1
|
Dewez JE, Nijman RG, Fitchett EJA, Li EC, Luu QF, Lynch R, Emonts M, de Groot R, van der Flier M, Philipsen R, Ettelt S, Yeung S. Adoption of C-reactive protein rapid tests for the management of acute childhood infections in hospitals in the Netherlands and England: a comparative health systems analysis. BMC Health Serv Res 2024; 24:351. [PMID: 38504318 PMCID: PMC10949747 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-024-10698-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The adoption of C-reactive protein point-of-care tests (CRP POCTs) in hospitals varies across Europe. We aimed to understand the factors that contribute to different levels of adoption of CRP POCTs for the management of acute childhood infections in two countries. METHODS Comparative qualitative analysis of the implementation of CRP POCTs in the Netherlands and England. The study was informed by the non-adoption, abandonment, spread, scale-up, and sustainability (NASSS) framework. Data were collected through document analysis and qualitative interviews with stakeholders. Documents were identified by a scoping literature review, search of websites, and through the stakeholders. Stakeholders were sampled purposively initially, and then by snowballing. Data were analysed thematically. RESULTS Forty-one documents resulted from the search and 46 interviews were conducted. Most hospital healthcare workers in the Netherlands were familiar with CRP POCTs as the tests were widely used and trusted in primary care. Moreover, although diagnostics were funded through similar Diagnosis Related Group reimbursement mechanisms in both countries, the actual funding for each hospital was more constrained in England. Compared to primary care, laboratory-based CRP tests were usually available in hospitals and their use was encouraged in both countries because they were cheaper. However, CRP POCTs were perceived as useful in some hospitals of the two countries in which the laboratory could not provide CRP measures 24/7 or within a short timeframe, and/or in emergency departments where expediting patient care was important. CONCLUSIONS CRP POCTs are more available in hospitals in the Netherlands because of the greater familiarity of Dutch healthcare workers with the tests which are widely used in primary care in their country and because there are more funding constraints in England. However, most hospitals in the Netherlands and England have not adopted CRP POCTs because the alternative CRP measurements from the hospital laboratory are available in a few hours and at a lower cost.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Emmanuel Dewez
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Ruud G Nijman
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Edmond C Li
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Institute of Global Health Innovation, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Queena F Luu
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Lynch
- Wellcome Centre for Cultures and Environments of Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Marieke Emonts
- Paediatric Immunology, Infectious Diseases & Allergy, Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ronald de Groot
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Centre for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud UMC, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Michiel van der Flier
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud UMC, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ria Philipsen
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Centre for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud UMC, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Stefanie Ettelt
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Prognos AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Shunmay Yeung
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
- Department of Paediatrics, St Mary's Imperial College Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Perkins J, Nelson S, Birley E, Mcswiggan E, Dozier M, McCarthy A, Atkins N, Agyei-Manu E, Rostron J, Kameda K, Kelly A, Chandler C, Street A. Is qualitative social research in global health fulfilling its potential?: a systematic evidence mapping of research on point-of-care testing in low- and middle-income contexts. BMC Health Serv Res 2024; 24:172. [PMID: 38326871 PMCID: PMC10848363 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-024-10645-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Qualitative social research has made valuable contributions to understanding technology-based interventions in global health. However, we have little evidence of who is carrying out this research, where, how, for what purpose, or the overall scope of this body of work. To address these questions, we undertook a systematic evidence mapping of one area of technology-focused research in global health, related to the development, deployment and use of point-of-care tests (POCTs) for low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). METHODS We conducted an exhaustive search to identify papers reporting on primary qualitative studies that explore the development, deployment, and use of POCTs in LMICs and screened results to identify studies meeting the inclusion criteria. Data were extracted from included studies and descriptive analyses were conducted. RESULTS One hundred thirty-eight studies met our inclusion criteria, with numbers increasing year by year. Funding of studies was primarily credited to high income country (HIC)-based institutions (95%) and 64% of first authors were affiliated with HIC-based institutions. Study sites, in contrast, were concentrated in a small number of LMICs. Relatively few studies examined social phenomena related to POCTs that take place in HICs. Seventy-one percent of papers reported on studies conducted within the context of a trial or intervention. Eighty percent reported on studies considering POCTs for HIV and/or malaria. Studies overwhelmingly reported on POCT use (91%) within primary-level health facilities (60%) or in hospitals (30%) and explored the perspectives of the health workforce (70%). CONCLUSIONS A reflexive approach to the role, status, and contribution of qualitative and social science research is crucial to identifying the contributions it can make to the production of global health knowledge and understanding the roles technology can play in achieving global health goals. The body of qualitative social research on POCTs for LMICs is highly concentrated in scope, overwhelmingly focuses on testing in the context of a narrow number of donor-supported initiatives and is driven by HIC resources and expertise. To optimise the full potential of qualitative social research requires the promotion of open and just research ecosystems that broaden the scope of inquiry beyond established public health paradigms and build social science capacity in LMICs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janet Perkins
- Department of Social Anthropology, School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Chrystal Macmillan Building, 15a George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9LD, Scotland, UK.
| | - Sarah Nelson
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Old Medical School, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland, UK
| | - Emma Birley
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Old Medical School, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland, UK
| | - Emilie Mcswiggan
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Old Medical School, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland, UK
| | - Marshall Dozier
- Library Academic Support Team, Library & University Collections, and Information Services University of Edinburgh, Argyle House, 3 Lady Lawson Street, Edinburgh, EH3 9DR, Scotland, UK
| | - Anna McCarthy
- Department of Social Work, School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Chrystal Macmillan Building, 15a George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9LD, Scotland, UK
| | - Nadege Atkins
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Old Medical School, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland, UK
| | - Eldad Agyei-Manu
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Old Medical School, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland, UK
| | - Jasmin Rostron
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Old Medical School, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland, UK
| | - Koichi Kameda
- Centre Population et Développement (CEPED), 45 Rue Des Saints-Pères, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Ann Kelly
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, King's College London, Bush House North East Wing, 30 Aldwych, London, WC2B 4BG, England, UK
| | - Clare Chandler
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, England, UK
| | - Alice Street
- Department of Social Anthropology, School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Chrystal Macmillan Building, 15a George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9LD, Scotland, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ko ER, Reller ME, Tillekeratne LG, Bodinayake CK, Miller C, Burke TW, Henao R, McClain MT, Suchindran S, Nicholson B, Blatt A, Petzold E, Tsalik EL, Nagahawatte A, Devasiri V, Rubach MP, Maro VP, Lwezaula BF, Kodikara-Arachichi W, Kurukulasooriya R, De Silva AD, Clark DV, Schully KL, Madut D, Dumler JS, Kato C, Galloway R, Crump JA, Ginsburg GS, Minogue TD, Woods CW. Host-response transcriptional biomarkers accurately discriminate bacterial and viral infections of global relevance. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22554. [PMID: 38110534 PMCID: PMC10728077 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49734-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic limitations challenge management of clinically indistinguishable acute infectious illness globally. Gene expression classification models show great promise distinguishing causes of fever. We generated transcriptional data for a 294-participant (USA, Sri Lanka) discovery cohort with adjudicated viral or bacterial infections of diverse etiology or non-infectious disease mimics. We then derived and cross-validated gene expression classifiers including: 1) a single model to distinguish bacterial vs. viral (Global Fever-Bacterial/Viral [GF-B/V]) and 2) a two-model system to discriminate bacterial and viral in the context of noninfection (Global Fever-Bacterial/Viral/Non-infectious [GF-B/V/N]). We then translated to a multiplex RT-PCR assay and independent validation involved 101 participants (USA, Sri Lanka, Australia, Cambodia, Tanzania). The GF-B/V model discriminated bacterial from viral infection in the discovery cohort an area under the receiver operator curve (AUROC) of 0.93. Validation in an independent cohort demonstrated the GF-B/V model had an AUROC of 0.84 (95% CI 0.76-0.90) with overall accuracy of 81.6% (95% CI 72.7-88.5). Performance did not vary with age, demographics, or site. Host transcriptional response diagnostics distinguish bacterial and viral illness across global sites with diverse endemic pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Ko
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke Regional Hospital, Duke University Health System, Duke University School of Medicine, 3643 N. Roxboro St., Durham, NC, 27704, USA.
| | - Megan E Reller
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - L Gayani Tillekeratne
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Galle, Sri Lanka
| | - Champica K Bodinayake
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Galle, Sri Lanka
| | - Cameron Miller
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Thomas W Burke
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ricardo Henao
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Micah T McClain
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sunil Suchindran
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Adam Blatt
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Elizabeth Petzold
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ephraim L Tsalik
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Danaher Diagnostics, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ajith Nagahawatte
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Galle, Sri Lanka
| | - Vasantha Devasiri
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Galle, Sri Lanka
| | - Matthew P Rubach
- Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Venance P Maro
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Bingileki F Lwezaula
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
- Maswenzi Regional Referral Hospital, Moshi, Tanzania
| | | | | | - Aruna D De Silva
- General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Danielle V Clark
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Austere Environments Consortium for Enhanced Sepsis Outcomes (ACESO), Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick, Ft. Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Kevin L Schully
- Austere Environments Consortium for Enhanced Sepsis Outcomes (ACESO), Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick, Ft. Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Deng Madut
- Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - J Stephen Dumler
- Joint Departments of Pathology, School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cecilia Kato
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, USA
| | - Renee Galloway
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, USA
| | - John A Crump
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Galle, Sri Lanka
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Geoffrey S Ginsburg
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Timothy D Minogue
- Diagnostic Systems Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Christopher W Woods
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Staiano A, Bjerrum L, Llor C, Melbye H, Hopstaken R, Gentile I, Plate A, van Hecke O, Verbakel JY. C-reactive protein point-of-care testing and complementary strategies to improve antibiotic stewardship in children with acute respiratory infections in primary care. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1221007. [PMID: 37900677 PMCID: PMC10602801 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1221007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper provides the perspective of an international group of experts on the role of C-reactive protein (CRP) point-of-care testing (POCT) and complementary strategies such as enhanced communication skills training and delayed prescribing to improve antibiotic stewardship in the primary care of children presenting with an acute illness episode due to an acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI). To improve antibiotics prescribing decisions, CRP POCT should be considered to complement the clinical assessment of children (6 months to 14 years) presenting with an ARTI in a primary care setting. CRP POCT can help decide whether a serious infection can be ruled out, before deciding on further treatments or management, when clinical assessment is unconclusive. Based on the evidence currently available, a CRP value can be a valuable support for clinical reasoning and facilitate communication with patients and parents, but the clinical assessment should prevail when making a therapy or referral decision. Nearly half of children tested in the primary care setting can be expected to have a CRP value below 20 mg/l, in which case it is strongly suggested to avoid prescribing antibiotics when the clinical assessment supports ruling out a severe infection. For children with CRP values greater than or equal to 20 mg/l, additional measures such as additional diagnostic tests, observation time, re-assessment by a senior decision-maker, and specialty referrals, should be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Staiano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Lars Bjerrum
- Centre for General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carl Llor
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Hasse Melbye
- General Practice Research Unit, Department of Community Medicine, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
| | - Rogier Hopstaken
- Department of General Practice, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ivan Gentile
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Andreas Plate
- Institute of Primary Care, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver van Hecke
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Community Healthcare Medtech and IVD Cooperative, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Y. Verbakel
- NIHR Community Healthcare Medtech and IVD Cooperative, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- EPI-Centre, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Academisch Centrum Voor Huisartsgeneeskunde, Leuven & NIHR Community Healthcare Medtech and IVD cooperative, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kanan M, Ramadan M, Haif H, Abdullah B, Mubarak J, Ahmad W, Mari S, Hassan S, Eid R, Hasan M, Qahl M, Assiri A, Sultan M, Alrumaih F, Alenzi A. Empowering Low- and Middle-Income Countries to Combat AMR by Minimal Use of Antibiotics: A Way Forward. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1504. [PMID: 37887205 PMCID: PMC10604829 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12101504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic overuse poses a critical global health concern, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where access to quality healthcare and effective regulatory frameworks often fall short. This issue necessitates a thorough examination of the factors contributing to antibiotic overuse in LMICs, including weak healthcare infrastructure, limited access to quality services, and deficiencies in diagnostic capabilities. To address these challenges, regulatory frameworks should be implemented to restrict non-prescription sales, and accessible point-of-care diagnostic tools must be emphasized. Furthermore, the establishment of effective stewardship programs, the expanded use of vaccines, and the promotion of health systems, hygiene, and sanitation are all crucial components in combating antibiotic overuse. A comprehensive approach that involves collaboration among healthcare professionals, policymakers, researchers, and educators is essential for success. Improving healthcare infrastructure, enhancing access to quality services, and strengthening diagnostic capabilities are paramount. Equally important are education and awareness initiatives to promote responsible antibiotic use, the implementation of regulatory measures, the wider utilization of vaccines, and international cooperation to tackle the challenges of antibiotic overuse in LMICs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Kanan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh 12211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maali Ramadan
- Department of Pharmacy, Maternity and Children Hospital in Rafha, Rafha 76312, Saudi Arabia; (M.R.); (H.H.); (B.A.); (J.M.)
| | - Hanan Haif
- Department of Pharmacy, Maternity and Children Hospital in Rafha, Rafha 76312, Saudi Arabia; (M.R.); (H.H.); (B.A.); (J.M.)
| | - Bashayr Abdullah
- Department of Pharmacy, Maternity and Children Hospital in Rafha, Rafha 76312, Saudi Arabia; (M.R.); (H.H.); (B.A.); (J.M.)
| | - Jawaher Mubarak
- Department of Pharmacy, Maternity and Children Hospital in Rafha, Rafha 76312, Saudi Arabia; (M.R.); (H.H.); (B.A.); (J.M.)
| | - Waad Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; (W.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Shahad Mari
- Department of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; (W.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Samaher Hassan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jazan College of Pharmacy, Jazan 82726, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Rawan Eid
- Department of Pharmacy, Nahdi Company, Tabuk 47311, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammed Hasan
- Department of Pharmacy, Armed Forces Hospital Southern Region, Mushait 62562, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.); (A.A.)
| | - Mohammed Qahl
- Department of Pharmacy, Najran Armed Forces Hospital, Najran 66256, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Atheer Assiri
- Department of Pharmacy, Armed Forces Hospital Southern Region, Mushait 62562, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.); (A.A.)
| | | | - Faisal Alrumaih
- Department of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 76313, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Areej Alenzi
- Department of Infection Control and Public Health, Regional Laboratory in Northern Border Region, Arar 73211, Saudi Arabia;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sulis G, Sayood S, Gandra S. How can we tackle the overuse of antibiotics in low- and middle-income countries? Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2023; 21:1189-1201. [PMID: 37746828 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2023.2263643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antibiotic overuse is a pressing global health concern, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where there is limited access to quality healthcare and insufficient regulation of antibiotic dispensation. This perspective piece highlights the challenges of antibiotic overuse in LMICs and provides insights into potential solutions to address this issue. AREAS COVERED This perspective explores key factors contributing to antibiotic overuse in LMICs, encompassing weak healthcare infrastructure, limited access to quality services, and deficiencies in diagnostic capabilities. It discusses regulatory frameworks to curb non-prescription sales, the role of accessible point-of-care diagnostic tools, challenges in implementing effective stewardship programs, the expanded use of vaccines, and the importance of health systems, hygiene, and sanitation. EXPERT OPINION In this article, we emphasize the need for a comprehensive approach involving collaboration among healthcare professionals, policymakers, researchers, and educators. We underscore the importance of improving healthcare infrastructure, enhancing access to quality services, and strengthening diagnostic capabilities. The article also highlights the significance of education and awareness in promoting responsible antibiotic use, the role of regulatory measures, the expanded utilization of vaccines, and the need for international collaboration to address the challenges of antibiotic overuse in LMICs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Sulis
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sena Sayood
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sumanth Gandra
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rzepka A, Mania A. Positive Point-of-Care Influenza Test Significantly Decreases the Probability of Antibiotic Treatment during Respiratory Tract Infections in Primary Care. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2031. [PMID: 37370926 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13122031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyse clinical and laboratory findings in primary care patients with respiratory tract infections to distinguish the group more likely to receive antibiotic treatment. The study group consisted of 631 patients (264 males; 367 females) with a median age of 48 years (IQR 36-63 years). Analysed groups included patients treated with antibiotics (n = 269 patients; 43%) and those who recovered without antibiotic treatment (n = 362 patients; 57%). Patients receiving antibiotics were older (median 51 vs. 47 years; p = 0.008) and more commonly developed fever (77% vs. 25%, p < 0.0001) and cough (63% vs. 30%; p = 0.0014). Moreover, they more frequently presented wheezing and crackles upon physical examination (28% vs. 4% and 9% vs. 0.3%; p < 0.0001 and p < 0.0001, respectively). They also had more comorbidities and came to more follow-up visits (median of 4 vs. 3 and 2 vs. 1, p < 0.0001 and p < 0.0001, respectively). Patients receiving symptomatic therapy more often had positive point-of-care tests (POCTS)-20% vs. 7%; p = <0.0001. Multivariate analysis in our cohort found comorbidities complexity (odds ratio-OR 2.62; 95% confidence interval-1.54-4.46), fever (OR 32.59; 95%CI 19.15-55.47), crackles (OR 26.35; 95%CI 2.77-250.81) and the number of visits (OR 4.15; 95%CI 2.39-7.20) as factors increasing the probability of antibiotic treatment. Positive influenza POCTS reduced the risk of antibiotic therapy (OR 0.0015; 95%CI 0.0001-0.0168).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Rzepka
- Medicus Primary Health Care Centre, Magdalena Kurnatowska, ul. Starogostyńska 9, 63-800 Gostyń, Poland
| | - Anna Mania
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Child Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-572 Poznań, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dewez JE, Nijman RG, Fitchett EJA, Lynch R, de Groot R, van der Flier M, Philipsen R, Vreugdenhil H, Ettelt S, Yeung S. Adoption of C-reactive protein point-of-care tests for the management of acute childhood infections in primary care in the Netherlands and England: a comparative health systems analysis. BMC Health Serv Res 2023; 23:191. [PMID: 36823597 PMCID: PMC9947887 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-023-09065-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of point of care (POC) tests varies across Europe, but research into what drives this variability is lacking. Focusing on CRP POC tests, we aimed to understand what factors contribute to high versus low adoption of the tests, and also to explore whether they are used in children. METHODS We used a comparative qualitative case study approach to explore the implementation of CRP POC tests in the Netherlands and England. These countries were selected because although they have similar primary healthcare systems, the availability of CRP POC tests in General Practices is very different, being very high in the former and rare in the latter. The study design and analysis were informed by the non-adoption, abandonment, spread, scale-up and sustainability (NASSS) framework. Data were collected through a review of documents and interviews with stakeholders. Documents were identified through a scoping literature review, search of websites, and stakeholder recommendation. Stakeholders were selected purposively initially, and then by snowballing. Data were analysed thematically. RESULTS Sixty-five documents were reviewed and 21 interviews were conducted. The difference in the availability of CRP POC tests is mainly because of differences at the wider national context level. In the two countries, early adopters of the tests advocated for their implementation through the generation of robust evidence and by engaging with all relevant stakeholders. This led to the inclusion of CRP POC tests in clinical guidelines in both countries. In the Netherlands, this mandated their reimbursement in accordance with Dutch regulations. Moreover, the prevailing better integration of health services enabled operational support from laboratories to GP practices. In England, the funding constraints of the National Health Service and the prioritization of alternative and less expensive antimicrobial stewardship interventions prevented the development of a reimbursement scheme. In addition, the lack of integration between health services limits the operational support to GP practices. In both countries, the availability of CRP POC tests for the management of children is a by-product of the test being available for adults. The tests are less used in children mainly because of concerns regarding their accuracy in this age-group. CONCLUSIONS The engagement of early adopters combined with a more favourable and receptive macro level environment, including the role of clinical guidelines and their developers in determining which interventions are reimbursed and the operational support from laboratories to GP practices, led to the greater adoption of the tests in the Netherlands. In both countries, CRP POC tests, when available, are less used less in children. Organisations considering introducing POC tests into primary care settings need to consider how their implementation fits into the wider health system context to ensure achievable plans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Emmanuel Dewez
- grid.8991.90000 0004 0425 469XClinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Ruud G. Nijman
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Department of Infectious Diseases, Section of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth J. A. Fitchett
- grid.8991.90000 0004 0425 469XClinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Lynch
- grid.8391.30000 0004 1936 8024Wellcome Centre for Cultures and Environments of Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Ronald de Groot
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Section of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Centre for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud UMC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel van der Flier
- grid.461578.9Paediatric Infectious diseases and Immunology, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,grid.417100.30000 0004 0620 3132Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ria Philipsen
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Section of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Centre for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud UMC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Harriet Vreugdenhil
- grid.7692.a0000000090126352Utrecht General Practice Training Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefanie Ettelt
- grid.8991.90000 0004 0425 469XDepartment of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK ,grid.506777.40000 0001 2295 4495Prognos AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Shunmay Yeung
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK. .,Department of Paediatrics, St Mary's Imperial College Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dewez JE, Pembrey L, Nijman RG, del Torso S, Grossman Z, Hadjipanayis A, Van Esso D, Lim E, Emonts M, Burns J, Gras-LeGuen C, Kohlfuerst D, Dornbusch HJ, Brengel-Pesce K, Mallet F, von Both U, Tsolia M, Eleftheriou I, Zavadska D, de Groot R, van der Flier M, Moll H, Hagedoorn N, Borensztajn D, Oostenbrink R, Kuijpers T, Pokorn M, Vincek K, Martinón-Torres F, Rivero I, Agyeman P, Carrol ED, Paulus S, Cunnington A, Herberg J, Levin M, Mujkić A, Geitmann K, Da Dalt L, Valiulis A, Lapatto R, Syridou G, Altorjai P, Torpiano P, Størdal K, Illy K, Mazur A, Spreitzer MV, Rios J, Wyder C, Romankevych I, Basmaci R, Ibanez-Mico S, Yeung S. Availability and use of rapid diagnostic tests for the management of acute childhood infections in Europe: A cross-sectional survey of paediatricians. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275336. [PMID: 36538525 PMCID: PMC9767335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Point-of-care-tests (POCTs) have been advocated to optimise care in patients with infections but their actual use varies. This study aimed to estimate the variability in the adoption of current POCTs by paediatricians across Europe, and to explore the determinants of variability. METHODS AND FINDINGS A cross-sectional survey was conducted of hospital and primary care paediatricians, recruited through professional networks. Questions focused on the availability and use of currently available POCTs. Data were analysed descriptively and using Median Odds Ratio (MOR) to measure variation between countries. Multilevel regression modelling using changes in the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of models were used to assess the contribution of individual or workplace versus country level factors, to the observed variation. The commonest POCT was urine dipsticks (UD) which were available to >80% of primary care and hospital paediatricians in 68% (13/19) and 79% (23/29) countries, respectively. Availability of all POCTs varied between countries. In primary care, the country (MOR) varied from 1.61 (95%CI: 1.04-2.58) for lactate to 7.28 (95%CI: 3.04-24.35) for UD. In hospitals, the country MOR varied from 1.37 (95%CI:1.04-1.80) for lactate to 11.93 (95%CI:3.35-72.23) for UD. Most paediatricians in primary care (69%, 795/1154) and hospital (81%, 962/1188) would use a diagnostic test in the case scenario of an infant with undifferentiated fever. Multilevel regression modelling showed that the country of work was more important in predicting both the availability and use of POCTs than individual or workplace characteristics. CONCLUSION There is substantial variability in the adoption of POCTs for the management of acute infections in children across Europe. To inform future implementation of both existing and innovative tests, further research is needed to understand what drives the variation between countries, the needs of frontline clinicians, and the role of diagnostic tests in the management of acute childhood infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Emmanuel Dewez
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Personalised Risk Assessment in Febrile Illness to Optimise Real-Life Management Across the European Union (PERFORM)
| | - Lucy Pembrey
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ruud G. Nijman
- Personalised Risk Assessment in Febrile Illness to Optimise Real-Life Management Across the European Union (PERFORM)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Section of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Research in European Paediatric Emergency Medicine (REPEM)
| | - Stefano del Torso
- ChildCare WorldWide, Padova, Italy
- European Academy of Paediatrics Research in Ambulatory Settings network (EAPRASnet)
| | - Zachi Grossman
- European Academy of Paediatrics Research in Ambulatory Settings network (EAPRASnet)
- Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
- Pediatric Clinic, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Adamos Hadjipanayis
- European Academy of Paediatrics Research in Ambulatory Settings network (EAPRASnet)
- Paediatric Department, Larnaca General Hospital, Larnaca, Cyprus
- Medical School, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Diego Van Esso
- European Academy of Paediatrics Research in Ambulatory Settings network (EAPRASnet)
- Primary Care Paediatrician, Health Care Centre Pere Grau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emma Lim
- Personalised Risk Assessment in Febrile Illness to Optimise Real-Life Management Across the European Union (PERFORM)
- Great North Children’s Hospital, Paediatric Immunology, Infectious Diseases & Allergy, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Marieke Emonts
- Personalised Risk Assessment in Febrile Illness to Optimise Real-Life Management Across the European Union (PERFORM)
- Great North Children’s Hospital, Paediatric Immunology, Infectious Diseases & Allergy, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - James Burns
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christèle Gras-LeGuen
- Centre d’Investigation Clinique CIC1413, INSERM-Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Daniela Kohlfuerst
- Personalised Risk Assessment in Febrile Illness to Optimise Real-Life Management Across the European Union (PERFORM)
- Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hans Jürgen Dornbusch
- European Academy of Paediatrics Research in Ambulatory Settings network (EAPRASnet)
- Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Karen Brengel-Pesce
- Personalised Risk Assessment in Febrile Illness to Optimise Real-Life Management Across the European Union (PERFORM)
- BioMérieux, Lyon, France
| | - Francois Mallet
- Personalised Risk Assessment in Febrile Illness to Optimise Real-Life Management Across the European Union (PERFORM)
- BioMérieux, Lyon, France
| | - Ulrich von Both
- Personalised Risk Assessment in Febrile Illness to Optimise Real-Life Management Across the European Union (PERFORM)
- University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Maria Tsolia
- Personalised Risk Assessment in Febrile Illness to Optimise Real-Life Management Across the European Union (PERFORM)
- P. and A. Kyriakou Children’s Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Irini Eleftheriou
- Personalised Risk Assessment in Febrile Illness to Optimise Real-Life Management Across the European Union (PERFORM)
- P. and A. Kyriakou Children’s Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Dace Zavadska
- Personalised Risk Assessment in Febrile Illness to Optimise Real-Life Management Across the European Union (PERFORM)
- Children Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Ronald de Groot
- Personalised Risk Assessment in Febrile Illness to Optimise Real-Life Management Across the European Union (PERFORM)
- Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Michiel van der Flier
- Personalised Risk Assessment in Febrile Illness to Optimise Real-Life Management Across the European Union (PERFORM)
- Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Henriëtte Moll
- Personalised Risk Assessment in Febrile Illness to Optimise Real-Life Management Across the European Union (PERFORM)
- Research in European Paediatric Emergency Medicine (REPEM)
- Department of General Paediatrics, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nienke Hagedoorn
- Personalised Risk Assessment in Febrile Illness to Optimise Real-Life Management Across the European Union (PERFORM)
- Department of General Paediatrics, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dorine Borensztajn
- Personalised Risk Assessment in Febrile Illness to Optimise Real-Life Management Across the European Union (PERFORM)
- Department of General Paediatrics, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rianne Oostenbrink
- Research in European Paediatric Emergency Medicine (REPEM)
- Department of General Paediatrics, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Taco Kuijpers
- Personalised Risk Assessment in Febrile Illness to Optimise Real-Life Management Across the European Union (PERFORM)
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marko Pokorn
- Personalised Risk Assessment in Febrile Illness to Optimise Real-Life Management Across the European Union (PERFORM)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katarina Vincek
- Personalised Risk Assessment in Febrile Illness to Optimise Real-Life Management Across the European Union (PERFORM)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Federico Martinón-Torres
- Personalised Risk Assessment in Febrile Illness to Optimise Real-Life Management Across the European Union (PERFORM)
- Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Irene Rivero
- Personalised Risk Assessment in Febrile Illness to Optimise Real-Life Management Across the European Union (PERFORM)
- Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Philipp Agyeman
- Personalised Risk Assessment in Febrile Illness to Optimise Real-Life Management Across the European Union (PERFORM)
- Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Enitan D. Carrol
- Personalised Risk Assessment in Febrile Illness to Optimise Real-Life Management Across the European Union (PERFORM)
- Alder Hey Children’s Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Stéphane Paulus
- Personalised Risk Assessment in Febrile Illness to Optimise Real-Life Management Across the European Union (PERFORM)
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Aubrey Cunnington
- Personalised Risk Assessment in Febrile Illness to Optimise Real-Life Management Across the European Union (PERFORM)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Section of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jethro Herberg
- Personalised Risk Assessment in Febrile Illness to Optimise Real-Life Management Across the European Union (PERFORM)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Section of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Levin
- Personalised Risk Assessment in Febrile Illness to Optimise Real-Life Management Across the European Union (PERFORM)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Section of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aida Mujkić
- European Academy of Paediatrics Research in Ambulatory Settings network (EAPRASnet)
- University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Andrija Štampar School of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Karin Geitmann
- European Academy of Paediatrics Research in Ambulatory Settings network (EAPRASnet)
- Primary Care Paediatrician, BVKJ, Hagen, Germany
| | - Liviana Da Dalt
- Research in European Paediatric Emergency Medicine (REPEM)
- Department of Woman’s and Child’s Health Padova University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Arūnas Valiulis
- European Academy of Paediatrics Research in Ambulatory Settings network (EAPRASnet)
- Vilnius University Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Clinic of Children’s Diseases, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Risto Lapatto
- European Academy of Paediatrics Research in Ambulatory Settings network (EAPRASnet)
- Department of Paediatrics, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Garyfallia Syridou
- European Academy of Paediatrics Research in Ambulatory Settings network (EAPRASnet)
- Attiko University Hospital, Chaidari, Greece
| | - Péter Altorjai
- European Academy of Paediatrics Research in Ambulatory Settings network (EAPRASnet)
- Association of Hungarian Primary Care Paediatricians, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Paul Torpiano
- European Academy of Paediatrics Research in Ambulatory Settings network (EAPRASnet)
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Health at Mater Dei Hospital, Valletta, Malta
| | - Ketil Størdal
- European Academy of Paediatrics Research in Ambulatory Settings network (EAPRASnet)
- Paediatric Research Institute, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Károly Illy
- European Academy of Paediatrics Research in Ambulatory Settings network (EAPRASnet)
- Dutch Society of Paediatrics NVK, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Artur Mazur
- European Academy of Paediatrics Research in Ambulatory Settings network (EAPRASnet)
- Medical College of Rzeszow University, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Mateja Vintar Spreitzer
- European Academy of Paediatrics Research in Ambulatory Settings network (EAPRASnet)
- Zdravstveni dom Domžale, Slovenian Paediatric Society, Burnaby, Slovenia
| | - Joana Rios
- European Academy of Paediatrics Research in Ambulatory Settings network (EAPRASnet)
- Hospital Beatriz Ângelo, Loures, Portugal
| | - Corinne Wyder
- European Academy of Paediatrics Research in Ambulatory Settings network (EAPRASnet)
- Kinderärzte KurWerk, Burgdorf, Switzerland
| | - Ivanna Romankevych
- European Academy of Paediatrics Research in Ambulatory Settings network (EAPRASnet)
- Ukrainian Academy of Pediatric Specialties, Ukraine
| | - Romain Basmaci
- Personalised Risk Assessment in Febrile Illness to Optimise Real-Life Management Across the European Union (PERFORM)
- Service de Pédiatrie-Urgences, AP-HP, Hôpital Louis-Mourier, Colombes, France
| | | | - Shunmay Yeung
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Personalised Risk Assessment in Febrile Illness to Optimise Real-Life Management Across the European Union (PERFORM)
- Department of Paediatrics, St Mary’s Imperial College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Smedemark SA, Aabenhus R, Llor C, Fournaise A, Olsen O, Jørgensen KJ. Biomarkers as point-of-care tests to guide prescription of antibiotics in people with acute respiratory infections in primary care. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022; 10:CD010130. [PMID: 36250577 PMCID: PMC9575154 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010130.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are by far the most common reason for prescribing an antibiotic in primary care, even though the majority of ARIs are of viral or non-severe bacterial aetiology. It follows that in many cases antibiotic use will not be beneficial to a patient's recovery but may expose them to potential side effects. Furthermore, limiting unnecessary antibiotic use is a key factor in controlling antibiotic resistance. One strategy to reduce antibiotic use in primary care is point-of-care biomarkers. A point-of-care biomarker (test) of inflammation identifies part of the acute phase response to tissue injury regardless of the aetiology (infection, trauma, or inflammation) and may be used as a surrogate marker of infection, potentially assisting the physician in the clinical decision whether to use an antibiotic to treat ARIs. Biomarkers may guide antibiotic prescription by ruling out a serious bacterial infection and help identify patients in whom no benefit from antibiotic treatment can be anticipated. This is an update of a Cochrane Review first published in 2014. OBJECTIVES To assess the benefits and harms of point-of-care biomarker tests of inflammation to guide antibiotic treatment in people presenting with symptoms of acute respiratory infections in primary care settings regardless of patient age. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL (2022, Issue 6), MEDLINE (1946 to 14 June 2022), Embase (1974 to 14 June 2022), CINAHL (1981 to 14 June 2022), Web of Science (1955 to 14 June 2022), and LILACS (1982 to 14 June 2022). We also searched three trial registries (10 December 2021) for completed and ongoing trials. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in primary care patients with ARIs that compared the use of point-of-care biomarkers with standard care. We included trials that randomised individual participants, as well as trials that randomised clusters of patients (cluster-RCTs). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently extracted data on the following primary outcomes: number of participants given an antibiotic prescription at index consultation and within 28 days follow-up; participant recovery within seven days follow-up; and total mortality within 28 days follow-up. We assessed risk of bias using the Cochrane risk of bias tool and the certainty of the evidence using GRADE. We used random-effects meta-analyses when feasible. We further analysed results with considerable heterogeneity in prespecified subgroups of individual and cluster-RCTs. MAIN RESULTS We included seven new trials in this update, for a total of 13 included trials. Twelve trials (10,218 participants in total, 2335 of which were children) evaluated a C-reactive protein point-of-care test, and one trial (317 adult participants) evaluated a procalcitonin point-of-care test. The studies were conducted in Europe, Russia, and Asia. Overall, the included trials had a low or unclear risk of bias. However all studies were open-labelled, thereby introducing high risk of bias due to lack of blinding. The use of C-reactive protein point-of-care tests to guide antibiotic prescription likely reduces the number of participants given an antibiotic prescription, from 516 prescriptions of antibiotics per 1000 participants in the control group to 397 prescriptions of antibiotics per 1000 participants in the intervention group (risk ratio (RR) 0.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.69 to 0.86; 12 trials, 10,218 participants; I² = 79%; moderate-certainty evidence). Overall, use of C-reactive protein tests also reduce the number of participants given an antibiotic prescription within 28 days follow-up (664 prescriptions of antibiotics per 1000 participants in the control group versus 538 prescriptions of antibiotics per 1000 participants in the intervention group) (RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.76 to 0.86; 7 trials, 5091 participants; I² = 29; high-certainty evidence). The prescription of antibiotics as guided by C-reactive protein tests likely does not reduce the number of participants recovered, within seven or 28 days follow-up (567 participants recovered within seven days follow-up per 1000 participants in the control group versus 584 participants recovered within seven days follow-up per 1000 participants in the intervention group) (recovery within seven days follow-up: RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.12; I² = 0%; moderate-certainty evidence) (recovery within 28 days follow-up: RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.79 to 1.32; I² = 0%; moderate-certainty evidence). The use of C-reactive protein tests may not increase total mortality within 28 days follow-up, from 1 death per 1000 participants in the control group to 0 deaths per 1000 participants in the intervention group (RR 0.53, 95% CI 0.10 to 2.92; I² = 0%; low-certainty evidence). We are uncertain as to whether procalcitonin affects any of the primary or secondary outcomes because there were few participants, thereby limiting the certainty of evidence. We assessed the certainty of the evidence as moderate to high according to GRADE for the primary outcomes for C-reactive protein test, except for mortality, as there were very few deaths, thereby limiting the certainty of the evidence. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The use of C-reactive protein point-of-care tests as an adjunct to standard care likely reduces the number of participants given an antibiotic prescription in primary care patients who present with symptoms of acute respiratory infection. The use of C-reactive protein point-of-care tests likely does not affect recovery rates. It is unlikely that further research will substantially change our conclusion regarding the reduction in number of participants given an antibiotic prescription, although the size of the estimated effect may change. The use of C-reactive protein point-of-care tests may not increase mortality within 28 days follow-up, but there were very few events. Studies that recorded deaths and hospital admissions were performed in children from low- and middle-income countries and older adults with comorbidities. Future studies should focus on children, immunocompromised individuals, and people aged 80 years and above with comorbidities. More studies evaluating procalcitonin and potential new biomarkers as point-of-care tests used in primary care to guide antibiotic prescription are needed. Furthermore, studies are needed to validate C-reactive protein decision algorithms, with a specific focus on potential age group differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siri Aas Smedemark
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Geriatric Research Unit, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Rune Aabenhus
- The Research Unit for General Practice and Section of General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carl Llor
- University Institute in Primary Care Research Jordi Gol, Via Roma Health Centre, Barcelona, Spain
- Research Unit of General Practice, Department of Public Health, General Practice, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anders Fournaise
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Geriatric Research Unit, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Cross-sectoral Collaboration, Region of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ole Olsen
- The Research Unit for General Practice and Section of General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Likopa Z, Kivite-Urtane A, Silina V, Pavare J. Impact of educational training and C-reactive protein point-of-care testing on antibiotic prescribing in rural and urban family physician practices in Latvia: a randomised controlled intervention study. BMC Pediatr 2022; 22:556. [PMID: 36127630 PMCID: PMC9490974 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03608-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although self-limiting viral infections are predominant, children with acute infections are often prescribed antibiotics by family physicians. The aim of the study is to evaluate the impact of two interventions, namely C-reactive protein point-of-care testing and educational training, on antibiotic prescribing by family physicians. METHODS This randomised controlled intervention study included acutely ill children consulted by 80 family physicians from urban and rural practices in Latvia. The family physicians were divided into two groups of 40. The family physicians in the intervention group received both interventions, i.e. C-reactive protein point-of-care testing and educational training, whereas the family physicians in the control group continued to dispense their standard care. The primary outcome measure was the antibiotic prescribing at the index consultation (delayed or immediate prescription) in both study groups. The secondary outcome was CRP testing per study group. Patient- and family physician- related predictors of antibiotic prescribing were analysed as associated independent variables. Practice location effect on the outcomes was specially addressed, similar to other scientific literature. RESULTS In total, 2039 children with acute infections were enrolled in the study. The most common infections observed were upper and lower respiratory tract infections. Overall, 29.8% (n = 607) of the study population received antibiotic prescription. Our binary logistic regression analysis did not find a statistically significant association between antibiotic prescriptions and the implemented interventions. In the control group of family physicians, a rural location was associated with more frequent antibiotic prescribing and minimal use of CRP testing of venous blood samples. However, in the intervention group of family physicians, a rural location was associated with a higher level of C-reactive protein point-of-care testing. Furthermore, in rural areas, a significant reduction in antibiotic prescribing was observed in the intervention group compared with the control group (29.0% (n = 118) and 37.8% (n = 128), respectively, p = 0.01). CONCLUSION Our results show that the availabilty of C-reactive protein point-of-care testing and educational training for family physicians did not reduce antibiotic prescribing. Nevertheless, our data indicate that regional variations in antibiotic-prescribing habits exist and the implemented interventions had an effect on family physicians practices in rural areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zane Likopa
- Children's Clinical University Hospital, Vienibas Gatve 45, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia. .,Riga Stradins University, Dzirciema 16, Riga, LV-1007, Latvia.
| | - Anda Kivite-Urtane
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Institute of Public Health, Riga Stradins University, Kronvalda boulevard 9, Riga, LV-1010, Latvia
| | - Vija Silina
- Department of Family Medicine, Riga Stradins University, Anninmuizas boulevard 26a, Riga, LV-1067, Latvia
| | - Jana Pavare
- Children's Clinical University Hospital, Vienibas Gatve 45, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia.,Riga Stradins University, Dzirciema 16, Riga, LV-1007, Latvia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Batte A, Menon S, Ssenkusu JM, Kiguli S, Kalyesubula R, Lubega J, Berrens Z, Mutebi EI, Ogwang R, Opoka RO, John CC, Conroy AL. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin is elevated in children with acute kidney injury and sickle cell anemia, and predicts mortality. Kidney Int 2022; 102:885-893. [PMID: 35718113 PMCID: PMC7613606 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2022.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a biomarker of acute kidney injury that has been adapted to a urine dipstick test. However, there is limited data on its use in low-and-middle-income countries where diagnosis of acute kidney injury remains a challenge. To study this, we prospectively enrolled 250 children with sickle cell anemia aged two to 18 years encompassing 185 children hospitalized with a vaso-occlusive pain crisis and a reference group of 65 children attending the sickle cell clinic for routine care follow up. Kidney injury was defined using serial creatinine measures and a modified-Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcome definition for sickle cell anemia. Urine NGAL was measured using the NGAL dipstick and a laboratory reference. The mean age of children enrolled was 8.9 years and 42.8% were female. Among hospitalized children, 36.2% had kidney injury and 3.2% died. Measured urine NGAL levels by the dipstick were strongly correlated with the standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for urine NGAL (hospitalized children, 0.71; routine care reference, 0.88). NGAL levels were elevated in kidney injury and significantly increased across injury stages. Hospitalized children with a high-risk dipstick test (300ng/mL and more) had a 2.47-fold relative risk of kidney injury (95% confidence interval 1.68 to 3.61) and 7.28 increased risk of death (95% confidence interval 1.10 to 26.81) adjusting for age and sex. Thus, urine NGAL levels were found to be significantly elevated in children with sickle cell anemia and acute kidney injury and may predict mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Batte
- Child Health and Development Centre, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Sahit Menon
- San Diego School of Medicine, University of California.
| | - John M Ssenkusu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sarah Kiguli
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda.
| | | | - Joseph Lubega
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas, USA.
| | - Zachary Berrens
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | | | - Rodney Ogwang
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Coast, Kilifi, Kenya.
| | - Robert O Opoka
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Chandy C John
- Department of Pediatrics, Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.
| | - Andrea L Conroy
- Department of Pediatrics, Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Raymond ME, Bird C, van Hecke O, Glogowska M, Hayward G. Point-of-care diagnostic technology in paediatric ambulatory care: a qualitative interview study of English clinicians and stakeholders. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e059103. [PMID: 35672068 PMCID: PMC9174781 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Point-of-care (POC) tests have the potential to improve paediatric healthcare. However, both the development and evaluation of POC technology have almost solely been focused on adults. We aimed to explore frontline clinicians' and stakeholders' current experience of POC diagnostic technology in children in England; and to identify areas of unmet need. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Qualitative semistructured telephone interviews were carried out with purposively sampled participants from clinical paediatric ambulatory care and charity, industry and policymaking stakeholders. The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and analysed thematically. RESULTS We interviewed 19 clinicians and 8 stakeholders. The main perceived benefits of POC tests and technologies were that they aided early decision-making and could be convenient and empowering when used independently by patients and families. Clinicians and stakeholders wanted more POC tests to be available for use in clinical practice. Most recognised that play and reward are important components of successful POC tests for children. Clinicians wanted tests to give them answers, which would result in a change in their clinical management. Detecting acute serious illness, notably distinguishing viral and bacterial infection, was perceived to be an area where tests could add value. POC tests were thought to be particularly useful for children presenting atypically, where diagnosis was more challenging, such as those less able to communicate, and for rare serious diseases. Many participants felt they could be useful in managing chronic disease. CONCLUSIONS This exploratory study found that clinicians and stakeholders supported the use of diagnostic POC technology in paediatric ambulatory care settings in England. Some existing tests are not fit for purpose and could be refined. Industry should be encouraged to develop new child-friendly tests tackling areas of unmet need, guided by the preferred characteristics of those working on the ground.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meriel Elizabeth Raymond
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Chris Bird
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
- Emergency Department, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Oliver van Hecke
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Margaret Glogowska
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Gail Hayward
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Epps A, Albury C, Van Hecke O. Exploring Primary Care Clinicians' Views about How Best to Implement a Potential Trial around Point-of-Care Tests for Common Infections in South Africa. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11112100. [PMID: 34829447 PMCID: PMC8620116 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11112100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimisation of antibiotic prescribing is critical to combat antimicrobial resistance. Point-of-care tests (POCTs) for common infections could be a valuable tool to achieve this in primary care. Currently, their use has primarily been studied in high-income countries. Trials in low-and-middle-income countries face challenges unique to their setting. This study aims to explore the barriers and facilitators for a future trial of POCTs for common infections in South Africa. Twenty-three primary care clinicians in the Western Cape Metropole were interviewed. Interview transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis. We identified three key themes. These themes focused on clinicians’ views about proposed trial design and novel POCTs, clinicians’ perspectives about trial set-up, and specific trial procedures. Participants were overall positive about the proposed trial and POCTs. Potential issues centred around the limited space and technology available and participant retention to follow-up. Additionally, impact on clinic workload was an important consideration. These insights will be invaluable in informing the design of a feasibility trial of POCTs in this setting.
Collapse
|
15
|
Likopa Z, Kivite-Urtane A, Pavare J. Latvian Primary Care Management of Children with Acute Infections: Antibiotic-Prescribing Habits and Diagnostic Process Prior to Treatment. MEDICINA-LITHUANIA 2021; 57:medicina57080831. [PMID: 34441037 PMCID: PMC8397978 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57080831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Primary care physicians frequently prescribe antibiotics for acutely ill children, even though they usually have self-limiting diseases of viral etiology. The aim of this research was to evaluate the routine antibiotic-prescribing habits of primary care in Latvia, in response to children presenting with infections. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included acutely ill children who consulted eighty family physicians (FP) in Latvia, between November 2019 and May 2020. The data regarding patient demographics, diagnoses treated with antibiotics, the choice of antibiotics and the use of diagnostic tests were collected. Results: The study population comprised 2383 patients aged between one month and 17 years, presenting an acute infection episode, who had a face-to-face consultation with an FP. Overall, 29.2% of these patients received an antibiotic prescription. The diagnoses most often treated with antibiotics were otitis (45.8% of all antibiotic prescriptions), acute bronchitis (25.0%) and the common cold (14.8%). The most commonly prescribed antibiotics were amoxicillin (55.9% of prescriptions), amoxicillin/clavulanate (18.1%) and clarithromycin (11.8%). Diagnostic tests were carried out for 59.6% of children presenting with acute infections and preceded 66.4% of antibiotic prescriptions. Conclusion: Our data revealed that a high level of antibiotic prescribing for self-limiting viral infections in children continues to occur. The underuse of narrow-spectrum antibiotics and suboptimal use of diagnostic tests before treatment decision-making were also identified. To achieve a more rational use of antibiotics in primary care for children with a fever, professionals and parents need to be better educated on this subject, and diagnostic tests should be used more extensively, including the implementation of daily point-of-care testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zane Likopa
- Children’s Clinical University Hospital, Vienibas Gatve 45, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Anda Kivite-Urtane
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Institute of Public Health, Riga Stradins University, Kronvalda Bulvaris 9, LV-1010 Riga, Latvia;
| | - Jana Pavare
- Children’s Clinical University Hospital, Vienibas Gatve 45, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia;
- Department of Pediatrics, Riga Stradins University, Vienibas Gatve 45, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wilson S, Bohn MK, Adeli K. POCT: An Inherently Ideal Tool in Pediatric Laboratory Medicine. EJIFCC 2021; 32:145-157. [PMID: 34421483 PMCID: PMC8343051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Point of care testing (POCT) is important in the provision of timely laboratory test results and continues to gain specific appreciation in the setting of pediatric healthcare. POCT platforms offer several advantages compared to central laboratory testing, including improved clinical outcomes, reduced time to diagnosis, length of stay, and blood volume requirements, as well as increased accessibility. These advantages are most pronounced in acute care settings such as pediatric emergency departments, intensive care units, and in remote settings, wherein rapid patient assessment and prognostication is essential to patient outcomes. The current review provides an overview and critical discussion of the evidence supporting clinical implementation of POCT systems in pediatric clinical decision-making, including but not limited to the diagnosis of viral and bacterial infection, identification of critical glucose and electrolyte dysregulation, and prognostication of post-operative inpatients. Important considerations for test result reporting and interpretation are also discussed, including analytical concordance between POCT systems and central laboratory analyzers as well as availability of pediatric reference intervals for key analytes on POCT systems. Notably, a paucity of evidence-based pediatric reference intervals for test interpretation for critical care parameters on POCT platforms is highlighted, warranting further study and unique consideration prior to clinical implementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan Wilson
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mary Kathryn Bohn
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Khosrow Adeli
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Huth PFB, Addo M, Daniel T, Groendahl B, Hokororo A, Koliopoulos P, Mshana S, Pretsch L, Schmidt C, Zuechner A, Gehring S, Kayange N. Extensive Antibiotic and Antimalarial Prescription Rate among Children with Acute Febrile Diseases in the Lake Victoria Region, Tanzania. J Trop Pediatr 2021; 67:6133215. [PMID: 33575804 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmaa135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Acute mosquito-borne febrile diseases pose a threat to children in the Sub-Saharan-Africa with ∼272 000 children dying worldwide from malaria in 2018. Although the awareness for malaria in this area has increased due to improved health education, the apparent decline of actual malaria cases has not affected clinical practice significantly. This study collected clinical and epidemiologic data of children presenting with acute febrile diseases in order delineate their diagnostic and therapeutic management. METHODS A hospital-based cross-sectional clinical study was conducted at the Sekou Toure Regional Referral Hospital in Tanzania. Children between 1 month and 12 years of age with an axillary temperature ≥ 37.5°C were recruited from August 2016 to December 2016. Children received full clinical examination. In addition, file data about diagnostics and treatment were collected and malaria rapid diagnostic tests (mRDTs) were performed. Confirmatory malaria polymerase chain reaction was performed from dry blood spots. RESULTS From 1381 children presented in the pediatric outpatient department, 133 met the inclusion criteria. Out of 133 febrile children, 10.5% were malaria positive. Treatment data indicate the prescription of antimalarials in 35.3% and antibiotics in 63.9% of the children with an overlap of 24.1% receiving both. Despite a negative mRDT, 36 patients received antimalarials. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study confirm a significant decline of malaria cases in the Lake Victoria region. The discrepancy between the valuable results provided by mRDTs and the high prescription rates of antibiotics and antimalarials call for an enforced diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm. LAY SUMMARY The aim of the study was to take a closer look at reported cases of febrile diseases in the Lake Victoria region and assess the relationship between clinical as well as diagnostic findings and the resulting therapeutic concept. Based on these findings the prescription rate of antimalarial and antibiotic drugs was analyzed. The results showed an overall high prescription rate of antimalarials and antibiotics in both diagnosed malaria cases and cases with diagnosed bacterial infections.Not only with regards to the possible side effects of these medications but also keeping in mind the apparent misuse of resources this practice poses a serious burden to the health care system in this low resource country.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Florian Brixius Huth
- Department of Infectiology and Tropical Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marylyn Addo
- Department of Infectiology and Tropical Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Daniel
- Center of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg-University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Britta Groendahl
- Center of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg-University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Adolfine Hokororo
- Department of Pediatric and Child Health, Bugando Medical Centre/Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.o. Box 1370 Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Philip Koliopoulos
- Center of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg-University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stephen Mshana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences (CUHAS), Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Leah Pretsch
- Center of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg-University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Schmidt
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 46535 Dinslaken, Germany
| | - Antke Zuechner
- Department of Pediatric and Child Health, Bugando Medical Centre/Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.o. Box 1370 Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Stephan Gehring
- Center of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg-University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Neema Kayange
- Department of Pediatric and Child Health, Bugando Medical Centre/Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.o. Box 1370 Mwanza, Tanzania
| |
Collapse
|