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Ong SM, Ng DZW, Chee TEZ, Sng AA, Heng CK, Lee YS, Chan ECY, Ooi DSQ. Plasma fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids and surrogate fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids hydrolysis activity in children with or without obesity and in adults with or without coronary artery disease. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024; 26:3429-3438. [PMID: 38812281 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
AIM Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFA) are a class of bioactive lipids with anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and cardioprotective properties. FAHFA hydrolysis into its fatty acid (FA) and hydroxy fatty acid (HFA) constituents can affect the bioavailability of FAHFA and its subsequent biological effects. We aimed to investigate FAHFA levels and FAHFA hydrolysis activity in children with or without obesity, and in adults with or without coronary artery disease (CAD). MATERIALS AND METHODS Our study cohort included 20 children without obesity, 40 children with obesity, 10 adults without CAD and 28 adults with CAD. We quantitated plasma levels of four families of FAHFA [palmitic acid hydroxy stearic acid (PAHSA), palmitoleic acid hydroxy stearic acid (POHSA), oleic acid hydroxy stearic acid (OAHSA), stearic acid hydroxy stearic acid] and their corresponding FA and HFA constituents using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Surrogate FAHFA hydrolysis activity was estimated as the FA/FAHFA or HFA/FAHFA ratio. RESULTS Children with obesity had lower plasma PAHSA (p = .001), OAHSA (p = .006) and total FAHFA (p = .011) levels, and higher surrogate FAHFA hydrolysis activity represented by PA/PAHSA (p = .040) and HSA/OAHSA (p = .025) compared with children without obesity. Adults with CAD and a history of myocardial infarction (MI) had lower POHSA levels (p = .026) and higher PA/PAHSA (p = .041), POA/POHSA (p = .003) and HSA/POHSA (p = .038) compared with those without MI. CONCLUSION Altered FAHFA metabolism is associated with obesity and MI, and inhibition of FAHFA hydrolysis should be studied further as a possible therapeutic strategy in obesity and MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze Min Ong
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniel Zhi Wei Ng
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thaddeus En Zhe Chee
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andrew Anjian Sng
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chew Kiat Heng
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yung Seng Lee
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eric Chun Yong Chan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Delicia Shu Qin Ooi
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
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Tay KY, Wu KX, Chioh FWJ, Autio MI, Pek NMQ, Narmada BC, Tan SH, Low AFH, Lian MM, Chew EGY, Lau HH, Kao SL, Teo AKK, Foo JN, Foo RSY, Heng CK, Chan MYY, Cheung C. Trans-interaction of risk loci 6p24.1 and 10q11.21 is associated with endothelial damage in coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 2022; 362:11-22. [PMID: 36435092 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Single nucleotide polymorphism rs6903956 has been identified as one of the genetic risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD). However, rs6903956 lies in a non-coding locus on chromosome 6p24.1. We aim to interrogate the molecular basis of 6p24.1 containing rs6903956 risk alleles in endothelial disease biology. METHODS AND RESULTS We generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from CAD patients (AA risk genotype at rs6903956) and non-CAD subjects (GG non-risk genotype at rs6903956). CRISPR-Cas9-based deletions (Δ63-89bp) on 6p24.1, including both rs6903956 and a short tandem repeat variant rs140361069 in linkage disequilibrium, were performed to generate isogenic iPSC-derived endothelial cells. Edited CAD endothelial cells, with removal of 'A' risk alleles, exhibited a global transcriptional downregulation of pathways relating to abnormal vascular physiology and activated endothelial processes. A CXC chemokine ligand on chromosome 10q11.21, CXCL12, was uncovered as a potential effector gene in CAD endothelial cells. Underlying this effect was the preferential inter-chromosomal interaction of 6p24.1 risk locus to a weak promoter of CXCL12, confirmed by chromatin conformation capture assays on our iPSC-derived endothelial cells. Functionally, risk genotypes AA/AG at rs6903956 were associated significantly with elevated levels of circulating damaged endothelial cells in CAD patients. Circulating endothelial cells isolated from patients with risk genotypes AA/AG were also found to have 10 folds higher CXCL12 transcript copies/cell than those with non-risk genotype GG. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals the trans-acting impact of 6p24.1 with another CAD locus on 10q11.21 and is associated with intensified endothelial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yi Tay
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, 636921, Singapore
| | - Kan Xing Wu
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, 636921, Singapore
| | - Florence Wen Jing Chioh
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, 636921, Singapore
| | - Matias Ilmari Autio
- Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, 138672, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Balakrishnan Chakrapani Narmada
- Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, 138672, Singapore; Experimental Drug Development Centre, A*STAR, 10 Biopolis Road, Singapore, 138670
| | - Sock-Hwee Tan
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; National University Heart Centre, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Adrian Fatt-Hoe Low
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; National University Heart Centre, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Michelle Mulan Lian
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, 636921, Singapore
| | - Elaine Guo Yan Chew
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, 636921, Singapore
| | - Hwee Hui Lau
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR, Proteos, 138673, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore
| | - Shih Ling Kao
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Medicine, National University Hospital and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Adrian Kee Keong Teo
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR, Proteos, 138673, Singapore
| | - Jia Nee Foo
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, 636921, Singapore; Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, 138672, Singapore
| | - Roger Sik Yin Foo
- Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, 138672, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; National University Heart Centre, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Chew Kiat Heng
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Khoo Teck Puat, National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Mark Yan Yee Chan
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; National University Heart Centre, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Christine Cheung
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, 636921, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR, Proteos, 138673, Singapore.
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Kee Z, Ong SM, Heng CK, Ooi DSQ. Androgen-dependent tissue factor pathway inhibitor regulating protein: a review of its peripheral actions and association with cardiometabolic diseases. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 100:185-196. [PMID: 34797389 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02160-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The first genome-wide association study on coronary artery disease (CAD) in the Han Chinese population identified C6orf105 as a susceptibility gene. The C6orf105 gene was later found to encode for a protein that regulates tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) expression in endothelial cells in an androgen-dependent manner, and the novel protein was thus termed androgen-dependent TFPI-regulating protein (ADTRP). Since the identification of ADTRP, there have been several studies associating genetic variants on the ADTRP gene with CAD risk, as well as research providing mechanistic insights on this novel protein and its functional role. ADTRP is a membrane protein, whose expression is upregulated by androgen, GATA-binding protein 2, oxidized low-density lipoprotein, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, and low-density lipoprotein receptors. ADTRP regulates multiple downstream targets involved in coagulation, inflammation, endothelial function, and vascular integrity. In addition, ADTRP functions as a fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acid (FAHFA)-specific hydrolase that is involved in energy metabolism. Current evidence suggests that ADTRP may play a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, CAD, obesity, and metabolic disorders. This review summarizes the current literature on ADTRP, with a focus on the peripheral actions of ADTRP, including expression, genetic variations, signaling pathways, and function. The evidence linking ADTRP and cardiometabolic diseases will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizheng Kee
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block Level 12, 1E Kent Ridge Road, 119228, Singapore
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Kent Ridge, Singapore
| | - Sze Min Ong
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block Level 12, 1E Kent Ridge Road, 119228, Singapore
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Kent Ridge, Singapore
| | - Chew-Kiat Heng
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block Level 12, 1E Kent Ridge Road, 119228, Singapore
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Kent Ridge, Singapore
| | - Delicia Shu Qin Ooi
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block Level 12, 1E Kent Ridge Road, 119228, Singapore.
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Kent Ridge, Singapore.
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Huang Y, Sun M, Zhuang L, He J. Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis of the AIG Family in Vertebrates. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12081190. [PMID: 34440364 PMCID: PMC8394805 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen-inducible genes (AIGs), which can be regulated by androgen level, constitute a group of genes characterized by the presence of the AIG/FAR-17a domain in its protein sequence. Previous studies on AIGs demonstrated that one member of the gene family, AIG1, is involved in many biological processes in cancer cell lines and that ADTRP is associated with cardiovascular diseases. It has been shown that the numbers of AIG paralogs in humans, mice, and zebrafish are 2, 2, and 3, respectively, indicating possible gene duplication events during vertebrate evolution. Therefore, classifying subgroups of AIGs and identifying the homologs of each AIG member are important to characterize this novel gene family further. In this study, vertebrate AIGs were phylogenetically grouped into three major clades, ADTRP, AIG1, and AIG-L, with AIG-L also evident in an outgroup consisting of invertebrsate species. In this case, AIG-L, as the ancestral AIG, gave rise to ADTRP and AIG1 after two rounds of whole-genome duplications during vertebrate evolution. Then, the AIG family, which was exposed to purifying forces during evolution, lost or gained some of its members in some species. For example, in eutherians, Neognathae, and Percomorphaceae, AIG-L was lost; in contrast, Salmonidae and Cyprinidae acquired additional AIG copies. In conclusion, this study provides a comprehensive molecular phylogenetic analysis of vertebrate AIGs, which can be employed for future functional characterization of AIGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Huang
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Minghao Sun
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Lenan Zhuang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (J.H.); Tel.: +86-15-8361-28207 (L.Z.); +86-17-6818-74822 (J.H.)
| | - Jin He
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (J.H.); Tel.: +86-15-8361-28207 (L.Z.); +86-17-6818-74822 (J.H.)
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Molecular Research in Cardiovascular Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137199. [PMID: 34281252 PMCID: PMC8267781 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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Insights into the Functional Role of ADTRP (Androgen-Dependent TFPI-Regulating Protein) in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094451. [PMID: 33923232 PMCID: PMC8123165 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel protein ADTRP, identified and described by us in 2011, is androgen-inducible and regulates the expression and activity of Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor, the major inhibitor of the Tissue Factor-dependent pathway of coagulation on endothelial cells. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in ADTRP associate with coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction, and deep vein thrombosis/venous thromboembolism. Some athero-protective effects of androgen could exert through up-regulation of ADTRP expression. We discovered a critical role of ADTRP in vascular development and vessel integrity and function, manifested through Wnt signaling-dependent regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9. ADTRP also hydrolyses fatty acid esters of hydroxy-fatty acids, which have anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory effects and can control metabolic disorders. Here we summarize and analyze the knowledge on ADTRP and try to decipher its functions in health and disease.
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Luo C, Tang B, Qin S, Yuan C, Du Y, Yang J. GATA2 regulates the CAD susceptibility gene ADTRP rs6903956 through preferential interaction with the G allele. Mol Genet Genomics 2021; 296:799-808. [PMID: 33856550 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-021-01782-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is a frequent outcome of coronary artery disease (CAD) and the key factor contributing to worldwide disability and death. Genetic factors contribute to the pathogenesis of CAD/MI, and SNP rs6903956 in the ADTRP gene was first found associated with CAD/MI in the Chinese Han population, which was successfully replicated in other cohorts. However, whether rs6903956 is a functional SNP and its risk mechanism to CAD/MI remains unknown. The ADTRP gene-encoded androgen-dependent TFPI regulating protein regulates vascular endothelial cell function, endothelial-monocyte adhesion, and thrombosis. The allele A of rs6903956, in particular, is associated with lower ADTRP mRNA levels in lymphocytes. In the current study, we found that SNP rs6903956 exhibits allelic differences in transcriptional activity by interacting with GATA2. Also, the A allele conferred a greater risk of CAD and MI, lowered transcriptional activity, and GATA2 binding ability as compared to the G allele. Our findings provide details on how rs6903956 regulates the expression of ADTRP and may provide novel insights into CAD pathology and susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Luo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, No.8, Da Xue Road, Yichang, 443002, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China. .,The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, Hubei, China.
| | - Bo Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Material Medical, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Subo Qin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Cardio-X Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Chengfu Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, Hubei, China
| | - Youqin Du
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, No.8, Da Xue Road, Yichang, 443002, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443000, Hubei Province, China.
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