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Chuquista-Alcarraz O, Falcón N, Vigilato MAN, Rocha F, Toledo-Barone G, Amorim-Conselheiro J, Recuenco SE, Castillo-Neyra R. Dog Population Rabies Immunity before a Mass Vaccination Campaign in Lima, Peru: Vulnerabilities for Virus Reestablishment. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 109:420-428. [PMID: 37429572 PMCID: PMC10397462 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Lima, Peru, has not had a case of canine rabies since 1999. However, Lima remains at risk of rabies reintroduction due to the free movement of dogs from nearby rabies-endemic areas. In Latin America, rabies vaccination campaigns must reach 80% of dogs to halt transmission, but estimates of vaccine coverage are often unavailable, unreliable, or inaccurate. Quantifying virus neutralizing antibodies (VNA) allows monitoring of the immunological status of the canine population, evaluation of the degree of humoral protection to the virus, and assessing, partially, the population response to vaccination. We evaluated the dog population's immunity level against the rabies virus before a mass vaccination campaign in Lima. We collected 141 canine blood samples in the district of Surquillo and quantified rabies virus neutralizing antibody titers using the fluorescent antibody virus neutralization test). We surveyed dogs owners to reconstruct canine vaccination histories. Among dogs previously vaccinated, 73.9% exceeded the seroconversion threshold of > 0.5 IU/mL. Among all dogs, only 58.2% reached the titer limit for seroconversion. Dogs ≤ 1 year old constituted 26.2% of the total canine population and had lower levels of VNA than dogs > 1 year old (χ2 = 9.071; P = 0.028). Importantly, dogs vaccinated with single-pathogen vaccines had higher levels of VNA than those who received combined-pathogen vaccines (χ2 = 7.721; P = 0.005). We provide an important and timely glimpse to the immunity status of the dog population in urban areas of Lima, a metropolis near a dog rabies-endemic region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Néstor Falcón
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Marco A. N. Vigilato
- Pan American Center for Foot and Mouth Disease and Veterinary Public Health—PANAFTOSA/VPH-PAHO/WHO, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Felipe Rocha
- Pan American Center for Foot and Mouth Disease and Veterinary Public Health—PANAFTOSA/VPH-PAHO/WHO, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gisely Toledo-Barone
- Zoonosis Surveillance Division, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Center, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Sergio E. Recuenco
- Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Ricardo Castillo-Neyra
- Unidad Una Salud, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Najam A, Ahmad S, Abid R, Ali H, Husnain M, Aziz T, Adeel SS, Muhammad N, Ghazanfar S. Immune-adjuvant effect of vitamin A and probiotics supplementation on humoral response to cell culture rabies vaccine in rabbits. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:232. [PMID: 37323857 PMCID: PMC10258788 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03631-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of vitamin A (Vit A) and probiotic co-supplementation with rabies vaccine on humoral immune response in New Zealand white (NZW) rabbits. For this experiment, 54 rabbits were randomized into six experimental and three control groups. Mixed cultures of commercial probiotics supplements and a dose of Vit A were administered to each animal. Results were compared with the control group fed with only basal diet. Animals in different treatment groups showed significantly higher sero-conversions against rabies vaccine. There was a significant increase (p < 0.001) in the titers of rabies antibodies in all treatment groups on 14th and 35th days than control C3 group. Both commercial probiotics irrespective of brand increase the humoral immune response of rabbits against rabies vaccine. The mean titer values of all groups G1-G6 and sub-controls (C1, C2) were generally above 3.6 EU/ml on day 14th and between 3.7 and 3.9 EU/ml, showing highest sero-conversion on 35th day than mean titer of C3 control = 3.091 and 3.505 EU/ml respectively on both days. The maximum titer values were obtained with the addition of organic carrots to the daily diet. These results suggest that simple dietary interventions using probiotics and Vit A in natural form may enhance the efficacy of rabies vaccine in the host. These cost-effective strategies can be applied for getting higher yields of polyclonal antibody production in animal models, thus providing promising means of improving the final product yield and can be adopted easily by the manufacturers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Najam
- Biological Production Division, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 44100 Pakistan
| | - Safia Ahmad
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 44100 Pakistan
| | - Rameesha Abid
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 44100 Pakistan
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology (NIGAB), National Agricultural Research Centre, Park Road, Islamabad, 45500 Pakistan
| | - Hussain Ali
- Biological Production Division, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Murtaza Husnain
- Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 44100 Pakistan
| | - Tariq Aziz
- Department of Zoology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 44100 Pakistan
| | - Syeda Shazia Adeel
- Biological Production Division, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Naeil Muhammad
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519 Egypt
| | - Shakira Ghazanfar
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology (NIGAB), National Agricultural Research Centre, Park Road, Islamabad, 45500 Pakistan
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Aly NI, Elnaker YF, Salama ZTS, Diab MS, Saber EA, Sotohy SA, Elfeil WK, Khodeir MH. Preparation and the assessed efficacy of oral baits for the vaccination of free-roaming dogs against rabies. Vet World 2022; 15:1383-1390. [PMID: 35765489 PMCID: PMC9210852 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1383-1390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Rabies is considered a highly fatal zoonotic disease and many deaths in humans have been associated with dog bites. This study was designed to prepare an oral anti-rabies vaccine in the form of baits to eliminate the disease in free-roaming dogs and subsequently protect humans from dog bites. Materials and Methods: The Evelyn Rokintniki Abelseth (ERA) rabies virus strain was propagated in baby hamster kidney cell cultures and adjusted to the recommended dose for application. Four forms of oral baits were employed with the rabies vaccine, which was evaluated for safety, acceptability, and potency in different dog groups. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and the serum neutralization test (SNT) were used to determine the protective rabies antibody titer in the sera of vaccinated dogs. Results: According to the results, a dose of 3 mL of the ERA strain, containing a viral titer of 107.6 TCID50/mL, induced a mean antibody titer of 25.6 by SNT, and the PI% was 75.7 by Block ELISA, providing a protective level of the rabies antibody in 100% of vaccinated dogs. All used baits were found to be safe, inducing no abnormal general post-vaccination signs (the signs are limited to mild fever, mild loss of appetite, and mild-to-moderate loss of energy for 24-36 h after vaccination). Conclusion: It was found that most of the accepted and highly potent bait types consisted of a mixture of wheat flour, vegetable oil, sodium alginate, corn starch, meat meal, cellulose gum, and water. This dog meal was covered with bran and edible wax to seal the bait cavity after inserting the vaccine sachet. This bait was able to induce a protective level of rabies antibodies in 100% of vaccinated dogs after receiving one bait/dog. Hence, such a bait could be recommended for use in the protection of free-roaming dogs and the elimination of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naglaa I. Aly
- Department of Pet Animal Vaccine Research Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Abassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yasser F. Elnaker
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley University, El-Kharga, Egypt
| | - Zeinab T. S. Salama
- Department of Pet Animal Vaccine Research Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Abassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S. Diab
- Department of Animal Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley University, El-Kharga, Egypt
| | - Eman A. Saber
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley University, El-Kharga, Egypt
| | - Sotohy A. Sotohy
- Department of Animal, Poultry and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt
| | - Wael K. Elfeil
- Department of Avian and Rabbit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed H. Khodeir
- Department of Pet Animal Vaccine Research Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Abassia, Cairo, Egypt
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Yale G, Sudarshan S, Taj S, Patchimuthu GI, Mangalanathan BV, Belludi AY, Shampur MN, Krishnaswamy TG, Mazeri S. Investigation of protective level of rabies antibodies in vaccinated dogs in Chennai, India. Vet Rec Open 2021; 8:e8. [PMID: 33981442 PMCID: PMC8110021 DOI: 10.1002/vro2.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rabies is still endemic in India causing an estimated 20,000 human deaths a year. Free roaming dogs and unvaccinated owned dogs play a major role in the maintenance of the disease. Dog vaccination is the most crucial aspect of rabies prevention and control strategies; therefore vaccine immunogenicity and longevity are important determinants of the efficiency of rabies control efforts. METHODS In this study at Madras Veterinary College, India, a total of 297 serum samples were collected from owned dogs that were vaccinated against rabies. Data regarding age, gender, breed, neuter status and last date of vaccination were collected at the time of blood collection. The level of rabies virus neutralising antibodies in the sera of these dogs was measured through rapid focus fluorescence inhibition test. The factors associated with protective level of rabies antibodies in vaccinated dogs were investigated through multivariable regression analysis. RESULTS This cross-sectional investigation shows that only 40% (119/297) of the all the dogs in the study showed presence of protective level of anti-rabies antibodies, and 40% (72/180) of the dogs vaccinated within the last year showed presence of protective levels of antibodies causing concern about rabies vaccine quality and its impact on rabies control. The study also shows that older and neutered dogs are more likely to have protective titre among vaccinated dogs, while non-descript breed dogs are less likely to have a protective titre compared to pure breeds. CONCLUSION In this study 60% (108/180) of young prima dogs and adult dogs did not show protective levels of antibodies within the year of last rabies vaccination, although they had previous vaccination history. This high percentage of apparent non-responders is a cause of concern of administration, distribution, storage, potency and quality management of vaccines in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowri Yale
- Mission RabiesVeterinary Hospital ComplexPanajiGoaIndia
| | - Sampada Sudarshan
- Department of NeurovirologyNational Institute of Mental Health and NeurosciencesBangaloreKarnatakaIndia
| | - Shaheen Taj
- Department of NeurovirologyNational Institute of Mental Health and NeurosciencesBangaloreKarnatakaIndia
| | | | - Bharathi Vijaya Mangalanathan
- Department of Veterinary Preventive MedicineMadras Veterinary CollegeTamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences UniversityChennaiTamil NaduIndia
| | - Ashwin Yajaman Belludi
- Department of NeurovirologyNational Institute of Mental Health and NeurosciencesBangaloreKarnatakaIndia
| | | | - Tirumurugaan Gopalan Krishnaswamy
- Zoonoses Research LaboratoryCentre for Animal Health StudiesTamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences UniversityChennaiTamil NaduIndia
| | - Stella Mazeri
- Division of Genetics and GenomicsThe Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesThe University of Edinburgh, MidlothianUK
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Nale JM, Pharande RR, Majee SB, Gandge RS, Sawane MP, Ingle SA. Serosurveillance of rabies antibodies in dogs in Mumbai region by using indirect ELISA. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 76:101655. [PMID: 33930629 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is a highly fatal viral infection of the central nervous system affecting all warm-blooded animals including humans. To implement the preventive and control measures, it is important to decide the status of anti-rabies antibodies in dogs. Out of 120 serum samples, 47 (39.2 %) serum samples, showed an antibody titre equal to or above the cut off value of 0.5 IU/ml. The maximum number of dogs showed anti-rabies antibody titres equal to or above the cut-off value of 0.5 IU/ml after <1 month pre-exposure to the rabies vaccine. In 15 serum samples of pet dogs, we observed 13 (86.66 %) dogs with protective anti-rabies antibody titre. Statistical analysis suggests that the age of the animal had no significant effect on anti-rabies antibody titre in vaccinated pet dogs. The overall low seroprevalence of anti-rabies antibody in stray dogs indicates their susceptibility to rabies infection and thus posing a risk of rabies to other animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Nale
- Department of Microbiology, Mumbai Veterinary College, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - R R Pharande
- Department of Microbiology, Mumbai Veterinary College, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India.
| | - S B Majee
- Department of Microbiology, Mumbai Veterinary College, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - R S Gandge
- Department of Microbiology, Mumbai Veterinary College, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - M P Sawane
- Department of Animal Genetics Breeding, Mumbai Veterinary College, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - S A Ingle
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Mumbai Veterinary College, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
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