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Czerwińska-Ledwig O, Kryst J, Ziemann E, Borkowska A, Reczkowicz J, Dzidek A, Rydzik Ł, Pałka T, Żychowska M, Kupczak W, Blaščáková MM, Piotrowska A. The Beneficial Effects of Nordic Walking Training Combined with Time-Restricted Eating 14/24 in Women with Abnormal Body Composition Depend on the Application Period. Nutrients 2024; 16:1413. [PMID: 38794651 PMCID: PMC11124239 DOI: 10.3390/nu16101413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the impact of two lengths of Nordic walking (NW) training interventions combined with time-restricted eating (TRE) on improving body-composition parameters, lipid profiles, and levels of selected adipokines in women with elevated body mass. Overweight and obese women (n = 55, age: 21-85) were recruited. Four groups were selected: 6 weeks (SG6, n = 13) and 12 weeks intervention (SG12, n = 13); and two control groups: CON6 (n = 13) and CON12 (n = 13). The training sessions took place three times a week (60 min each) and were conducted outdoors under the supervision of a professional coach. The training intensity was determined individually. The extended NW program combined with TRE induced a significant weight reduction in SG12 by 1.96 kg (p = 0.010) and fat tissue by 1.64 kg (p = 0.05). The proposed interventions did not affect LBM, TBW [kg], VFA, and lipid profile. The LDL/HDL ratio changed with a small size effect. The leptin concentration differed between groups (p = 0.006), but not over time. For resistin, the differentiating factor was time (p = 0.019), with lower results observed after the intervention. The change in leptin concentration was negatively correlated with its baseline concentration (p = 0.025). Extended to 12 weeks, this intervention allows for an improvement in body composition. Neither 6 nor 12 weeks of training and fasting affected the lipoprotein profile. It is, therefore, indicated to recommend prolonged training protocols and to inform patients that beneficial effects will be seen only after prolonged use of training and time-restricted eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Czerwińska-Ledwig
- Institute for Basic Sciences, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Krakow, Poland; (O.C.-L.); (J.K.); (A.D.)
| | - Joanna Kryst
- Institute for Basic Sciences, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Krakow, Poland; (O.C.-L.); (J.K.); (A.D.)
| | - Ewa Ziemann
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Andżelika Borkowska
- Department of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland; (A.B.); (J.R.)
| | - Joanna Reczkowicz
- Department of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland; (A.B.); (J.R.)
| | - Adrianna Dzidek
- Institute for Basic Sciences, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Krakow, Poland; (O.C.-L.); (J.K.); (A.D.)
| | - Łukasz Rydzik
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Pałka
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Żychowska
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Physical Culture, Biological Fundation of Physical Culture, Kazimierz Wielki 10 University in Bydgoszcz, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Kupczak
- Student’s Science Club, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marta Mydlárová Blaščáková
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, 08-116 Presov, Slovakia;
| | - Anna Piotrowska
- Institute for Basic Sciences, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Krakow, Poland; (O.C.-L.); (J.K.); (A.D.)
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Della Guardia L, Carnevale Pellino V, Filipas L, Bonato M, Gallo G, Lovecchio N, Vandoni M, Codella R. Nordic Walking Improves Cardiometabolic Parameters, Fitness Performance, and Quality of Life in Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes. Endocr Pract 2023; 29:135-140. [PMID: 36400400 DOI: 10.1016/j.eprac.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of Nordic walking (NW) on cardiometabolic health, physical performance, and well-being in sedentary older adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D). METHODS Fifteen subjects with T2D (female, 5; male, 10; age, 65 ± 6.2 years [mean ± standard deviation]; body mass index, 27.3 ± 4.9 kg/m2 [mean ± standard deviation]) were enrolled in a 6-month NW training program. The fasting glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels, lipid profile (total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressures were measured before and after the intervention. Participants' quality of life (Short-Form Health Survey) and physical fitness (6-minute walking test) were also evaluated. RESULTS Compared with baseline, NW significantly improved the fasting glucose level (103.5 ± 18.5 vs 168.7 ± 37.7 mg/dL, P = .01), SBP (121.8 ± 12.2 vs 133 ± 14.4 mm Hg, P = .02), physical fitness (759.88 ± 69 vs 615.5 ± 62.6 m, P < .001), and both mental health (54.5 ± 4.4 vs 45.7 ± 5.6, P < .01) and physical health (49.8 ± 4.7 vs 40.3 ± 5.9, P < .01). The levels of glycosylated hemoglobin (6.15% ± 0.8% vs 6.4% ± 1%, P = .46), total cholesterol (162.2 ± 31.2 vs 175.5 ± 28.8 mg/dL, P = .13), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (95.2 ± 24.2 vs 106.3 ± 32.3 mg/dL, P = .43), and triglycerides (135.5 ± 60.8 vs 127.6 ± 57.4 mg/dL, P = 0.26) improved without reaching significance. CONCLUSION NW training improved the glycemic levels, SBP, physical fitness, and perception of quality of life in older adults with T2D. NW represents a suitable complementary strategy to improve the global health status in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Della Guardia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Vittoria Carnevale Pellino
- Laboratory of Adapted Motor Activity (LAMA), Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic Science, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Luca Filipas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy; Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Bonato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriele Gallo
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nicola Lovecchio
- Department of Human and Social Science, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Matteo Vandoni
- Laboratory of Adapted Motor Activity (LAMA), Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic Science, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberto Codella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy; Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milano, Italy.
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Huta-Osiecka A, Wochna K, Stemplewski R, Marciniak K, Podgórski T, Kasprzak Z, Leszczyński P, Nowak A. Influence of Nordic walking with poles with an integrated resistance shock absorber on carbohydrate and lipid metabolic indices and white blood cell subpopulations in postmenopausal women. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13643. [PMID: 35791365 PMCID: PMC9250761 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Regular and individualised physical activities have been shown to prevent adverse changes associated with the aging process. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and white blood cell (WBC) subpopulations in postmenopausal women participating in Nordic walking (NW) training and to compare the use of poles with an integrated resistance shock absorber (RSA) with the use of classic poles. Materials & Methods A total of 23 postmenopausal women participated in a 8-week programme of systematic physical activity between February and April. Before and after the training programme, somatic features and serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, glucose, and insulin, were assessed, as well as lipid profile and WBC count and its specific subpopulations. Results Analysis of differences in somatic features and biochemical indices before and after training in the group of women who used RSA poles showed significant decreases in fat mass content (p < 0.05), insulin (p < 0.05), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (p < 0.05), triglycerides (p < 0.05), total cholesterol (p < 0.05) and monocytes (p ≤ 0.01). In the group of women who used classic poles (NW), there was a significant decrease in WBC (p ≤ 0.01), lymphocytes (p < 0.05), monocytes (p ≤ 0.01) and granulocytes (p < 0.05). Conclusion Increasing the training load through the use of RSA poles resulted in greater changes in carbohydrate and lipid metabolic indices compared to the use of classic NW poles. In turn, the more significant effect on WBC and its specific subpopulations count in the NW, compared to the RSA training programme, may indicate that specificity of training load is an important factor in modifying the immune system response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Huta-Osiecka
- Department of Hygiene, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Krystian Wochna
- Laboratory of Swimming and Water Lifesaving, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Rafał Stemplewski
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences and Health Promotion, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Marciniak
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences and Health Promotion, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Tomasz Podgórski
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Kasprzak
- Department of Hygiene, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Piotr Leszczyński
- Department of Rheumatology, Rehabilitation and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Alicja Nowak
- Department of Hygiene, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
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Palmowski Y, Popovic S, Schuster SG, Hardt S, Damm P. In vivo analysis of hip joint loading on Nordic walking novices. J Orthop Surg Res 2021; 16:596. [PMID: 34649562 PMCID: PMC8515744 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-021-02741-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the influence of Nordic walking (NW) on hip joint loads in order to determine whether it can be safely performed during postoperative physiotherapy in patients after orthopeadic surgery of the hip. Methods Internal hip joint loads were directly measured in vivo in 6 patients using instrumented hip prostheses during NW and ordinary walking (OW). All patients received training in two different NW techniques (double-poling and the diagonal technique) by a certified NW instructor. Measurements were conducted on a treadmill at a speed of 4 km/h on level ground, at 10% inclination and at 10% slope as well as on a level lawn at a self chosen comfortable speed. Resultant contact force (Fres), bending moment (Mbend) and torsional torque (Mtors) were compared between NW and OW as well as between both NW techniques. Results Joint loads showed a double peak pattern during all setups. Neither NW technique significantly influenced hip joint loads at the time of the first load peak during contralateral toe-off (CTO), which was also the absolute load peak, in comparison to OW. Compared to OW, double-poling significantly reduced Fres and Mbend at the time of the second load peak during the contralateral heel strike (CHS) on level ground both on the treadmill (− 6% and − 7%, respectively) and on the lawn (− 7% and − 9%). At 10% inclination, the diagonal technique increased Fres and Mbend at CHS (by + 6% and + 7%), but did not increase the absolute load peak at CTO. Conclusion Joint loads during NW are comparable to those of OW. Therefore, NW can be considered a low-impact activity and seems to be safe for patients that are allowed full weight bearing, e.g. during postoperative rehabilitation after THA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Palmowski
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Chariteplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Srdan Popovic
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simone G Schuster
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hardt
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Chariteplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Damm
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
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Kantorowicz M, Szymura J, Szygula Z, Kusmierczyk J, Maciejczyk M, Wiecek M. Nordic Walking at Maximal Fat Oxidation Intensity Decreases Circulating Asprosin and Visceral Obesity in Women With Metabolic Disorders. Front Physiol 2021; 12:726783. [PMID: 34539448 PMCID: PMC8446531 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.726783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Excess visceral adipose tissue is associated with insulin resistance and other metabolic disorders, including deregulation of adipokine secretion, which may be corrected by aerobic exercise training. Asprosin is a novel adipokine responsible for the regulation of appetite and the release of glucose from the liver, and its levels are pathologically elevated in obesity. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of 8-week Nordic walking (NW) training at maximal fat oxidation intensity (FATmax) on changes in body mass, as well as those in insulin resistance and asprosin levels among young women with visceral obesity and metabolic disorders. Materials and Methods The study was completed by 14 women (30.14 ± 3.63 years) representing low levels of physical activity, visceral obesity (waist circumference 105.50 ± 14.87 cm, BMI 33.85 ± 5.48 kg/m2) and with metabolic disorders, who for 8 weeks (three times a week, 60 min), participated in NW training at the FATmax intensity (61.92 ± 6.71% HRmax, 42.33 ± 8.69% VO2max) controlled on the basis of heart rate (114.21 ± 14.10 bpm). Results After 4 and 8 weeks of NW training, a significant decrease in the concentration of asprosin, waist and hip circumference (HC), waist-to-height ratio and body adiposity index (BAI) (p < 0.05, large effect size) were found. Conclusion The 8-week NW training at an FATmax intensity decreases the concentration of asprosin in the blood as well as visceral obesity in young women with metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Kantorowicz
- Ph.D. Studies, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University School of Physical Education in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Szymura
- Department of Clinical Rehabilitation, Faculty of Motor Rehabilitation, University School of Physical Education in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Szygula
- Department of Sports Medicine and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University School of Physical Education in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
| | - Justyna Kusmierczyk
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University School of Physical Education in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Maciejczyk
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University School of Physical Education in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Wiecek
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University School of Physical Education in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
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Idrizovic K, Ahmeti GB, Sekulic D, Zevrnja A, Ostojic L, Versic S, Zenic N. Indices of Cardiovascular Health, Body Composition and Aerobic Endurance in Young Women; Differential Effects of Two Endurance-Based Training Modalities. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9040449. [PMID: 33920449 PMCID: PMC8069629 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9040449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Endurance training (ET) has multiple beneficial effects on cardiovascular health (CVH), but there is an evident lack of knowledge on differential effects of various types of ET on indices of CVH in women. The aim of this study was to analyse the effectiveness of two different types of ET on changes in indicators of CVH in apparently healthy adult women. The sample included 58 women (24 ± 3 years; height: 165 ± 6 cm, mass: 66.7 ± 7.2 kg, BMI: 24.3 ± 2.5 kg/m2, at baseline) divided into one control non-exercising group (n = 19), and two exercising experimental groups (EE). The first EE participated in choreographed aerobic-endurance training (CAT; n = 19), while the second participated in treadmill-based endurance exercise (TEE; n = 20) during the experimental protocol (8 weeks, 24 training sessions). The testing included pre- and post-exercise protocols and measures of anthropometric/body composition indices, lipid panel, and endurance capacity. Two-way analysis of variance for repeated measurements with consecutive post hoc analysis was applied to the “group” and “measurement” variables. The main significant ANOVA effects found for measurement, and “Group x Measurement” interaction (p < 0.05) were found for all variables but body height. The EE induced positive changes in lipid panel variables, anthropometric/body-build status, and endurance capacity. However, TEE improved endurance capacity to a greater extent than CAT. The results suggest that that the optimal exercise intensity and self-chosen type of physical-activity may result in positive effects on indices of CVH, even in women of young age and good health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemal Idrizovic
- Faculty for Sport and Physical Education, University of Montenegro, 81400 Niksic, Montenegro;
| | - Gentiana Beqa Ahmeti
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Prishtina, 10000 Prishtina, Kosovo;
| | - Damir Sekulic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia; (D.S.); (L.O.); (S.V.)
| | - Ante Zevrnja
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Mostar, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
- Clinical Hospital Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Ljerka Ostojic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia; (D.S.); (L.O.); (S.V.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Mostar, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Sime Versic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia; (D.S.); (L.O.); (S.V.)
| | - Natasa Zenic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia; (D.S.); (L.O.); (S.V.)
- Correspondence:
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Muollo V, Rossi AP, Milanese C, Zamboni M, Rosa R, Schena F, Pellegrini B. Prolonged unsupervised Nordic walking and walking exercise following six months of supervision in adults with overweight and obesity: A randomised clinical trial. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 31:1247-1256. [PMID: 33549445 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS This study is a randomized trial that examined the effects of 6 months of unsupervised Nordic walking (NW) and walking (W) exercise following 6 months of supervised training in overweight/obese adults. METHODS AND RESULTS After a 6-month program of diet and supervised training participants (n = 27) of NW (66 ± 7 yrs, body mass index (BMI) 34 ± 5) and W (66 ± 8 yrs, BMI 32 ± 5) group continue the training without supervision for other 6 months. Steps count and mean heart rate (HRmean) were performed in each session; anthropometric and body composition, aerobic capacity and strength of the upper and lower limbs were evaluated at baseline, after 6 months of supervised and 6 months of unsupervised training. In the unsupervised training, monthly sessions and steps count decreased over time in both groups (p < 0.05), with no significant changes in HRmean. Compared to the supervised phase, adherence decreased significantly only in the W group in the last 3 months of unsupervised training. Compared to baseline in both groups BMI did not change, but W group lost total fat; only the NW group maintained (p < 0.05) the gains in arm curl (33%) and chair stand (31%); both groups improved in six-minute walking test (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Despite unsupervised training was not effective for a further increase in performance, participants, especially in NW, maintained some of the improvements achieved during the supervision. However, the presence of instructor that guides training, may enhance adherence and health benefits of NW and W exercise. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT03212391 (July 11, 2017).
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Muollo
- Department of Medicine, Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Andrea P Rossi
- Department of Medicine, Geriatrics Division, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Chiara Milanese
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mauro Zamboni
- Department of Medicine, Geriatrics Division, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Raffaela Rosa
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; CeRiSM, Sport, Mountain and Health Research Center, University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Barbara Pellegrini
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; CeRiSM, Sport, Mountain and Health Research Center, University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
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