95% CI 0.2, 0.8) in the mean BHI was found in the hepatitis group (mean BHI 0.64) compared to controls (mean BHI 1.10). No significant association between the BHI and any of the endothelial markers was found in the control group, while in the hepatitis group, the scatter plot of ICAM-1 vs BHI suggested that the association might be present. In conclusion, the results of this study confirm an association between a chronic HCV infection and altered cerebrovascular reactivity as well as higher levels of markers of endothelial activation (ICAM-1, VCAM-1) as possible indicators of an increased CVD risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirela Pavicic Ivelja
- University of Split School of Medicine, University Hospital of Split, Department of Infectious Diseases, Split, Croatia, Croatia
| | - Kresimir Dolic
- University of Split School of Medicine, University Hospital of Split, Department of Radiology, Split, Croatia, Croatia
| | - Leida Tandara
- University of Split School of Medicine, University Hospital of Split, Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Split, Croatia, Croatia
| | - Nikola Perkovic
- University of Split School of Medicine, University Hospital of Split, Department of Gastroenterology, Split, Croatia, Croatia
| | - Antonio Mestrovic
- University of Split School of Medicine, University Hospital of Split, Department of Gastroenterology, Split, Croatia, Croatia
| | - Ivo Ivic
- University of Split School of Medicine, University Hospital of Split, Department of Infectious Diseases, Split, Croatia, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
[How to assess the elimination of viral hepatitis B, C, and D in Germany? Outcomes of an interdisciplinary workshop]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2020; 64:77-90. [PMID: 33326051 PMCID: PMC7772161 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-020-03260-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hintergrund Die Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO) hat 2016 eine Strategie zur Eliminierung von Hepatitis-B-, -C- und -D-Virusinfektionen verfasst und Indikatoren zum Monitoring des Fortschritts definiert. Das Robert Koch-Institut hat 2019 ein interdisziplinäres Arbeitstreffen zur Verbesserung der Datenlage veranstaltet. Ziele Ziele waren die Vernetzung der Akteure, die Erstellung einer Übersicht zu den in Deutschland vorhandenen Datenquellen zu Hepatitis B, C und D und die Diskussion methodischer Aspekte. Material und Methoden Die für Deutschland relevanten WHO-Indikatoren wurden extrahiert und es wurde bestimmt, wie diese anhand vorliegender Daten konstruiert werden können. Bei dem Arbeitstreffen mit AkteurInnen aus dem öffentlichen Gesundheitsdienst, aus Kliniken, Laboren, von Krankenkassen, Forschungsinstituten, Datenhaltern und Registern wurden in Arbeitsgruppen Erhebungsmethoden diskutiert, welche dazu dienen können, fehlende Daten zu ermitteln. Die Datenquellen und Daten wurden hinsichtlich Qualität, Vollständigkeit sowie praktischer Umsetzbarkeit evaluiert und priorisiert. Ergebnisse Für die Allgemeinbevölkerung können die Indikatoren zu Prävention, Testung, Diagnose, Behandlung, Heilung, Folgeschäden und Mortalität aus Diagnose‑, Versorgungs- und Registerdaten, Daten aus Laboren und klinischen Zentren sowie einzelnen Studien konstruiert werden. Datenquellen für vulnerable Gruppen beschränken sich auf einzelne Studien zu Drogengebrauchenden, Männern, die Sex mit Männern haben, und HIV-Ko-Infizierten. Daten für MigrantInnen, Inhaftierte und SexarbeiterInnen sind kaum verfügbar; ebenso fehlen aktuelle Daten zur Krankheitslast chronischer Hepatitisinfektionen in der Allgemeinbevölkerung. Diskussion Für alle ausgewählten Indikatoren konnten Datenquellen, ihre Besonderheiten und Limitationen identifiziert werden. Im nächsten Schritt gilt es, die entwickelten Ideen in konkrete Projekte mit einzelnen Datenhaltern umzusetzen. Zusatzmaterial online Zusätzliche Informationen sind in der Online-Version dieses Artikels (10.1007/s00103-020-03260-2) enthalten.
Collapse
|
7
|
Sperle I, Steffen G, Leendertz SA, Sarma N, Beermann S, Thamm R, Simeonova Y, Cornberg M, Wedemeyer H, Bremer V, Zimmermann R, Dudareva S. Prevalence of Hepatitis B, C, and D in Germany: Results From a Scoping Review. Front Public Health 2020; 8:424. [PMID: 33014960 PMCID: PMC7493659 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: One of the five strategic directions in the World Health Organization global health sector strategy on viral hepatitis 2016-2021 is to generate strong strategic information for focused action to understand the viral hepatitis epidemic and focus the response. Knowledge of national prevalence is a cornerstone of strategic information. Germany is considered to be a low prevalence country for viral hepatitis B, C, and D, however the prevalence is likely to be higher among at-risk groups. Methods: The aim of this work was to give a detailed overview of the prevalence of viral hepatitis B (HBsAg, anti-HBc), C (anti-HCV, HCV RNA), and D (anti-HDV, HDV RNA) in different population groups in Germany. Therefore, we analyzed the results of a comprehensive literature search on various aspects of the epidemiological situation of hepatitis B, C, and D in Germany. Eligible publications including information on hepatitis B, C, and D prevalence were extracted from the overall spreadsheet table and summarized and analyzed based on virus and different population groups. A quality appraisal was performed using a checklist developed by Hoy et al. to assess risk of bias in prevalence studies. Results: Overall, 51 publications were identified through the literature search. The overall prevalence of HBsAg in the general (and proxy) population ranged from 0.3 to 1.6%. Among at-risk groups, including clinical populations and health care workers, the HBsAg prevalence ranged from 0.2% (among rheumatic patients) to 4.5% among HIV positive patients. The overall prevalence of anti-HCV in the general (and proxy) population ranged from 0.2 to 1.9%. Among at-risk groups, including clinical populations and health care workers, the anti-HCV prevalence ranged from 0.04% (among health care workers) to 68.0% among people who inject drugs. Conclusions: The hepatitis B and C prevalence in the general population in Germany is low. Prevalence is high to very high among at-risk populations, however for some groups evidence was incomplete or missing completely. To reach the elimination goals in Germany and implement a targeted response, more research among at-risk groups is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ida Sperle
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gyde Steffen
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Translational Infrastructure Epidemiology of the German Centre for Infection Research, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Siv Aina Leendertz
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Translational Infrastructure Epidemiology of the German Centre for Infection Research, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Navina Sarma
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandra Beermann
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Translational Infrastructure Epidemiology of the German Centre for Infection Research, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Centre for International Health Protection, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roma Thamm
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Translational Infrastructure Epidemiology of the German Centre for Infection Research, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yanita Simeonova
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Cornberg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hanover, Germany
- Thematic Translational Unit Hepatitis of the German Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany
| | - Heiner Wedemeyer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Viviane Bremer
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ruth Zimmermann
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandra Dudareva
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|