1
|
Laitman BM, Charytonowicz D, Zhu AJ, Lynch K, Varelas EA, Burton M, Andreou C, Kore P, Kirke DN, Chen YW, Beaumont KG, Sebra R, Genden EM, Courey MS. High-Resolution Profiling of Human Vocal Fold Cellular Landscapes With Single-Nuclei RNA Sequencing. Laryngoscope 2024; 134:3193-3200. [PMID: 38415934 DOI: 10.1002/lary.31334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The function of the vocal folds (VFs) is determined by the phenotype, abundance, and distribution of differentiated cells within specific microenvironments. Identifying this histologic framework is crucial in understanding laryngeal disease. A paucity of studies investigating VF cellular heterogeneity has been undertaken. Here, we examined the cellular landscape of human VFs by utilizing single-nuclei RNA-sequencing. METHODS Normal true VF tissue was excised from five patients undergoing pitch elevation surgery. Tissue was snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and subjected to cellular digestion and nuclear extraction. Nuclei were processed for single-nucleus sequencing using the 10X Genomics Chromium platform. Sequencing reads were assembled using cellranger and analyzed with the scanpy package in python. RESULTS RNA sequencing revealed 18 global cell clusters. While many were of epithelial origin, expected cell types, such as fibroblasts, immune cells, muscle cells, and endothelial cells were present. Subcluster analysis defined unique epithelial, immune, and fibroblast subpopulations. CONCLUSION This study evaluated the cellular heterogeneity of normal human VFs by utilizing single-nuclei RNA-sequencing. With further confirmation through additional spatial sequencing and microscopic imaging, a novel cellular map of the VFs may provide insight into new cellular targets for VF disease. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 134:3193-3200, 2024.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Laitman
- Department of Otolaryngology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, U.S.A
| | | | - Ashley J Zhu
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, U.S.A
| | - Katie Lynch
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, U.S.A
| | - Eleni A Varelas
- Department of Otolaryngology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, U.S.A
| | - Madeline Burton
- Department of Otolaryngology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, U.S.A
| | - Christina Andreou
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, U.S.A
| | - Pragati Kore
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, U.S.A
| | - Diana N Kirke
- Department of Otolaryngology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, U.S.A
| | - Ya-Wen Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, U.S.A
| | - Kristin G Beaumont
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, U.S.A
| | - Robert Sebra
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, U.S.A
| | - Eric M Genden
- Department of Otolaryngology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, U.S.A
| | - Mark S Courey
- Department of Otolaryngology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Duan C, Anderson JL, Schepers LE, Damen FW, Cox A, Goergen CJ, Sivasankar PM. In Vivo Visualization and Quantification of Rat Laryngeal Blood Supply After Hydration Challenge. Laryngoscope 2024; 134:779-785. [PMID: 37584333 PMCID: PMC10842383 DOI: 10.1002/lary.30965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Systemic dehydration decreases total body blood volume; however, hemodynamic alterations at the level of local organs, such as the larynx, remain unclear. Here we sought to quantify superior thyroid artery (STA) blood flow after dehydration and rehydration using in vivo magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and ultrasound imaging in a rat model. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats (N = 17) were included in this prospective, repeated measures design. Rats first underwent MRA to determine baseline STA cross-sectional area, followed by high-frequency in vivo ultrasound imaging to measure STA blood velocity at baseline. Next, rats were systemically dehydrated (water withholding), followed by rehydration (water ad-lib). Ultrasound imaging was repeated immediately after dehydration and following rehydration. The STA blood velocity and STA cross-sectional area were used to compute STA blood flow. Three rats served as temporal controls for ultrasound imaging. To determine if the challenges to hydration status affected the STA cross-sectional area, four rats underwent only MRA at baseline, dehydration, and rehydration. RESULTS Systemic dehydration resulted in 10.5% average body weight loss. Rehydration resulted in average body weight gain of 10.9%. Statistically significant reductions were observed in STA mean blood flow rate after dehydration. Rehydration reversed these changes to pre-dehydration levels. No significant differences were observed in STA cross-sectional area with dehydration or rehydration. CONCLUSION Systemic dehydration decreased blood flow in the superior thyroid artery. Rehydration restored blood flow in the STA. Change in hydration status did not alter the STA cross-sectional area. These preliminary findings demonstrate the feasibility of using ultrasound and MRA to quantify hemodynamic changes and visualize laryngeal blood vessels. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 134:779-785, 2024.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenwei Duan
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | | | - Luke E. Schepers
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Frederick W. Damen
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Abigail Cox
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Craig J. Goergen
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Preeti M. Sivasankar
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bailey TW, do Nascimento NC, Santos AP, Cox A, Sivasankar MP. Impact of Rehydration Following Systemic Dehydration on Vocal Fold Gene Expression. Laryngoscope 2023; 133:3499-3505. [PMID: 37345579 PMCID: PMC10739564 DOI: 10.1002/lary.30840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Biological data on the beneficial effects of vocal fold rehydration are lacking. This study aimed to examine the effects of acute systemic dehydration on vocal fold gene expression and determine whether rehydration would reverse these changes. METHODS Male New Zealand White rabbits (N = 24, n = 8/group) provided the animal model. Systemic dehydration was induced by 5 days of water volume restriction. Rehydration was provided by ad-lib water for 3 days following dehydration. Euhydrated rabbits were used as the control group. Vocal fold tissue was dissected. Seventeen genes were selected based on physiological function and role in supporting vocal fold structure, oxidative stress, hemodynamics, and extracellular matrix turnover. Relative gene expression was assessed by RT-qPCR. RESULTS Rehydration following systemic dehydration can modulate gene expression, with expression patterns suggesting that rehydration reverses dehydration-induced changes in over half of the tested genes. CLIC5 (chloride intracellular channel 5) and EFEMP1 (EGF containing fibulin extracellular matrix protein 1) genes were significantly upregulated in the dehydration group compared with the euhydrated control. A1BG (alpha-1B-glycoprotein) and IL1RAP (interleukin 1 receptor accessory protein) were downregulated by rehydration compared with the dehydration group. CONCLUSION This study provides molecular evidence for a transcriptional response to rehydration following acute systemic dehydration in the vocal folds. These data are the first to study gene expression following realistic dehydration and rehydration paradigms and provide biological data to support clinical recommendations to increase water intake after acute dehydration. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 133:3499-3505, 2023.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor W Bailey
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Andrea P Santos
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Abigail Cox
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - M Preeti Sivasankar
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bailey TW, do Nascimento NC, Dos Santos AP, Sivasankar MP, Cox A. Comparative proteomic changes in rabbit vocal folds undergoing systemic dehydration and systemic rehydration. J Proteomics 2023; 270:104734. [PMID: 36174951 PMCID: PMC9851386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A considerable body of clinical evidence suggests that systemic dehydration can negatively affect voice production, leading to the common recommendation to rehydrate. Evidence for the corrective benefits of rehydration, however, is limited with mixed conclusions, and biological data on the underlying tissue changes with rehydration is lacking. In this study, we used a rabbit model (n = 24) of acute (5 days) water restriction-induced systemic dehydration with subsequent rehydration (3 days) to explore the protein-level changes underlying the molecular transition from euhydration to dehydration and following rehydration using LC-MS/MS protein quantification in the vocal folds. We show that 5-day water restriction led to an average 4.3% decrease in body weight with relative increases in anion gap, Cl-, creatinine, Na+, and relative decreases in BUN, iCa2+, K+, and tCO2 compared to control (euhydrated) animals. A total of 309 differentially regulated (p < 0.05) proteins were identified between the Control and Dehydration groups. We observed a noteworthy similarity between the Dehydration and Rehydration groups, both well differentiated from the Control group, highlighting the distinct timelines of resolution of the clinical symptoms of systemic dehydration and the underlying molecular changes. SIGNIFICANCE Voice disorders are a ubiquitous problem with considerable economic and psychological impact. Maintenance of proper hydration is commonly prescribed as a general vocal hygiene practice. There is evidence that dehydration negatively impacts phonation, but our understanding of the state of vocal folds in the context of systemic dehydration are limited, particular from a molecular perspective. Further, ours is a novel molecular study of the short-term impact of rehydration on the tissue. Given the relatively minimal difference in vocal fold proteomic profiles between the Dehydration and Rehydration groups, our data demonstrate a complex physiological response to acute systemic dehydration, and highlight the importance of considering persistent underlying molecular pathology despite the rapid resolution of clinical measures. This study sets a foundation for future research to confirm the nature of potential beneficial outcomes of clinical recommendations related to hydration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor W Bailey
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Naila Cannes do Nascimento
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Andrea Pires Dos Santos
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - M Preeti Sivasankar
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Abigail Cox
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kemfack AM, Hernandez-Morato I, Moayedi Y, Pitman MJ. An optimized method for high-quality RNA extraction from distinctive intrinsic laryngeal muscles in the rat model. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21665. [PMID: 36522411 PMCID: PMC9755529 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25643-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Challenges related to high-quality RNA extraction from post-mortem tissue have limited RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) application in certain skeletal muscle groups, including the intrinsic laryngeal muscles (ILMs). The present study identified critical factors contributing to substandard RNA extraction from the ILMs and established a suitable method that permitted high-throughput analysis. Here, standard techniques for tissue processing were adapted, and an effective means to control confounding effects during specimen preparation was determined. The experimental procedure consistently provided sufficient intact total RNA (N = 68) and RIN ranging between 7.0 and 8.6, which was unprecedented using standard RNA purification protocols. This study confirmed the reproducibility of the workflow through repeated trials at different postnatal time points and across the distinctive ILMs. High-throughput diagnostics from 90 RNA samples indicated no sequencing alignment scores below 70%, validating the extraction strategy. Significant differences between the standard and experimental conditions suggest circumvented challenges and broad applicability to other skeletal muscles. This investigation remains ongoing given the prospect of therapeutic insights to voice, swallowing, and airway disorders. The present methodology supports pioneering global transcriptome investigations in the larynx previously unfounded in literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Kemfack
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Ignacio Hernandez-Morato
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Yalda Moayedi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Neurology, Irving Medical Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael J Pitman
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
do Nascimento NC, Bailey TW, Santos AP, Duan C, Mohallem R, Franco J, Aryal UK, Xie J, Cox A, Sivasankar MP. Proteomic analysis reveals that aging rabbit vocal folds are more vulnerable to changes caused by systemic dehydration. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:762. [PMID: 36411412 PMCID: PMC9677652 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08975-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Older adults are more prone to develop systemic dehydration. Systemic dehydration has implications for vocal fold biology by affecting gene and protein expression. The objective of this study was to quantify vocal fold protein changes between two age groups and hydration status, and to investigate the interaction of age and hydration status on protein expression, which has not been investigated in the context of vocal folds before. Comparative proteomics was used to analyze the vocal fold proteome of 6.5-month-old and > 3-year-old rabbits subjected to water ad libitum or water volume restriction protocol. RESULTS Young and older adult rabbits (n = 22) were either euhydrated (water ad libitum) or dehydrated by water volume restriction. Dehydration was confirmed by body weight loss of - 5.4% and - 4.6% in young and older groups, respectively, and a 1.7-fold increase of kidney renin gene expression in the young rabbits. LC-MS/MS identified 2286 proteins in the rabbit vocal folds of young and older adult rabbits combined. Of these, 177, 169, and 81 proteins were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) affected by age, hydration status, or the interaction of both factors, respectively. Analysis of the interaction effect revealed 32 proteins with opposite change patterns after dehydration between older and young rabbit vocal folds, while 31 proteins were differentially regulated only in the older adult rabbits and ten only in the young rabbits in response to systemic dehydration. The magnitude of changes for either up or downregulated proteins was higher in the older rabbits. These proteins are predominantly related to structural components of the extracellular matrix and muscle layer, suggesting a disturbance in the viscoelastic properties of aging vocal fold tissue, especially when subjected to systemic dehydration. CONCLUSIONS Water restriction is a laboratory protocol to assess systemic dehydration-related changes in the vocal fold tissue that is translatable to human subjects. Our findings showed a higher number of proteins differentially regulated with a greater magnitude of change in the vocal folds of older adult rabbits in the presence of systemic dehydration compared to younger rabbits. The association of these proteins with vocal fold structure and biomechanical properties suggests that older human subjects may be more vulnerable to the effects of systemic dehydration on vocal function. The clinical implications of these protein changes warrant more investigation, but age should be taken into consideration when evaluating vocal treatment recommendations that interfere with body fluid balance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naila C. do Nascimento
- grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907 USA
| | - Taylor W. Bailey
- grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907 USA
| | - Andrea P. Santos
- grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907 USA
| | - Chenwei Duan
- grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907 USA
| | - Rodrigo Mohallem
- grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907 USA ,grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197Purdue Proteomics Facility, Bindley Bioscience Center, Discovery Park, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907 USA
| | - Jackeline Franco
- grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197Purdue Proteomics Facility, Bindley Bioscience Center, Discovery Park, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907 USA
| | - Uma K. Aryal
- grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907 USA ,grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197Purdue Proteomics Facility, Bindley Bioscience Center, Discovery Park, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907 USA
| | - Jun Xie
- grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907 USA
| | - Abigail Cox
- grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907 USA
| | - M. Preeti Sivasankar
- grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907 USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Venkatraman A, Hawkins J, McCain R, Duan C, Cannes do Nascimento N, Cox A, Sivasankar MP. The role of systemic dehydration in vocal fold healing: Preliminary findings. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2022; 7:1936-1942. [PMID: 36544957 PMCID: PMC9764801 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale Systemic dehydration negatively alters the expression of vocal fold inflammatory and cell junction markers. These biological changes can have downstream effects on the healing processes of injured vocal folds. In the dermis, reduced hydration prolongs inflammation and delays healing. It is unknown whether this biological effect is observed in vocal fold tissue. Objective To investigate the effects of systemic dehydration on vocal fold healing outcomes following acute, bilateral vocal fold injury in a rodent model. Methods Eighteen systemic dehydrated and 18 euhydrated adult male Sprague Dawley rats experienced bilateral vocal fold injuries or no injury (N = 9/group). Vocal fold gene expression levels of inflammatory mediators and epithelial cell junction markers were measured 24 h post-injury. Results Pro-inflammatory gene markers (IL-1β; TNF-α) were differentially expressed in response to systemic dehydration with vocal fold injury compared to non-injury. Epithelial cell junction markers (Cadherin-3, Desmoglein-1) also exhibited divergent trends following systemic dehydration, but these data were not statistically significant. Conclusions Systemic dehydration may affect cellular vocal fold healing processes within 24 h. These findings lay the groundwork for further investigation of how hydration status can affect vocal fold tissue recovery and influence clinical care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anumitha Venkatraman
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Jan Hawkins
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Robyn McCain
- Center for Comparative and Translation ResearchPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Chenwei Duan
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | | | - Abigail Cox
- Department of Comparative PathobiologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - M. Preeti Sivasankar
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Recurring exposure to low humidity induces transcriptional and protein level changes in the vocal folds of rabbits. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24180. [PMID: 34921171 PMCID: PMC8683398 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03489-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Voice disorders are an important human health condition. Hydration is a commonly recommended preventive measure for voice disorders though it is unclear how vocal fold dehydration is harmful at the cellular level. Airway surface dehydration can result from exposure to low humidity air. Here we have induced airway surface dehydration in New Zealand White rabbits exposed to a recurring 8-h low humidity environment over 15 days. This model mimics an occupational exposure to a low humidity environment. Exposure to moderate humidity was the control condition. Full thickness soft-tissue samples, including the vocal folds and surrounding laryngeal tissue, were collected for molecular analysis. RT-qPCR demonstrated a significant upregulation of MUC4 (mucin 4) and SCL26A9 (chloride channel) and a large fold-change though statistically non-significant upregulation of SCNNA1 (epithelial sodium channel). Proteomic analysis demonstrated differential regulation of proteins clustering into prospective functional groups of muscle structure and function, oxidative stress response, and protein chaperonin stress response. Together, the data demonstrate that recurring exposure to low humidity is sufficient to induce both transcriptional and translational level changes in laryngeal tissue and suggest that low humidity exposure induces cellular stress at the level of the vocal folds.
Collapse
|