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Lee HJ, Kim SH, Kim YH, Kim SH, Oh GS, Bae JE, Kim JB, Park NY, Park K, Yeom E, Jeong K, Kim P, Jo DS, Cho DH. Nalfurafine Hydrochloride, a κ-Opioid Receptor Agonist, Induces Melanophagy via PKA Inhibition in B16F1 Cells. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010146. [PMID: 36611940 PMCID: PMC9818167 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective autophagy controls cellular homeostasis by degrading unnecessary or damaged cellular components. Melanosomes are specialized organelles that regulate the biogenesis, storage, and transport of melanin in melanocytes. However, the mechanisms underlying melanosomal autophagy, known as the melanophagy pathway, are poorly understood. To better understand the mechanism of melanophagy, we screened an endocrine-hormone chemical library and identified nalfurafine hydrochlorides, a κ-opioid receptor agonist, as a potent inducer of melanophagy. Treatment with nalfurafine hydrochloride increased autophagy and reduced melanin content in alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-treated cells. Furthermore, inhibition of autophagy blocked melanosomal degradation and reversed the nalfurafine hydrochloride-induced decrease in melanin content in α-MSH-treated cells. Consistently, treatment with other κ-opioid receptor agonists, such as MCOPPB or mianserin, inhibited excessive melanin production but induced autophagy in B16F1 cells. Furthermore, nalfurafine hydrochloride inhibited protein kinase A (PKA) activation, which was notably restored by forskolin, a PKA activator. Additionally, forskolin treatment further suppressed melanosomal degradation as well as the anti-pigmentation activity of nalfurafine hydrochloride in α-MSH-treated cells. Collectively, our data suggest that stimulation of κ-opioid receptors induces melanophagy by inhibiting PKA activation in α-MSH-treated B16F1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Jung Lee
- BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Hyun Kim
- BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hwan Kim
- BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - So Hyun Kim
- BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong Seok Oh
- BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Bae
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Bum Kim
- BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Yeon Park
- BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuhee Park
- Bio-center, Gyeonggido Business & Science Accelerator, Gyeonggido, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunbyul Yeom
- BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwiwan Jeong
- Bio-center, Gyeonggido Business & Science Accelerator, Gyeonggido, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Pansoo Kim
- Bio-center, Gyeonggido Business & Science Accelerator, Gyeonggido, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo Sin Jo
- BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (D.S.J.); (D.-H.C.); Tel.: +82-53-950-5382 (D.S.J. & D.-H.C.)
| | - Dong-Hyung Cho
- BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- OGASIS Corp. 260, Changyong-daero, Yongtong-gu, Suwon 08826, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (D.S.J.); (D.-H.C.); Tel.: +82-53-950-5382 (D.S.J. & D.-H.C.)
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Lee KW, Kim M, Lee SH, Kim KD. The Function of Autophagy as a Regulator of Melanin Homeostasis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132085. [PMID: 35805169 PMCID: PMC9265842 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanosomes are melanocyte-specific organelles that protect cells from ultraviolet (UV)-induced deoxyribonucleic acid damage through the production and accumulation of melanin and are transferred from melanocytes to keratinocytes. The relatively well-known process by which melanin is synthesized from melanocytes is known as melanogenesis. The relationship between melanogenesis and autophagy is attracting the attention of researchers because proteins associated with autophagy, such as WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 1, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3, autophagy-related (ATG)7, ATG4, beclin-1, and UV-radiation resistance-associated gene, contribute to the melanogenesis signaling pathway. Additionally, there are reports that some compounds used as whitening cosmetics materials induce skin depigmentation through autophagy. Thus, the possibility that autophagy is involved in the removal of melanin has been suggested. To date, however, there is a lack of data on melanosome autophagy and its underlying mechanism. This review highlights the importance of autophagy in melanin homeostasis by providing an overview of melanogenesis, autophagy, the autophagy machinery involved in melanogenesis, and natural compounds that induce autophagy-mediated depigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Won Lee
- PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea;
| | - Minju Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.K.); (S.H.L.)
| | - Si Hyeon Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.K.); (S.H.L.)
| | - Kwang Dong Kim
- PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea;
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.K.); (S.H.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-55-772-1365; Fax: +82-55-772-1359
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Pourzand C, Albieri-Borges A, Raczek NN. Shedding a New Light on Skin Aging, Iron- and Redox-Homeostasis and Emerging Natural Antioxidants. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:471. [PMID: 35326121 PMCID: PMC8944509 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are necessary for normal cell signaling and the antimicrobial defense of the skin. However excess production of ROS can disrupt the cellular redox balance and overwhelm the cellular antioxidant (AO) capacity, leading to oxidative stress. In the skin, oxidative stress plays a key role in driving both extrinsic and intrinsic aging. Sunlight exposure has also been a major contributor to extrinsic photoaging of the skin as its oxidising components disrupt both redox- and iron-homeostasis, promoting oxidative damage to skin cells and tissue constituents. Upon oxidative insults, the interplay between excess accumulation of ROS and redox-active labile iron (LI) and its detrimental consequences to the skin are often overlooked. In this review we have revisited the oxidative mechanisms underlying skin damage and aging by focussing on the concerted action of ROS and redox-active LI in the initiation and progression of intrinsic and extrinsic skin aging processes. Based on these, we propose to redefine the selection criteria for skin antiaging and photoprotective ingredients to include natural antioxidants (AOs) exhibiting robust redox-balancing and/or iron-chelating properties. This would promote the concept of natural-based or bio-inspired bifunctional anti-aging and photoprotective ingredients for skincare and sunscreen formulations with both AO and iron-chelating properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charareh Pourzand
- Medicines Design, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
- Medicines Development, Centre for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Andrea Albieri-Borges
- Research and Development, ASEA LLC., Pleasant Grove, UT 84062, USA; (A.A.-B.); (N.N.R.)
| | - Nico N. Raczek
- Research and Development, ASEA LLC., Pleasant Grove, UT 84062, USA; (A.A.-B.); (N.N.R.)
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3,4,5-Trimethoxycinnamate thymol ester inhibits melanogenesis in normal human melanocytes and 3D human epidermal equivalents via the PGC-1α-independent PPARγ partial agonism. J Dermatol Sci 2022; 106:12-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2022.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Lee AY. Skin Pigmentation Abnormalities and Their Possible Relationship with Skin Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073727. [PMID: 33918445 PMCID: PMC8038212 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin disorders showing abnormal pigmentation are often difficult to manage because of their uncertain etiology or pathogenesis. Abnormal pigmentation is a common symptom accompanying aging skin. The association between skin aging and skin pigmentation abnormalities can be attributed to certain inherited disorders characterized by premature aging and abnormal pigmentation in the skin and some therapeutic modalities effective for both. Several molecular mechanisms, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial DNA mutations, DNA damage, telomere shortening, hormonal changes, and autophagy impairment, have been identified as involved in skin aging. Although each of these skin aging-related mechanisms are interconnected, this review examined the role of each mechanism in skin hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation to propose the possible association between skin aging and pigmentation abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Young Lee
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, 814 Siksa-dong, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si 410-773, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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Anti-Melanogenic Effects of Ethanol Extracts of the Leaves and Roots of Patrinia villosa (Thunb.) Juss through Their Inhibition of CREB and Induction of ERK and Autophagy. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225375. [PMID: 33212959 PMCID: PMC7698407 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Patrinia villosa (Thunb.) Juss is a traditional herb commonly used in East Asia including Korea, Japan, and China. It has been administered to reduce and treat inflammation in Donguibogam, Korea. The mechanism for its anti-inflammatory effects has already been reported. In this study, we confirmed the efficacy of Patrinia villosa (Thunb.) Juss ethanol extract (Pv-EE) for inducing autophagy and investigate its anti-melanogenic properties. Melanin secretion and content were investigated using cells from the melanoma cell line B16F10. Pv-EE inhibited melanin in melanogenesis induced by α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). The mechanism of inhibition of Pv-EE was confirmed by suppressing the mRNA of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), decreasing the phosphorylation level of CREB, and increasing the phosphorylation of ERK. Finally, it was confirmed that Pv-EE induces autophagy through the autophagy markers LC3B and p62, and that the anti-melanogenic effect of Pv-EE is inhibited by the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyl adenine (3-MA). These results suggest that Pv-EE may be used as a skin protectant due to its anti-melanin properties including autophagy.
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