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Bova V, Basilotta R, Casili G, Lanza M, Filippone A, Campolo M, Capra AP, Vitale G, Chisari G, Colarossi C, Giuffrida D, Paterniti I, Esposito E. The Protective Role of Troxerutin (Trox) in Counteracting Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma (ATC) Progression. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1755. [PMID: 39200219 PMCID: PMC11351865 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12081755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is a rare thyroid neoplasm characterized by aggressiveness and a high mortality rate. Troxerutin (Trox) is a bioflavonoid widely found in various fruits and vegetables with numerous protective effects, including anticancer activities. To evaluate the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effect of Trox, in vitro and in vivo studies were conducted in a model of ATC. Human ATC 8305C cell lines were treated with increasing concentrations of Trox (10 μg/mL, 30 μg/mL, 100 μg/mL, 300 μg/mL), and our results revealed that Trox treatment was able to reduce the viability of ATC cells and migratory capacity, reducing the expression of anti-apoptotic factors, such as B-cell lymphoma (bcl-2), and increasing the expression of pro-apoptotic factors, such as Caspase-3 and BID, activating oxidative stress mediators, such as manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), glutathione (GSH) and reactive oxygen species modulator 1 (ROMO-1). Furthermore, Trox modulates NF-κB pathway markers, such as NIK and TRAF-6. Further confirmation was obtained through in vivo studies, in which Trox treatment, at doses of 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg, reduced morphological alteration, decreasing mast cell accumulation. Therefore, the use of Trox could be considered a promising strategy to counteract the progression of ATC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bova
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (V.B.); (R.B.); (G.C.); (M.L.); (A.F.); (M.C.); (A.P.C.); (G.V.); (I.P.)
| | - Rossella Basilotta
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (V.B.); (R.B.); (G.C.); (M.L.); (A.F.); (M.C.); (A.P.C.); (G.V.); (I.P.)
| | - Giovanna Casili
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (V.B.); (R.B.); (G.C.); (M.L.); (A.F.); (M.C.); (A.P.C.); (G.V.); (I.P.)
| | - Marika Lanza
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (V.B.); (R.B.); (G.C.); (M.L.); (A.F.); (M.C.); (A.P.C.); (G.V.); (I.P.)
| | - Alessia Filippone
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (V.B.); (R.B.); (G.C.); (M.L.); (A.F.); (M.C.); (A.P.C.); (G.V.); (I.P.)
| | - Michela Campolo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (V.B.); (R.B.); (G.C.); (M.L.); (A.F.); (M.C.); (A.P.C.); (G.V.); (I.P.)
| | - Anna Paola Capra
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (V.B.); (R.B.); (G.C.); (M.L.); (A.F.); (M.C.); (A.P.C.); (G.V.); (I.P.)
| | - Giulia Vitale
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (V.B.); (R.B.); (G.C.); (M.L.); (A.F.); (M.C.); (A.P.C.); (G.V.); (I.P.)
| | - Giulia Chisari
- Istituto Oncologico del Mediterraneo, Via Penninazzo 7, 95029 Viagrande, Italy; (G.C.); (C.C.); (D.G.)
| | - Cristina Colarossi
- Istituto Oncologico del Mediterraneo, Via Penninazzo 7, 95029 Viagrande, Italy; (G.C.); (C.C.); (D.G.)
| | - Dario Giuffrida
- Istituto Oncologico del Mediterraneo, Via Penninazzo 7, 95029 Viagrande, Italy; (G.C.); (C.C.); (D.G.)
| | - Irene Paterniti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (V.B.); (R.B.); (G.C.); (M.L.); (A.F.); (M.C.); (A.P.C.); (G.V.); (I.P.)
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (V.B.); (R.B.); (G.C.); (M.L.); (A.F.); (M.C.); (A.P.C.); (G.V.); (I.P.)
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Sowunmi AA, Omeiza NA, Bakre A, Abdulrahim HA, Aderibigbe AO. Dissecting the antidepressant effect of troxerutin: modulation of neuroinflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers in lipopolysaccharide-treated mice. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03252-y. [PMID: 38951153 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03252-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
The role of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of depression has prompted the search for new antidepressants. Troxerutin, a bioflavonoid with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, has shown promise, but its impact on neurobehavioral functions remains poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the antidepressant potential of troxerutin and its effect on the neuroinflammatory response. Here, we exposed male Swiss mice (n = 5/group) to various treatments, including naive and negative controls receiving distilled water, troxerutin-treated groups administered at different doses (10, 20, 40 mg/kg, i.p.), and an imipramine-treated group (25 mg/kg, i.p.). After seven days of treatment, with the exception of the naive group, mice were administered a single dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0.83 mg/kg). Behavioral evaluations, consisting of the novelty-suppressed feeding (NSF) test, forced swim test (FST), and open field test (OFT), were conducted. Additionally, brain samples were collected for biochemical and immunohistochemical analyses. Troxerutin significantly reduced immobility time in the FST and mitigated behavioral deficits in the NSF test. Additionally, troxerutin increased glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels while reducing nitrite, malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) levels compared to the negative control. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed decreased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in troxerutin-treated mice. Overall, these findings suggest that troxerutin exerts significant antidepressive-like effects, likely mediated by its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms. The reduction in neuroinflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers, along with the improvement in behavioral outcomes, underscores troxerutin's potential as a therapeutic agent for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abimbola A Sowunmi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Neuropharmacology Unit, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Noah A Omeiza
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Neuropharmacology Unit, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Interdisciplinary Neuroscience, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Adewale Bakre
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Neuropharmacology Unit, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Halimat A Abdulrahim
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Adegbuyi O Aderibigbe
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Neuropharmacology Unit, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
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Calabrese EJ, Pressman P, Hayes AW, Dhawan G, Kapoor R, Agathokleous E, Calabrese V. RUTIN, a widely consumed flavonoid, that commonly induces hormetic effects. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 187:114626. [PMID: 38556157 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Rutin is a flavonoid present in numerous fruits and vegetables and therefore widely consumed by humans. It is also a popular dietary supplement of 250-500 mg/day. There is considerable consumer interest in rutin due to numerous reports in the biomedical literature of its multi-system chemo-preventive properties. The present paper provides the first assessment of rutin-induced hormetic concentration/dose responses, their quantitative features and mechanistic basis, along with their biological, biomedical, clinical, and public health implications. The findings indicate that rutin-induced hormetic dose responses are widespread, being reported in numerous biological models and cell types for a wide range of endpoints. Of critical importance is that the optimal hormetic findings shown in in vitro systems are currently not achievable for human populations due to low gastrointestinal tract bioavailability. These findings have the potential to strengthen future experimental studies with rutin, particularly concerning study design parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Calabrese
- School of Public Health and Health Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Morrill I-N344, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
| | - Peter Pressman
- University of Maine, 5728 Fernald Hall, Room 201, Orono, ME, 04469, USA.
| | - A Wallace Hayes
- Center for Environmental Occupational Risk Analysis and Management, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Gaurav Dhawan
- Sri Guru Ram Das (SGRD), University of Health Sciences, Amritsar, India.
| | - Rachna Kapoor
- Saint Francis Hospital and Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA.
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Vittorio Calabrese
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, Catania, 95123, Italy.
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Tian J, Wang X, Wu W, Zhao Y, Ling-Hu T, Qin X. Stable Isotope Tracer Technique and Network Pharmacology to Reveal Antidepressant Targets and Active Components of Xiaoyao San. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202301736. [PMID: 38451006 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the research of mitochondrial dysfunction in depression has drawn the focus of researchers. Our research group previously found that Xiaoyao San (XYS) has improved the mitochondrial structure and the blocked tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) in the hippocampal tissue of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rats. However, the specific targets and active components of XYS remain unclear, and the potential to improve hippocampal mitochondrial TCA cycle disorder was also unexplored. In this research, a strategy to combine stable isotope-resolved metabolomics (SIRM), network pharmacology and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to explore the potential, targets of action, and active components of XYS to improve hippocampal mitochondrial TCA cycle disorder of CUMS rats. The results of TEM showed that the ultrastructure of hippocampal mitochondria could be improved by XYS. A combination of SIRM and molecular docking showed that pyruvate carboxylase (PC), ATP citrate lyase (ACLK), glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) were targets of XYS to improve TCA cycle disorder. In addition, troxerutin was found to be the most potential active component of XYS to improve TCA cycle disorder. The above research results can provide new insights for the development of antidepressant drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsheng Tian
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China
| | - Xianxian Wang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China
| | - Wenze Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yunhao Zhao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China
| | - Ting Ling-Hu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China
| | - Xuemei Qin
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China
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Lotfi MS, Kalalinia F. Flavonoids in Combination with Stem Cells for the Treatment of Neurological Disorders. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:3270-3282. [PMID: 37462837 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03986-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Neurological disorders are the leading cause of disability and the world's second leading cause of death. Despite the availability of significant knowledge to reduce the burden of some neurological disorders, various studies are exploring more effective treatment options. While the human body can repair and regenerate damaged tissue through stem cell recruitment, nerve regeneration in case of injury is minimal due to the restriction on the location of nerve stem cells. Recently, different types of stem cells extracted from various tissues have been used in combination with natural stimuli to treat neurologic disorders in neuronal tissue engineering. Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds that can induce the differentiation of stem cells into neurons and stimulate stem cell proliferation, migration, and survival. They can also increase the secretion of nutritional factors from stem cells. In addition to the effects that flavonoids can have on stem cells, they can also have beneficial therapeutic effects on the nervous system alone. Therefore, the simultaneous use of these compounds and stem cells can multiply the therapeutic effect. In this review, we first introduce flavonoid compounds and provide background information on stem cells. We then compile available reports on the effects of flavonoids on stem cells for the treatment of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sadegh Lotfi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Kalalinia
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Vakilabad Blvd, Pardis University Campus, Mashhad, 91886 17871, Iran.
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Khan Malik AA, Ahmad W, Younas F, Badshah H, Alharazy S, Rehman SU, Naseer MI, Yousef Muthaffar O, Achakzai R, Ullah I. Pretreatment with troxerutin protects/improves neurological deficits in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18033. [PMID: 37483772 PMCID: PMC10362234 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the major and leading cause of mortality and an alarming public health challenge. TBI leads to permanent cognitive, motor, sensory and psychotic disabilities. Patients suffering from the various and long-term repercussions of TBI currently have limited therapy choices. The current research work was designed to evaluate the beneficial and neuroprotective role of Troxerutin (Trox) (a natural flavonoid) in a closed brain injury mouse model. The male BALB/c 8-weeks old mice (n꞊150) were randomly distributed in three experimental groups. Control group of mice (n꞊50), TBI group (n꞊50) and Trox pre-treated mice group (Trox + TBI, n꞊50). The mice in Trox + TBI were pre-treated with Trox (150 mg/kg, 7 days) before TBI. The weight-drop mechanism was used to induce mild-moderate injury in mice in both the groups. Our results showed that the mice pre-treated with troxerutin significantly improved neurological severity score, blood glucose level, food intake and brain edema as compared to the mice in the TBI group. Furthermore, compared to the TBI group, the mice treated with troxerutin improved cognitive behavior as evaluated by Open field test, Shallow Water Maze and Y-Maze, decreased brain-infarct volume and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, significantly decreased Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), improved neuronal morphology and survival in the brain regions such as cortex and hippocampus. In summary, our data provided evidence that pre-treatment with troxerutin improved neurological functions, decreased the BBB permeability, improved behavior, reduced ROS and increased neuronal survival in the weight-drop close head traumatic injury mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashfaq Ahmed Khan Malik
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences (CIRBS), International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Waqas Ahmad
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences (CIRBS), International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Farhan Younas
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences (CIRBS), International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Haroon Badshah
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Shatha Alharazy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Muhammad Imran Naseer
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama Yousef Muthaffar
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ikram Ullah
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences (CIRBS), International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan
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New Perspectives on Sleep Regulation by Tea: Harmonizing Pathological Sleep and Energy Balance under Stress. Foods 2022; 11:foods11233930. [PMID: 36496738 PMCID: PMC9738644 DOI: 10.3390/foods11233930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep, a conservative evolutionary behavior of organisms to adapt to changes in the external environment, is divided into natural sleep, in a healthy state, and sickness sleep, which occurs in stressful environments or during illness. Sickness sleep plays an important role in maintaining energy homeostasis under an injury and promoting physical recovery. Tea, a popular phytochemical-rich beverage, has multiple health benefits, including lowering stress and regulating energy metabolism and natural sleep. However, the role of tea in regulating sickness sleep has received little attention. The mechanism underlying tea regulation of sickness sleep and its association with the maintenance of energy homeostasis in injured organisms remains to be elucidated. This review examines the current research on the effect of tea on sleep regulation, focusing on the function of tea in modulating energy homeostasis through sickness sleep, energy metabolism, and damage repair in model organisms. The potential mechanisms underlying tea in regulating sickness sleep are further suggested. Based on the biohomology of sleep regulation, this review provides novel insights into the role of tea in sleep regulation and a new perspective on the potential role of tea in restoring homeostasis from diseases.
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Iwata K, Ferdousi F, Arai Y, Isoda H. Interactions between Major Bioactive Polyphenols of Sugarcane Top: Effects on Human Neural Stem Cell Differentiation and Astrocytic Maturation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315120. [PMID: 36499441 PMCID: PMC9738893 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) is a tropical plant grown for sugar production. We recently showed that sugarcane top (ST) ameliorates cognitive decline in a mouse model of accelerated aging via promoting neuronal differentiation and neuronal energy metabolism and extending the length of the astrocytic process in vitro. Since the crude extract consists of multicomponent mixtures, it is crucial to identify bioactive compounds of interest and the affected molecular targets. In the present study, we investigated the bioactivities of major polyphenols of ST, namely 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid (3CQA), 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (5CQA), 3-O-feruloylquinic acid (3FQA), and Isoorientin (ISO), in human fetal neural stem cells (hNSCs)- an in vitro model system for studying neural development. We found that multiple polyphenols of ST contributed synergistically to stimulate neuronal differentiation of hNSCs and induce mitochondrial activity in immature astrocytes. Mono-CQAs (3CQA and 5CQA) regulated the expression of cyclins related to G1 cell cycle arrest, whereas ISO regulated basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors related to cell fate determination. Additionally, mono-CQAs activated p38 and ISO inactivated GSK3β. In hNSC-derived immature astrocytes, the compounds upregulated mRNA expression of PGC-1α, a master regulator of astrocytic mitochondrial biogenesis. Altogether, our findings suggest that synergistic interactions between major polyphenols of ST contribute to its potential for neuronal differentiation and astrocytic maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Iwata
- School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
- Nipoo Co., Ltd., Osaka 574-0062, Japan
| | - Farhana Ferdousi
- Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa (ARENA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
- AIST—University of Tsukuba Open Innovation Laboratory for Food and Medicinal Resource Engineering (FoodMed-OIL), Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
| | | | - Hiroko Isoda
- School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
- Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa (ARENA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
- AIST—University of Tsukuba Open Innovation Laboratory for Food and Medicinal Resource Engineering (FoodMed-OIL), Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-29-853-5775
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Kim JK, Park SU. Flavonoids for treatment of Alzheimer's disease: An up to date review. EXCLI JOURNAL 2021; 20:495-502. [PMID: 33883978 PMCID: PMC8056054 DOI: 10.17179/excli2021-3492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Kwang Kim
- Division of Life Sciences and Bio-Resource and Environmental Center, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
| | - Sang Un Park
- Department of Crop Science and Department of Smart Agriculture Systems, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
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