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Vidovszky MZ, Böszörményi KP, Surján A, Varga T, Dán Á, Benkő M, Harrach B. First DNA sequence proof for the occurrence of bovine adenovirus types 10 and 11 in continental Europe. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e3479-e3486. [PMID: 36315348 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Bovine adenoviruses (BAdV) are known to cause respiratory and/or intestinal disease in calves. Infection can manifest as acute outbreaks, but more often only sporadic cases occur. Here we describe the PCR detection and partial sequence characterization of several BAdVs found in sick or dead calves on different farms in Western Hungary. Intermittent diarrhoeal illnesses occurred after weaning among calves on several farms located up to 40 km apart. A high-sensitivity, broad-spectrum nested PCR, developed for the general detection of adenoviruses, gave positive results in four independent cases. Direct sequencing of PCR products showed clear results from only two samples, whereas sequences from the other two amplicons were mixed. Molecular cloning of these heterogeneous PCR products was performed to separate each DNA fragment therein. By sequencing several plasmid clones from both mixed samples, we were able to detect the simultaneous presence of two different BAdV types, namely types 6 and 10 classified into two separate (Atadenovirus and Mastadenovirus) genera. The sequence of one homogenous sample was identified as being derived also from BAdV-10, whereas the other sample contained a novel type, proposed to be BAdV-11. We demonstrated, for the very first time, the occurrence of the two latter virus types in continental Europe. Their appearance in Hungary marks a significant shift in the types of BAdVs actually circulating in the country. Considering the similarity of the pathological findings to those, attributed to BAdV-10 infections reported to date, the causative role of the viruses in these cases seems to be plausible. Phylogeny reconstruction further confirmed that BAdVs represent multiple genetic lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márton Z Vidovszky
- Molecular and Comparative Virology, Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kinga P Böszörményi
- Molecular and Comparative Virology, Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - András Surján
- Molecular and Comparative Virology, Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Ádám Dán
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, Budapest, Hungary.,DaNAm.Vet.Molbiol, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mária Benkő
- Molecular and Comparative Virology, Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Harrach
- Molecular and Comparative Virology, Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary
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Adenoviruses in Avian Hosts: Recent Discoveries Shed New Light on Adenovirus Diversity and Evolution. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081767. [PMID: 36016389 PMCID: PMC9416666 DOI: 10.3390/v14081767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While adenoviruses cause infections in a wide range of vertebrates, members of the genus Atadenovirus, Siadenovirus, and Aviadenovirus predominantly infect avian hosts. Several recent studies on avian adenoviruses have encouraged us to re-visit previously proposed adenovirus evolutionary concepts. Complete genomes and partial DNA polymerase sequences of avian adenoviruses were extracted from NCBI and analysed using various software. Genomic analyses and constructed phylogenetic trees identified the atadenovirus origin from an Australian native passerine bird in contrast to the previously established reptilian origin. In addition, we demonstrated that the theories on higher AT content in atadenoviruses are no longer accurate and cannot be considered as a species demarcation criterion for the genus Atadenovirus. Phylogenetic reconstruction further emphasised the need to reconsider siadenovirus origin, and we recommend extended studies on avian adenoviruses in wild birds to provide finer evolutionary resolution.
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Torii EH, Wünschmann A, Armién AG, Mor SK, Chalupsky E, Kumar R, Willette M. Adenoviral infection in 5 red-tailed hawks and a broad-winged hawk. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022; 34:796-805. [PMID: 35762098 DOI: 10.1177/10406387221105240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenoviral infections among raptors are best described in falcons and are characterized most commonly by necrotizing hepatitis and splenitis; only one case has been reported in a hawk. Five red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) and a broad-winged hawk (Buteo platypterus) had an adenoviral infection based on history, histopathology, negative-stain electron microscopy, and PCR. All birds had acute onset of illness resulting in death; 3 had evidence of a concurrent bacterial infection. Microscopically, all 6 birds had solitary, pale eosinophilic-to-amphophilic, intranuclear inclusion bodies within presumed hematopoietic cells in bone marrow and macrophages in spleen. Five of the 6 birds had similar inclusions within hepatocytes and Kupffer cells. All but one bird had severe bone marrow necrosis. There was moderate splenic necrosis (3 of 6) and mild-to-marked hepatic necrosis (4 of 6). Negative-stain electron microscopy demonstrated adenoviral particles in bone marrow (5 of 6), liver (1 of 5), and/or spleen (1 of 5). PCR was positive for adenovirus in bone marrow (3 of 5), liver (1 of 3), spleen (4 of 6), and/or intestinal contents (2 of 3). Viral DNA polymerase gene sequences clustered within the Siadenovirus genus. There was 99% nucleotide identity to one another and 90% nucleotide identity with the closest related adenovirus (Harris hawk, EU715130). Our case series expands on the limited knowledge of adenoviral infections in hawks. The splenic and hepatic necrosis, and particularly the hitherto unreported bone marrow necrosis, suggest that adenoviral infection is clinically relevant and potentially fatal in hawks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma H Torii
- Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Arno Wünschmann
- Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Anibal G Armién
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sunil K Mor
- Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Emma Chalupsky
- The Raptor Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Michelle Willette
- The Raptor Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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Isolation and whole-genome sequencing of a novel aviadenovirus from owls in Japan. Arch Virol 2022; 167:829-838. [PMID: 35118528 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05380-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Adenoviruses have been reported to infect a variety of birds. Here, we isolated a novel adenovirus from the liver of a dead owl chick (Bengal eagle owl; Bubo bengalensis) at a raptor-breeding facility in Japan and determined the complete genome sequence of the virus. We performed necropsies on the dead owl chicks and found that they had enlarged livers, pericardial edema, and focal necrosis of the liver tissue. Transmission electron microscopy of the liver tissue revealed a virus-like structure, appearing as paracrystalline arrays in the nucleus, and immunohistochemical staining with anti-adenovirus antibodies showed positive reactions in hepatocytes and other cells. Attempts to isolate the virus from homogenized liver tissue of a dead owl chick showed a cytopathic effect on chicken-derived cultured cells after multiple blind passages. Further, we determined the complete genome sequence of this virus and performed phylogenetic analysis, revealing that this adenovirus belongs to the genus Aviadenovirus, forming a cluster with fowl and turkey aviadenoviruses. The amino acid sequence divergence between the DNA polymerase of this virus and its closest known adenovirus relative is approximately 29%, implying that this virus can be assigned to a new species in the genus Aviadenovirus. Based on our data, this novel owl adenovirus is a likely cause of fatal infections in owls, which may threaten wild and captive owl populations. Further, this virus is unique among raptor adenoviruses in that it infects chicken-derived cultured cells, raising the importance of further investigations to evaluate interspecies transmission of this virus.
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Surphlis AC, Dill-Okubo JA, Harrach B, Waltzek T, Subramaniam K. Genomic characterization of psittacine adenovirus 2, a siadenovirus identified in a moribund African grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus). Arch Virol 2022; 167:911-916. [PMID: 35103853 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05341-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the complete genome sequence of psittacine adenovirus 2 from a moribund African grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus) with neurological signs and systemic inflammation. The complete siadenovirus genome is 25,386 bp in size. The results of genetic and phylogenetic analyses support its classification as a member of a novel species within the genus Siadenovirus. This study represents the first report of the genome sequence of an adenovirus from an African grey parrot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin C Surphlis
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jennifer A Dill-Okubo
- Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Bronson Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Kissimmee, FL, USA
| | - Balázs Harrach
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Thomas Waltzek
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kuttichantran Subramaniam
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. .,Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Gainor K, Becker AAMJ, Malik YS, Ghosh S. First Report on Detection and Molecular Characterization of Adenoviruses in the Small Indian Mongoose ( Urva auropunctata). Viruses 2021; 13:v13112194. [PMID: 34835000 PMCID: PMC8622525 DOI: 10.3390/v13112194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a broad-range nested PCR assay targeting the DNA-dependent DNA polymerase (pol) gene, we detected adenoviruses in 17 (20.48%) out of 83 fecal samples from small Indian mongooses (Urva auropunctata) on the Caribbean island of St. Kitts. All 17 PCR amplicons were sequenced for the partial pol gene (~300 bp, hereafter referred to as Mon sequences). Fourteen of the 17 Mon sequences shared maximum homology (98.3-99.6% and 97-98.9% nucleotide (nt) and deduced amino acid (aa) sequence identities, respectively) with that of bovine adenovirus-6 (species Bovine atadenovirus E). Mongoose-associated adenovirus Mon-39 was most closely related (absolute nt and deduced aa identities) to an atadenovirus from a tropical screech owl. Mon-66 shared maximum nt and deduced aa identities of 69% and 71.4% with those of atadenoviruses from a spur-thighed tortoise and a brown anole lizard, respectively. Phylogenetically, Mon-39 and Mon-66 clustered within clades that were predominated by atadenoviruses from reptiles, indicating a reptilian origin of these viruses. Only a single mongoose-associated adenovirus, Mon-34, was related to the genus Mastadenovirus. However, phylogenetically, Mon-34 formed an isolated branch, distinct from other mastadenoviruses. Since the fecal samples were collected from apparently healthy mongooses, we could not determine whether the mongoose-associated adenoviruses infected the host. On the other hand, the phylogenetic clustering patterns of the mongoose-associated atadenoviruses pointed more towards a dietary origin of these viruses. Although the present study was based on partial pol sequences (~90 aa), sequence identities and phylogenetic analysis suggested that Mon-34, Mon-39, and Mon-66 might represent novel adenoviruses. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the detection and molecular characterization of adenoviruses from the mongoose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Gainor
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, 00265 Basseterre, St. Kitts and Nevis, West Indies; (K.G.); (A.A.M.J.B.)
| | - Anne A. M. J. Becker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, 00265 Basseterre, St. Kitts and Nevis, West Indies; (K.G.); (A.A.M.J.B.)
| | - Yashpal S. Malik
- College of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Science University, 141004 Ludhiana, India;
| | - Souvik Ghosh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, 00265 Basseterre, St. Kitts and Nevis, West Indies; (K.G.); (A.A.M.J.B.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +1-(869)-4654161 (ext. 401-1202)
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Shehata AA, Basiouni S, Sting R, Akimkin V, Hoferer M, Hafez HM. Poult Enteritis and Mortality Syndrome in Turkey Poults: Causes, Diagnosis and Preventive Measures. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11072063. [PMID: 34359191 PMCID: PMC8300142 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS) causes severe economic losses in turkeys. Several agents were described to be associated with the PEMS; however, a specific etiological agent(s) has not been identified. The diagnosis of PEMS is still a huge challenge for several reasons: (1) no specific clinical signs or pathognomonic lesions, (2) isolation of some enteric viruses still difficult, (3) the pathogenicity of several enteric viruses in turkeys is not fully understood, (4) PEMS is an interaction between several known and might be unknown agents and (5) opportunistic microorganisms also have a role in the pathogenesis of PEMS. Both electron microscopy and molecular techniques can be used for diagnosis of PEMS and might help to discover unknown causes. Until now, no specific vaccines against enteric viruses associated with PEMS. However, biosecurity, maintaining a healthy gut and strengthening the immune system of turkey poults using probiotics, prebiotics and/or phytogenic substances are crucial factors to prevent and/or reduce losses of PEMS in turkeys. This review is a call for scientists to perform further research to investigate the real cause(s) of PEMS and to develop a preventive strategy against it. Abstract Poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS) is one of the most significant problem affecting turkeys and continues to cause severe economic losses worldwide. Although the specific causes of PEMS remains unknown, this syndrome might involve an interaction between several causative agents such as enteropathogenic viruses (coronaviruses, rotavirus, astroviruses and adenoviruses) and bacteria and protozoa. Non-infectious causes such as feed and management are also interconnected factors. However, it is difficult to determine the specific cause of enteric disorders under field conditions. Additionally, similarities of clinical signs and lesions hamper the accurate diagnosis. The purpose of the present review is to discuss in detail the main viral possible causative agents of PEMS and challenges in diagnosis and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awad A. Shehata
- Birds and Rabbit Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt
- Research and Development Section, PerNaturam GmbH, 56290 Gödenroth, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.A.S.); (H.M.H.)
| | - Shereen Basiouni
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt;
| | - Reinhard Sting
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Stuttgart, 70736 Fellbach, Germany; (R.S.); (V.A.)
| | - Valerij Akimkin
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Stuttgart, 70736 Fellbach, Germany; (R.S.); (V.A.)
| | - Marc Hoferer
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Freiburg, 79108 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Hafez M. Hafez
- Institute of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Free University of Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.A.S.); (H.M.H.)
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Niczyporuk JS, Kozdrun W, Czekaj H, Piekarska K, Stys-Fijoł N. Isolation and molecular characterization of Fowl adenovirus strains in Black grouse: First reported case in Poland. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234532. [PMID: 32991587 PMCID: PMC7523988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This article describes the isolation, molecular characterization, and genotyping of two fowl adenovirus (FAdVs) strains with GenBank Accession numbers (MT478054, JSN-G033-18-L and MT478055, JSN-G033-18-B) obtained from the internal organs of black grouse (Lyrurus tetrix). This study also reveals the first confirmation of fowl adenovirus in Poland, supporting one of the hypotheses about the probability of fowl adenovirus interspecies transmission. The adenovirus strain sequences were investigated via phylogenetic analysis and were found to have an overall mean pairwise distance of 2.189. The heterogeneity, Relative Synonymous Codon Usage (RSCU), codon composition, and nucleotide frequencies were examined. Statistical analyses and Tajima’s test for the examined sequences were carried out. The Maximum Likelihood for the examined sequences substitutions was performed. The results of the sequence analysis identified MT478054, JSN-G033-18-L and MT478055, JSN-G033-18-B as strains of fowl adenovirus 2/11/D, with the Fowl adenovirus D complete sequence showing a 93% match. Wild birds may act as a natural reservoir for FAdVs and likely play an important role in the spreading of these viruses in the environment. The findings reported here suggest horizontal transmission within and between avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wojciech Kozdrun
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Hanna Czekaj
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Karolina Piekarska
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Natalia Stys-Fijoł
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
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Athukorala A, Forwood JK, Phalen DN, Sarker S. Molecular Characterisation of a Novel and Highly Divergent Passerine Adenovirus 1. Viruses 2020; 12:v12091036. [PMID: 32957674 PMCID: PMC7551158 DOI: 10.3390/v12091036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Wild birds harbour a large number of adenoviruses that remain uncharacterised with respect to their genomic organisation, diversity, and evolution within complex ecosystems. Here, we present the first complete genome sequence of an atadenovirus from a passerine bird that is tentatively named Passerine adenovirus 1 (PaAdV-1). The PaAdV-1 genome is 39,664 bp in length, which was the longest atadenovirus to be sequenced, to the best of our knowledge, and contained 42 putative genes. Its genome organisation was characteristic of the members of genus Atadenovirus; however, the novel PaAdV-1 genome was highly divergent and showed the highest sequence similarity with psittacine adenovirus-3 (55.58%). Importantly, PaAdV-1 complete genome was deemed to contain 17 predicted novel genes that were not present in any other adenoviruses sequenced to date, with several of these predicted novel genes encoding proteins that harbour transmembrane helices. Subsequent analysis of the novel PaAdV-1 genome positioned phylogenetically to a distinct sub-clade with all others sequenced atadenoviruses and did not show any obvious close evolutionary relationship. This study concluded that the PaAdV-1 complete genome described here is not closely related to any other adenovirus isolated from avian or other natural host species and that it should be considered a separate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajani Athukorala
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia;
| | - Jade K. Forwood
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia;
| | - David N. Phalen
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia;
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health, Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX 77843-4467, USA
| | - Subir Sarker
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-3-9479-2317; Fax: +61-3-9479-1222
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Komatsu T, Kubo T, Kitou R, Kawamoto N, Mase M, Yamamoto Y, Shibahara T. Inclusion body hepatitis caused by Aviadenovirus in a tropical screech owl (Megascops choliba). J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:1341-1345. [PMID: 32684609 PMCID: PMC7538312 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2016, tropical screech owl (Megascops choliba) (Tso) chicks were suddenly found dead in a Japanese breeding facility. We autopsied a 9-day-old Tso and discovered white spots scattered on the liver surface. Multifocal necrosis was diffused, and macrophages had infiltrated the necrotic hepatic lesions. Hepatocytes contained numerous intranuclear inclusion bodies. Immunohistochemical staining detected Adenovirus antigen only in the liver. Next, PCR and sequencing (LC536616) identified Tso Adenovirus (TsoAd). Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) and phylogenic analyzes suggested TsoAd is an owl Aviadenovirus. Our study contributes to an improved understanding of infectious disease among captive raptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Komatsu
- Aichi Prefectural Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 1-306 Jizono, Miaicho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-0805, Japan
| | - Takashi Kubo
- Aichi Prefectural Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 1-306 Jizono, Miaicho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-0805, Japan
| | - Rena Kitou
- Aichi Prefectural Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 1-306 Jizono, Miaicho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-0805, Japan
| | - Naomi Kawamoto
- Aichi Prefectural Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 1-306 Jizono, Miaicho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-0805, Japan
| | - Masaji Mase
- Division of Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Yu Yamamoto
- Division of Pathology and Pathophysiology, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Shibahara
- Division of Pathology and Pathophysiology, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-oraikita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
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