Incidence and determinants of Implanon discontinuation: Findings from a prospective cohort study in three health zones in Kinshasa, DRC

Effectiveness and continuation rates of the etonogestrel-subdermal contraceptive implant versus short-acting contraceptive methods offered at no cost in Campinas, Brazil

OBJECTIVES

To compare the efficacy, reasons for discontinuation and continuation rates of the etonogestrel (ENG)-subdermal contraceptive implant when offered at no cost, and the basis of free choice versus short-acting reversible contraceptive (SARC) methods including combined oral contraceptives (COCs), once-a-month injectables, vaginal ring, and patch.

METHODS

We conducted a prospective study at the University of Campinas, Brazil, involving women aged 18 to 40 years. They were counseled on various contraceptive methods before entering the study and followed up every 3 months for up to 24 months. Satisfaction was assessed using a Likert scale. Survival rates were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier test, and curve comparisons were performed using the log-rank test.

RESULTS

We enrolled 609 women including 358/609 women (58.8%) who chose the ENG-implant and 251/609 (41.2%) who chose SARC methods. Contraceptive failure and all other reasons for discontinuation were significantly higher in SARC users compared to the ENG-implant users (P < 0.001 and P = 0.002, respectively). The continuation rate was higher among ENG-implant users (89.9% and 75.4%) compared to SARC methods users (27.2% and 15.9%) up to 1 and 2 years after study initiation, respectively. Satisfaction was high in both groups (>82%).

CONCLUSIONS

The ENG-implant showed higher contraceptive effectiveness and higher continuation rates than SARC methods up to 2 years after study initiation. Furthermore, users from both groups were highly satisfied with their contraceptive. The main reason for discontinuing use of the ENG-implant was bothersome uterine bleeding, while for SARC methods it was for personal reasons.

"I have come to remove it because of heavy bleeding": a mixed-methods study on early contraceptive implant removal and the underlying factors in eastern Uganda

BACKGROUND

Early contraceptive implant removal without intentions to conceive predisposes women to unintended pregnancies.. Some of the unintended pregnancies end in unsafe abortions which further increases the risk of maternal mortality and morbidity. Therefore, we assessed the proportion of women who had early contraceptive implant removal. We also explored the reasons for early contraceptive implant removalamong women at Mbale Regional Referral Hospital in eastern Uganda.

METHODS

We conducted a sequential explanatory mixed methods study at Mbale Regional Referral Hospital between November 2022 to December 2022. For quantitative data, we performed a secondary analysis on data extracted from the integrated family planning registers. We used systematic random sampling to select 600 clients' serial numbers from the registers. The outcome variable was early contraceptive implant removal defined as removal of the implant by the woman before 18 months from the time of insertion. For qualitative data, we conducted 11 in-depth interviews among women who had come for contraceptive implant removal at the family planning clinic. We also conducted two key informant interviews with midwives working at the family planning unit. Quantitative data were analysed using Stata version 14.0 (Stata Corp LLC, College Station, Texas, USA) while qualitative data were analysed by thematic content analysis.

RESULTS

In this study, 15% (91/600) of the women discontinued contraceptive implants within 12 months, 29% (175/600) within 18 months, 38% (230/600) within 24 months and 40% (240/600) within 36 months of insertion. Among the women who discontinued contraceptive implant use, only 6.7% (40/600) switched to another family planning method. Out of the 175 women who removed contraceptive implants early, side effects 61.1% (107/175) desire to conceive 53.1% ( 93/175),, and gender-based violence 8.6% (15/175) were the major reasons for removal. From the qualitative interviews, the major reasons for early contraceptive implant removal were side effects such as heavy menstrualbleeding.

CONCLUSION

A third of women discontinued contraceptive implant use within 18 months. Addressing concerns regarding side effects and male partner disapproval of modern contraceptives may improve continued use of implants.

Determinant of Implanon discontinuation among women in southwest Ethiopia: unmatched case control study

BACKGROUND

Over 4.5 million women worldwide have used Implanon. It plays an important role in reducing unwanted conceptions, lowering maternal mortality, and enhancing child survival. As a result, the availability of family planning programmes encourages women to begin using contraception and encourages women who are already using family planning to continue using it. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors that lead to implanon cessation among women in southwest, Ethiopia.

METHODS

A facility-based unmatched case-control study was conducted from February 01 to March 02, 2023. It included 348 participants, 174 cases, and 174 controls. The cases were selected consecutively, and the controls were selected using a systematic random sampling method. Data was collected through a structured, face-to-face interview and entered into Epi-data version 4.6 and SPSS version 25.0 for analysis. The confidence interval (CI) of 95 and the strength of the association were measured using an adjusted odds ratio. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULT

Women whose husbands have formal education [AOR = 0.33, 95% CI (0.121-0.0944)], women who have been counseled individually [AOR = 3.403 (1.390-8.3.32)], women who have been counseled for less than 5 min [AOR = 3.143, 95% CI (1.303-8.046)], and women who discuss Implanon insertion with their partner [AOR = 0.289, 95% CI (0.143-0.585)] were significantly associated with Implanon discontinuation.

CONCLUSION

Implanon discontinuation was predicted by the husband's education, the number of women counselled alone, the length of counselling, a conversation with the spouse, satisfaction with the service, and implanon side effects. The health care provider should increase counselling services, especially the length of implanon pregnancy, in accordance with the national family planning recommendations, to reduce early implanon removal.

Determinants of implanon discontinuation among women who ever used implanon in Shashemene district, west Arsi zone, Southern Ethiopia: unmatched case control study

BACKGROUND

Despite tremendous work has been done on demand creation, capacity building and ensuring the logistics of Implanon; its discontinuation rate remained high in Ethiopia; the prevalence is reported to be 31% in Shashemene District. However, the factors contributing to the high prevalence of early Implanon discontinuation were not well understood in our study setting.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to identify the determinants of implanon discontinuation among women who had ever used Implanon in Shashemene District, Southern Ethiopia.

METHODS

A community-based unmatched case-control study was conducted among randomly selected 264 women (88 cases and 176 controls) in Shashemene District, Southern Ethiopia, from April 12 to May 18, 2021. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select the respondents. Cases were women who discontinued Implanon before 3 years and controls were those who used implanon for 3 full years. A pre-tested, interviewer-administered structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regression analyses were performed to identify determinants of Implanon discontinuation. An odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to estimate the strength of the association, and significance was declared at a P value of less than 0.05.

RESULT

The mean age of the respondents was 28.23 (± 5.46) years: 27.27 (± 5.38) years for cases and 28.70 (± 5.5) years for controls. Women with no formal education [AOR = 3.09, 95% CI: (1.20, 8.00)], fewer than four children [AOR = 2.47, 95% CI: (1.20, 5.08)], no history of abortion [AOR = 2.84, 95% CI: (1.25, 6.46)], being new acceptors [AOR = 2.14, 95% CI: (1.02, 4. 49)], being counseled for less than fifteen minutes [AOR = 2.47, 95% CI: (1.29, 4.70)], not discussing it with a partner [AOR = 2.88, 95% CI: (1.42, 5.84)] and experiencing side effects [AOR = 0.35, 95% CI: (0.17, 0.71)] were significantly associated with discontinuation of implanon.

CONCLUSION

Women with no formal education, having less than four children, history of abortion, new acceptors, duration of counseling, discussion with partner, and side effects were determinants of Implanon discontinuation among women. There is a need to ensure adequate pre-implantation counseling and appropriate management of side effects. Furthermore, interventions should target new acceptors and those without formal education.

Early discontinuation of the IMPLANON® and associated factors in Ethiopia, systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

Implanon® is a commonly used effective long-acting reversible contraceptive method. It provides contraception for up to three years. Its early discontinuation was associated with an unwanted pregnancy, abortion, and socioeconomic burden. Thus, the main aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to determine the rate of early discontinuation of Implanon® and associated factors in Ethiopia.

Method

This Systematic review and meta-analysis was performed by using online databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane, HINARI, Web of Science, and other gray and online repositories of Ethiopian Universities. The JOANNA Briggs Institute standard data extraction and appraising sheet format was used for the extraction of all included studies. To test the heterogeneity of the studies the Cochran Q test and I² statistics test were used. The Funnel plot and Egger's tests were used to detect possible publication biases of the included studies. The forest plots were used to present the finding of the overall prevalence of the early Implanon® discontinuation and the odds ratio (OR) along with a 95% CI.

Result

In this systematic review and meta-analysis seven studies with a total population of 3161 women using Implanon® were included. The overall pooled early Implanon® discontinuation rate was 31.34% (95%CI: 19.20, 43.47). Early discontinuation of Implanon® was associated with lack of counseling during service delivery 2.55times (OR: 2.55, 95%CI: 1.99, 3.25), the experienced side effect 3.25 times (OR: 3.25, 95%CI: 2.48, 4.24), absence of appointment after insertion 6.06 times (OR: 6.06, 95%CI: 2.15, 17.05), others decision on the women's choice 3.30 times (OR = 3.30, 95%CI: 2.52, 4.32), and lack the satisfaction of provided service 2.68 times (OR: 2.68, 96%CI: 1.61, 4.45).

Conclusion

About one-third of the women in Ethiopia discontinue the use of Implanon® within one year of the insertion. This is high compared to findings from other countries. Lack of counseling about the service, women's experience of the side effect, absence of the appointment following the service provision, other decisions on the method chosen, and lack of satisfaction were factors associated with the discontinuation of Implanon®. Hence, efforts should be made to reduce the rate of early discontinuation of Implanon® through drafting national guidelines and strategies accompanied by appropriate implementation, follow-up to foster adequate counseling, arrangement of appointments, helping women to decide on the choice, and increase the quality of care provision to enhance the satisfaction of the service.

Satisfaction With the Use of Subdermal Contraceptive Implant in Women Attending the Specialized Polyclinic Primary Health Care Center in Jeddah City: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background Subdermal contraceptive implants are a convenient method of contraception for many women due to the ease of insertion and removal and because they require less follow-up with their health facility. In addition to the contraceptive benefits, women's satisfaction with such devices is essential, as this can affect their quality of life. This study aims to measure women's satisfaction with the subdermal contraceptive implant, Implanon® (Organon & Co., Jersey City, New Jersey, United States), its main side effects, and reasons for removal.  Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on women between the ages of 19 and 65 years who visited the Family Planning Clinic at the Specialized Polyclinic Primary Health Care Center in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, between January 2018 and December 2021. An online questionnaire was distributed to the women who had Implanon inserted and 84 responded. Demographic and contraceptive data were collected, including the dates of insertion and removal of Implanon and side effects experienced while on Implanon.  Results Of the 84 women, 65.84% were satisfied with Implanon, while only 19.04% were unsatisfied with the implant. The most common side effect reported was weight gain (54.76%), followed by menstrual Irregularity. (39.29%). The most common reason for removal was the end of the implant's contraceptive duration (42.86%).  Conclusion Most of the women treated at this primary healthcare clinic were satisfied with Implanon. In addition, most of the women removed the implant only due to its reaching the end of its contraceptive duration despite experiencing side effects, and most women said that they would recommend it to their family and friends.

Task-shifting and family planning continuation: contraceptive trajectories of women who received their method at a community-based event in Kinshasa, DRC

While community-based interventions are a proven high-impact strategy to increase contraceptive uptake in low-income countries, their capacity to support women's contraceptive choices (including continued use, switching and discontinuation) in the long run remains insufficiently discussed. This cohort study follows 883 women 3 and 6 months after they received a modern method during community campaigns organized in Kinshasa (D.R. Congo), to analyze their contraceptive trajectories and the factors associated with ever discontinuing contraceptive use in the first 6 months following a campaign. In the community-based distribution (CBD) model currently institutionalized in DRC, campaign clients are not provided with additional doses or support, besides baseline counseling, to (dis-)continue using the method they received, but must rely on Family Planning resources within the existing local health system. Almost a third (28.9%) of all women discontinued modern contraception during the study period, with much higher discontinuation rates for short-acting methods (38.7% for pills and up to 68.9% for DMPA-SC). Variables previously associated with high discontinuation (marital status, fertility intentions and side-effects) led to higher odds of "ever discontinuing". However, these variables became non-significant when controlling for resupply issues. Women's self-reported reasons for discontinuation confirmed the multivariate regression results. Detailed sub-analysis of resupply issues for pills, injectables and Cyclebeads pointed to the role of cost, unreliable campaign schedules and weak integration of community-based strategies into the formal health system. Extremely low rates of implants removal suggest similar access to FP services issues. The study highlights the need to identify CBD strategies best suited to support women's choices and preferences towards successful contraceptive trajectories in fragile health systems.

Determinants of Implanon discontinuation among women who use Implanon at Debre Berhan town public health institutions in Northeast Ethiopia: a case-control study

Background

Discontinuation of the most effective methods of contraception such as Implanon has now become a worldwide problem, which is significantly associated with mistimed and unwanted pregnancies and unsafe abortion, leading to an increased risk of maternal and child mortality and morbidity. However, studies on factors associated with Implanon discontinuation in Ethiopia, particularly in the area under this study, are limited. Therefore, this study aims to identify the determinants of Implanon discontinuation among women who used Implanon at Debre Berhan town public health institutions.

Methods and materials

A facility-based unmatched case-control study was conducted among 312 study participants (78 cases and 234 controls) from February 1, 2021, to April 30, 2021. The study participants were selected by using a systematic random sampling method for controls, and cases were selected consecutively until the required sample size was reached, during the data collection period. The data were collected by using a structured face-to-face interviewer-administered questionnaire and entered into Epidata version 4.6 and transferred to SPSS version 25 for analysis. Variables with a p-value of <0.25 in the bivariable analysis were entered into the multivariable logistic regression model. In the final model variables, a p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant at a 95% confidence interval (CI) and the strength of association was measured using an adjusted odds ratio (AOR).

Results

In this study, the determinants of Implanon discontinuation were the following: women who had no formal education (AOR: 3.57; 95% CI, 1.62-7.87), who had no children (AOR: 2.8; 95% CI, 1.50-5.17), who had no counseling about side effects (AOR: 2.43;95% CI, 1.30-4.55), who had no discussion with their partner (AOR: 2.7; 95% CI, 1.34-5.46), who had no follow-up appointment (AOR:2.81; 95% CI, 1.54-5.12), and who had side effects (AOR:1.91; 95% CI, 1.13-3.53).

Conclusion and Recommendations

Women's educational status, having no children during the insertion of Implanon, received no counseling about the side effects of insertion, no follow-up appointment, experiencing side effects, and no discussion with a partner were determinants of Implanon discontinuation. Hence, healthcare providers and other health sector stakeholders should provide and strengthen pre-insertion counseling, and follow-up appointments to increase the retention rates of Implanon.

Changes in clients' perceptions of family planning quality of care in Kaduna and Lagos States, Nigeria: A mixed methods study

Community Pharmacists (CPs) and Patent and Proprietary Medicine Vendors (PPMVs) are crucial to improving access to family planning (FP) services in Nigeria. Although the private sector is preferred for convenience, availability of commodity, privacy, and timeliness, less well known is the quality of care received by clients who obtain FP services from CPs and PPMVs. This paper seeks to explore the use of validated quality of care measures for programming in Kaduna and Lagos States and to assess how these measures worked in capturing changes in quality of care using client exit interviews implemented at two time points. Using validated measures of quality of care, 598 and 236 exit interviews in rounds 1 and 2 were conducted with FP clients aged 18–49 years old. The quality of care domains were assessed using 22 questions. A weighted additive quality score was created, and scores were grouped into three: low, medium, and high quality. Changes in quality of care received were examined using χ2 test. A subset of 53 clients were selected for in-depth interviews. Deductive and inductive approaches were used for coding, and data analysis was thematic. In Lagos, we observed increases in 16 out of 22 items while in Kaduna increases were only observed in 8 items. For instance, increases were observed in the proportion of women who experienced visual privacy between rounds 1 and 2 in Lagos (74%–89%) and Kaduna (66%–82%). The quality of care received by clients changed over time. Women who reported high quality care in Lagos increased from 42% to 63%, whereas women who reported high quality care in Kaduna decreased from 35% to 21%. In both states, in-depth interviews revealed that women felt they were treated respectfully, that their sessions with providers were visually private, that they could ask questions, and that they were asked about their preferred method. This study demonstrates that clients received high quality of care services from providers (CPs and PPMVs) especially in Lagos, and such services can be improved over time. Continuous support may be required to maintain and prevent reduction in quality of FP counseling and services, particularly in Kaduna.

Early Implanon discontinuation and associated factors among Implanon women users visiting public health facilities, in Kembata zone of Southern Ethiopia: An institution based cross-sectional study

Background

Contraceptive practice is the basis of fertility and plays a significant role in minimizing maternal morbidity and mortality. Implanon is one of the most effective long-acting contraceptive methods that prevents pregnancy for 3 years. Early Implanon discontinuation can lead to many negative reproductive health consequences. Therefore, this study assessed the magnitude of early Implanon discontinuation among female Implanon users visiting public health facilities to discontinue Implanon in the Kembata zone of southern Ethiopia.

Methods

An institution-based cross-sectional study design was carried out from 1 March 2020 to 30 March 2020. Simple random sampling techniques were used to select 454 women who had discontinued Implanon. The data were collected using a pretested and structured questionnaire. The collected data were entered into Epi Data version-3.1 and then exported to STATA version-16 for analysis. A descriptive analysis along with bivariate and multivariate regression was performed to identify factors associated with early Implanon discontinuation. Statistical significance was declared at a p < 0.05 along with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results

In the present study, 438 women were interviewed, which corresponds to a response rate of 96.48%. The magnitude of early Implanon discontinuation was 56.4%, 95%CI (51.6, 61.2). Primary educational status [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.92, 95%CI (1.56, 5.46)], rural residency [AOR = 1.76, 95%CI (1.06, 2.92)], women with no history of modern contraceptive use [(AOR = 2.14, 95%CI (1.14, 4.03)], those who experienced service dissatisfaction [AOR = 3.05, 95%CI (1.52, 6.12)], women who experienced as Implanon side effect [AOR = 3.36, 95%CI (2.09, 5.42)], and women who were not appointed after insertion [(AOR = 2.17, 95%CI (1.18, 4.79)] have shown an association with early Implanon discontinuation.

Conclusion

The present study indicated that the magnitude of early Implanon discontinuation was high. Educational level, rural residency, women who experienced side effects, those who experienced service dissatisfaction, women with no history of contraceptive use, and those who missed follow-up appointments were associated with Implanon discontinuation. Family planning service providers should focus on Implanon side effects during pre-insertion counseling. The recommended intervention is to recognize modifiable factors like improving client satisfaction with the service, appointing for follow up after insertion, and providing quality family planning services.

Ensuring sufficient service capacity for removals of long-acting reversible contraceptives: a mixed-method study of provider experiences in Senegal

Background: As the number of implants and intrauterine devices (IUD) used in sub-Saharan Africa continues to grow, ensuring sufficient service capacity for removals is critical. This study describes public sector providers’ experiences with implant and IUD removals in two districts of Senegal.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study with providers trained to insert implants and IUDs from all public facilities offering long-acting reversible contraceptives. Data collection elements included a survey with 55 providers and in-depth interviews (IDIs) with eight other providers. We performed descriptive analysis of survey responses and analyzed qualitative data thematically.

Results: Nearly all providers surveyed were trained in both implant and IUD insertion and removal; 42% had received training in the last two years. Over 90% of providers felt confident inserting and removing implants and removing IUDs; 15% were not confident removing non-palpable implants and 27% IUDs with non-visible strings. Challenges causing providers to refer clients or postpone removals include lack of consumables (38%) for implants, and short duration of use for implants (35%) and IUDs (20%). Many providers reported counseling clients presenting for removals to keep their method (58% implant, 31% IUD), primarily to attempt managing side effects. Among providers with removal experience, 78% had ever received a removal client with a deeply-placed implant and 33% with an IUD with non-visible strings. Qualitative findings noted that providers were willing to remove implants and IUDs before their expiration date but first attempted treatment or counseling to manage side effects. Providers reported lack of equipment and supplies as challenges, and mixed success with difficult removals.

Conclusions: Findings on provider capacity to perform insertions and regular removals are positive overall. Potential areas for improvement include availability of equipment and supplies, strengthening of counseling on side effects, and support for managing difficult removals.

Determinants of early discontinuation of etonogestrel sub-dermal implant among reproductive-age women in Legambo district, Northeast Ethiopia: An unmatched case–control study

Objective:

Etonogestrel sub-dermal implant discontinuation is very common in the study area. But evidence on the determinants was limited. So, this study aimed to identify determinants of early discontinuation of etonogestrel sub-dermal implant among reproductive-age women in Legambo district, Northeast Ethiopia.

Methods:

An institution-based unmatched case–control study was conducted on 252 reproductive-age women (84 cases and 168 controls) from 1 February up to 30 April 2020. Systematic random sampling was used to select women, and the data were collected by face-to-face interview using a structured, pretested, and interviewer-administered questionnaire. The collected data were entered into Epi Data version 3.1 and analyzed by SPSS version 23. A binary logistic regression model was used to identify determinants of early discontinuation of etonogestrel sub-dermal implant. Statistical significance was declared at a p value of less than 0.05, and adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval was used to identify determinants of early discontinuation of etonogestrel sub-dermal implant in the final model.

Result:

In this study, not receiving pre-insertion counseling (adjusted odds ratio = 3.19, 95% confidence interval: (1.61, 6.30)), having a history of abortion (adjusted odds ratio = 2.89, 95% confidence interval: (1.50, 5.54)), contraceptive side effects (adjusted odds ratio = 2.45, 95% confidence interval: (1.99, 3.91)), and not receiving an appointment for a follow-up visit at the time of insertion (adjusted odds ratio = 3.45, 95% confidence interval: (1.89, 5.99)) were determinants of early discontinuation of etonogestrel sub-dermal implant.

Conclusion:

Not receiving pre-insertion counseling, having a history of abortion, contraceptive side effects, and not receiving an appointment for a follow-up visit at the time of insertion were predictors of early discontinuation of etonogestrel sub-dermal implant. Thus, healthcare professionals should give an appointment for a follow-up visit at the time of insertion and provide detailed counseling for all women, not only for those who had had an abortion and contraceptive side effects.

Survival time to Implanon discontinuation and its predictors among a cohort of Implanon users who enrolled in public hospitals of southern Ethiopia, 2021: a retrospective cohort study

Background

Pieces of evidence strongly indicate that providing high-quality family planning services is accompanied by an increase in contraceptive uptake and a decrease in contraception discontinuation. Contraceptive, especially Implanon discontinuation is a global issue that could be linked to a summary outcome indicator of poor family planning service quality. Although Implanon is becoming more popular among Ethiopian contraceptive users, little is known regarding the survival and predictors of discontinuation. The study aimed at exploring the survival and predictors of Implanon discontinuation among women enrolled in family planning units of Public hospitals in southern Ethiopia, 2021.

Methods

A hospital-based retrospective cohort study was conducted among Implanon users who enrolled in family planning units of Public Hospitals. Five years of medical records, from January 1, 2016, to December 30, 2020, were reviewed. A total of 502 women were selected by using a random sampling technique. A standardized abstraction tool was used to collect data from medical records and registration books. The data were entered into Epidata Version 3.1 and then exported to STATA 14 for analysis. The median was calculated in the case of survival time. Across covariates, the Kaplan Meier survival curve was used to estimate time to Implanon discontinuation. To identify statistically significant predictors of Implanon discontinuation, a multivariable Cox proportional hazard model was fitted.

Results

The incidence rate of Implanon discontinuation was 1.87(95% CI = 1.63, 2.15) per 100 person-months of observation. The overall estimated survival probability at the end of 24 and 36 months was 67.4% (95%CI, 62.5, 71.8) and 25.9% (95%CI, 18.4, 34.1) months respectively. Residence [AHR = 1.50; 95%CI: 1.09, 2.08], parity [AHR = 2.02; 95%CI: 1.65, 3.67], pre-insertion counselling [AHR = 2.41; 95%CI: 1.72, 3.70], experiencing heavy vaginal bleeding [AHR = 3.91; 95%CI: 2.67, 5.32], post-insertion follow up [AHR = 3.15; 95%CI:2.11, 4.75] were identified as a significant predictors of Implanon discontinuation.

Conclusion

The risk Implanon of discontinuation was high, especially at 24 and 36 months. In family planning service delivery points, health care providers should pay special attention to clients who live in rural areas and do not have children. In addition, health care providers should provide pre-insertion counseling and post-insertion follow-up that focus on potential side effects. Finally, family planning units need to engage in early side effect management and reassurance to mitigate discontinuation.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13690-022-00859-6.

The prevalence of Implanon discontinuation and associated factors among Ethiopian women: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background:

Implanon discontinuation before the recommended time is problematic, as it puts women at risk of unwanted pregnancies and unsafe abortions, along with negative maternal health outcomes. Although the magnitude and determinants of Implanon discontinuation have been studied in Ethiopia, the results were inconsistent, with significant variability. Hence, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at estimating the pooled prevalence of Implanon discontinuation and its determinants in Ethiopia.

Methods:

A comprehensive search of studies published before 18 February 2022 was done using electronic databases such as PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Cochrane Library. The relevant data were extracted using a Microsoft Excel 2013 and analyzed using STATA Version 16. A random-effect meta-analysis model was used to compute pooled prevalence and odds ratio. The Cochrane Q test statistics and I² tests were used to assess the heterogeneity of the included studies. A funnel plot, Begg’s, and Egger’s tests were used to check for the presence of publication bias.

Results:

A total of 11 studies with 4320 study participants were included in this meta-analysis. The overall pooled prevalence of Implanon discontinuation in Ethiopia was found to be 32.62% (95% confidence interval = 24.10, 41.13). There was significant heterogeneity among the included studies (I² = 97.4%, p < 0.001). However, there was no statistical evidence of publication bias (p = 0.533). Dissatisfied with service provision at the time of insertion (odds ratio = 3.92, 95% confidence interval = 1.54, 6.29), not having pre-insertion counseling (odds ratio = 2.98, 95% confidence interval = 1.91, 5.04), the absence of post-insertion follow-up (odds ratio = 4.03, 95% confidence interval = 2.17, 5.90), and the presence of side effects (odds ratio = 2.93, 95% confidence interval = 1.87, 3.98) were found to be determinants of Implanon discontinuation.

Conclusion:

According to this systematic review and meta-analysis, one-third of Ethiopian women discontinued Implanon before the recommended time (3 years). Program managers and service providers should consider using more evidence-based and participatory counseling approaches to enhance client satisfaction. Furthermore, family planning service delivery points should be equipped to manage and reassure women who are experiencing side effects.

Early implanon discontinuation and associated factors among women ever used implanon in Mettu district, Oromia regional state, southwest Ethiopia, 2021

Background

Implanon is an effective form of long-acting reversible contraceptive used to prevent conception with a clinical failure rate of less than one per 100 users. However, in sub-Saharan countries the utilization of implanon was very low. Regardless of low utilization; its early discontinuation is very common in most developing countries including Ethiopia.

Objectives

To assess the prevalence of early implanon discontinuation and associated factors among women ever used implanon in Mettu district.

Methods

A community based cross-sectional study design was conducted from October 11 to December 4, 2020 G C. A total of 430 women were included in the study by systematic random sampling technique. Data were entered into epi data version 3.1 and analyzed by SPSS version 25.0. Descriptive analysis was computed to describe descriptive results. Logistics regression was computed to see the relative effect of factors on the outcome variable. Adjusted odds ratio was calculated with 95% confidence intervals to show strength of association and p-value < 0.05 was used to declare statistical significance. The finding of the study was presented using narrations, tables and chart.

Result

The total proportion of early implanon discontinuation among 430 mothers was 19.3%. Women who did not counseled about the presence of alternatives methods [AOR = 2.28: 95% CI (1.22–4.26)], women who experienced dizziness after insertion of implanon [AOR = 1.90: 95% CI (1.06–3.43)] and being having menstrual disturbance after insertion of implanon [AOR = 2.17: 95% CI (1.16–4.08)] were significantly associated with early implanon discontinuation. Women who were counseled about the advantage of implanon [AOR: 0.49: 95% CI (0.28–0.87)] were protective from early implanon discontinuation.

Conclusion and recommendation

Early implanon discontinuation among mothers was found to be high. Hence, effective counseling on advantages and side effects of implanon and proper management of the side effects should be made to increase implanon retention.

Worldwide, a large number of women become exposed to the risk of conception after contraceptive discontinuation. Besides its low utilization, the discontinuation rate of implanon in developing country was high including Ethiopia. There is no study conducted in south western Ethiopia which shows the magnitude and associated factors of early implanon discontinuation. Therefore, this article provides level of early implanon discontinuation and factors associated with early discontinuation within 1 year’s duration. In this study, a cross-sectional design and interviewer administered questionnaire was employed among 430 women’s of ever used implanon in Mettu district woreda Ilu Aba Bor Zone. The finding of this study revealed that, Women who did not counseled on the presence of alternatives methods, women who experienced dizziness after insertion of implanon and being having menstrual disturbance after insertion of implanon were significantly associated with early implanon discontinuation. Women who were counseled about the advantage of implanon were protective from early implanon discontinuation. In conclusion, the finding of this study reported a high magnitude of early implanon discontinuation as compared to other previous studies.

A systematic review on clinical effectiveness, side-effect profile and meta-analysis on continuation rate of etonogestrel contraceptive implant

Background

Unintended pregnancies (UIP) have a significant impact on health of women and the health budget of countries. Contraception is an effective way to prevent UIPs. The study objective was to collate evidence on clinical effectiveness of etonogestrel subdermal implant (ESI), continuation rate and side effect profile among eligible women of reproductive age group, as compared to levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS), copper intrauterine device (Cu-IUD) and depot medroxy progesterone acetate injections; other types of contraceptive implants were excluded as comparators.

Methods

The protocol of the systematic review was registered in Prospero (registration number: CRD42018116580). MEDLINE via PubMed, Cochrane library and web of science were the electronic databases searched. A search strategy was formulated and studies from 1998 to 2019 were included. Clinical trial registries and grey literature search was done. Critical assessment of included studies was done using appropriate tools. A qualitative synthesis of included studies was done and a meta-analysis was conducted in RevMan software for continuation rates of ESI as compared to other long acting reversible contraceptives (LARC) e.g. LNG IUS and Cu-IUD.

Results

The search yielded 23,545 studies. After excluding 467 duplicates, 23,078 titles were screened and 51 studies were included for the review. Eight of the 15 studies reporting clinical effectiveness reported 100% effectiveness and overall pearl index ranged from 0 to 1.4. One-year continuation rates ranged from 57–97%; 44–95% at the end of second year and 25–78% by 3 years of use. Abnormal menstruation was the most commonly reported side effect. There was no significant difference in bone mineral density at 1 year follow-up. The meta-analyses showed that odds ratio (OR) of 1-year continuation rate was 1.55 (1.36, 1.76) for LNG-IUS vs. ESI and 1.34 (1.13, 1.58) for copper-IUD vs. ESI; showing that continuation rates at the end of one-year were higher in LNG-IUS and copper-IUD as compared to ESI.

Conclusion

ESI is clinically effective and safe contraceptive method to use, yet 1-year continuation rates are lower as compared to LNG-IUS and copper-IUD, mostly attributed to the disturbances in the menstruation.