Translation, cross-cultural adaptation and validation of Patient Satisfaction with Pharmacist Services Questionnaire (PSPSQ 2.0) into the Nepalese version in a community settings

Patient's satisfaction level with community pharmacies services in Romania: a questionnaire-based study

Introduction

The patient satisfaction questionnaires in literature are according to the community pharmacies services in the authors' countries and not all have psychometric reports to support the results. We designed a questionnaire specific to the services of community pharmacies in Romania to evaluate the level of patient satisfaction.

Methods

We carried out a cross-sectional study on voluntary patients. The questionnaire consisted of 22 items, grouped into three domains corresponding to patient satisfaction with pharmacies, pharmaceutical staff and medication availability, and four subdomains related to pharmaceutical staff skills. The 5-point Likert scale was used. Statistical analysis was done in SPSS 27.0.

Results

The Cronbach's Alpha was 0.861. The Inter-rater Agreement was 72.0%, the Item Content Validity was 97.6% and the completeness index was 100%. The factor analysis indicated 6 factors (Eigen values >1.0). The 809 patients had a median of overall satisfaction score of 3.77; the median was 4.0 regarding satisfaction score with pharmaceutical staff skills. Respondents characteristics varied the patient's satisfaction level (p ≤ 0.05).

Conclusions

The reliability and validity of the questionnaire have been demonstrated. Overall patient satisfaction with community pharmacy services had a moderate level, but the attitude and confidence in the pharmacist had a high level of satisfaction.

Translation, cultural adaptation and validation of Patient Satisfaction with Pharmacist Services Questionnaire (PSPSQ) 2.0 into the Arabic language among people with diabetes

BACKGROUND

Understanding patient satisfaction is key to advancing pharmacy services and improving health outcomes. There is a lack of a translated and psychometrically validated tool in the Arabic language to measure patient satisfaction with pharmacy services.

OBJECTIVE

To translate the English version of the PSPSQ 2.0 into Arabic language, culturally adapt, and verify its reliability and validity.

SETTING

A community pharmacy in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

METHOD

A cross-sectional study was conducted between April 2021 and June 2022 among patients with diabetes attending a community pharmacy. The International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research good practice guidelines for linguistic translation and cultural adaptation were used to translate and culturally adapt the English version of PSPSQ 2.0 into Arabic. The Arabic version of PSPSQ 2.0 was subjected to factor analysis using principal component analysis with varimax rotation to evaluate its validity and Cronbach's alpha was used to assess the reliability of PSPSQ 2.0.

RESULTS

A total of 129 (68.2% male, and mean age 50 (SD: 11.9) years) patients with diabetes participated in the study. The analysis was undertaken for the items in each of the three domains of PSPSQ 2.0: quality of care, interprofessional relationship and overall care. Exploratory factor analysis revealed validity of 92.7%, 80.5% and 96.2%, respectively. The Arabic version of PSPSQ 2.0 had high internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha scores 0.99, 0.95 and 0.98 for the three measured domains, respectively. The sample adequacy was 0.924.

CONCLUSION

The PSPSQ 2.0 was successfully translated and culturally adapted into the Arabic language and had acceptable validity and reliability to measure patient satisfaction with services provided by pharmacists in community pharmacies.

Translation and validation of the medication management patient satisfaction survey: The Lebanese Arabic version

Background: No Arabic translation exists for the medication management patient satisfaction survey (MMPSS), a 10-item psychometrically valid patient satisfaction survey tool developed to assess patient satisfaction for comprehensive medication management. The objective of this study is to translate the medication management patient satisfaction survey into Lebanese Arabic while culturally adapting and assessing the psychometric properties of the translated survey in the outpatient setting. Methods: Guidelines for translation, adaptation, and validation of instruments for cross-cultural healthcare research were followed. The process included forward translation, expert panel review, back-translation, pretesting, and cognitive interviewing. Participants were approached after picking up their medications from the pharmacy at a primary care facility. The medication management patient satisfaction survey was administered verbally by two trained data collectors. Instrument psychometric analyses included testing both for reliability using Cronbach's alpha (α) and McDonald's omega (ω) and for construct validity using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Pearson correlations between items were calculated. Results: During the translation process, the term "clinical pharmacist" was changed to "pharmacist today" for improved understanding. Four items were adapted through minor linguistic modifications. Data were collected from 143 patients. The mean age of participants was 72 years. Participants were mostly females (69%) and had an average of four comorbidities and eight daily medications. Findings from Cronbach's α and McDonald's ω indicated that the internal consistency among items from one to nine was very strong (α = 0.90; ω = 0.90). Exploratory factor analysis indicated that all items are strongly influenced by one factor, except for item six, "My clinical pharmacist is working as a team member with my other healthcare providers" which was the least influenced (loading = 0.44) with the highest uniqueness (0.81). The latent factor captured over 50% of the variance originally observed between variables. Items four and five "My clinical pharmacist helped me find easier ways to take my medicines" and "My clinical pharmacist helped me understand the best ways to take my medicines", had the strongest correlation (0.77), while the weakest correlation was seen between item six "My clinical pharmacist is working as a team member with my other healthcare providers" and other items. Conclusion: The Lebanese Arabic version of the medication management patient satisfaction survey was produced as a brief tool to serve as a valid and reliable instrument for measuring patient satisfaction with comprehensive medication management services.

Cross-cultural Adaptation of Oral and Maxillofacial Frailty Assessment Tools for Geriatric Population of Kerala

AIM

The aim of this study is to translate the oral and maxillofacial frailty index (OMFI) into Malayalam, culturally adapt it, and test its reliability and validity in the Kerala geriatric population.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

OMFI was translated, culturally adapted, and validated in Malayalam using a methodological and cross-sectional study design. The Malayalam version of OMFI underwent full linguistic validation and was tested on 200 patients at Amritakripa Hospital in Kalpetta. Principal component analysis with varimax rotation was used for exploratory factor analysis, and Cronbach's alpha was used to assess reliability.

RESULTS

Two-hundred patients were recruited in this study. Participants ranged in age from 60 to 83 years; mean age was 68 years (SD: 15.21). In total 55.5% were male participants, and 30.5% were belonging to upper middle class as per the Kuppuswami scale. Only 12% of the participants were living alone. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin was found to be 0.583, and Bartlett's test of sphericity was significant with a Chi-square test value of 1003.469. A principal axis factor analysis conducted on 20 items with orthogonal rotation (varimax). OMFI Malayalam version (5 items) had a good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.751). Item-total correlations were reviewed for the items of OMFI.

CONCLUSION

The OMFI Malayalam version demonstrated acceptable validity and reliability and can be used to screen the oral frailty of the geriatric population in Kerala.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

As Kerala is having highest geriatric population in India, we need to assess the oral frailty burden of Kerala. This study provided the first measure to assess the oral frailty in elderly in Kerala.

Development and Psychometric Assessment of the Benefit Finding Scale for Chinese Older Adults With Chronic Diseases

The current study sought to develop an instrument for measuring benefit finding in Chinese older adults with chronic diseases and establish its psychometric characteristics. Scale items were drafted based on a literature review, theoretical learning, the Benefit Finding Scale (BFS), the Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory, and results of interviews with 24 older adults with chronic diseases. The preliminary scale draft was constructed by performing a Delphi expert consultation and pretest with a small sample. Using the first draft of the scale, we surveyed 380 older adults with chronic diseases. The BFS for older adults with chronic diseases comprised 26 items. Using exploratory factor analysis, we identified six common factors that explained 66.86% of the variance. Item content validity index ranged from 0.818 to 1.000 and scale content validity index was 0.91. Cronbach's alpha of the scale was 0.924 and test-retest reliability was 0.902. The BFS for older adults with chronic diseases showed good validity and reliability and can be used as a measurement tool for benefit finding in the aforementioned population. [Research in Gerontological Nursing, 16(1), 44-52.].

Patient Satisfaction Towards Outpatient Pharmacy Services and Associated Factors at Dessie Town Public Hospitals, South Wollo, North-East Ethiopia

BACKGROUND

Satisfaction of patients is a key measure of quality pharmacy service delivery. However, the traditional way of drug inventory and dispensing practice by professionals negatively affects the satisfaction of patients. Hence, assessment of satisfaction level is an important tool to identify gaps in pharmacy service delivery and works for its improvement.

OBJECTIVE

To determine the level of patients' satisfaction towards outpatient pharmacy service and contributing factors at Dessie Town Public Hospitals, South Wollo, North-east Ethiopia, 2020.

METHODS

We implement a facility-based cross-sectional survey on 414 patients over the age of 18 years from the outpatient pharmacy service of Dessie town public hospitals. The study was done from February to June 2020 through a systematic random sampling method and face-to-face pharmacy exit interview using the Self Reporting Questionnaire-17. We used Epi-data version 3.1 for data entry and SPSS-21 software for analysis. We assessed the strength of association in the binary logistic regression with odds ratio and declare statistical significance with p-value <0.05.

RESULTS

Among the total patients participated, 246 (59.4%) were satisfied towards outpatient pharmacy services. In this finding, comfortability of waiting area [AOR=1.87; 95% CI, (1.13, 4.18)], frequency of visit [AOR=2.4; 95% CI, (1.19, 4.80)], and payment status [AOR=2.90; 95% CI, (1.21, 6.95)] showed a positive association towards satisfaction. On the other hand, age (28-37 years) [AOR=0.16; 95% CI, (0.08-0.34)], number of drug dispensed [AOR=0.3; 95% CI, 0.13-0.41] and medication availability [AOR=0.44; 95% CI, (0.26, 0.71)] showed a negative association with patient satisfaction.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The findings of the current study revealed that patients' satisfaction towards outpatient pharmacy services provided by public Hospitals at Dessie town was low. Hence, hospitals need to take attention to and consider the identified gaps like improving the availability of drugs, comfortability of waiting area, payment status, and the number of drugs dispensed, and the frequency of visits.

Translation, Cultural Adaptation and Validation of General Medication Adherence Scale (GMAS) into the Nepalese Language

BACKGROUND

The General Medication Adherence Scale (GMAS) evaluates intentional and unintentional behaviour of patients, disease and medication burden and cost-related burden associated with non-adherence. GMAS was developed and validated among Urdu-speaking patients with chronic diseases. However, validated tool in Nepalese language to measure medication adherence among chronic illness patients currently does not exist.

AIM

To translate, culturally adapt, and validate the English version of GMAS into the Nepalese language to measure medication adherence among chronic illness patients.

METHODS

The study was conducted among patients with chronic diseases in both hospital and community pharmacies of Nepal. The International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR) Good Practice Guideline for linguistic translation and cultural adaptation was used to translate and culturally adapt the English version of GMAS into the Nepalese version. The translated version was validated amongst patients with chronic diseases in Nepal. Exploratory factor analysis was carried out using principal component analysis with varimax rotation. Test-retest reliability and internal consistency were analysed.

RESULTS

A total of 220 (53.6% females, and 51.4% of 51 to 70 aged patients) patients with chronic diseases participated in the study. The majority of patients took two medications (27.3%) from six months to five and half years (68.2%). Kaiser Meyer Olkin was found to be 0.83. A principal axis factor analysis was conducted on the 3 items of GMAS without and with orthogonal rotation (varimax). The scree plot showed an inflexion on the third item that meant three components were present. The overall Cronbach's alpha value of the full-phase study was 0.82.

CONCLUSION

The General Medication Adherence Scale was successfully translated into the Nepalese language, culturally adapted, and validated amongst chronic diseases patients of Nepal. Therefore, the GMAS-Nepalese version can be used to evaluate medication adherence among Nepalese-speaking patients with chronic disease.

Patients Satisfaction with Pharmaceutical Care and Associated Factors in the Southwestern Ethiopia

BACKGROUND

An evaluation of patient satisfaction with service provided in the health care system has been globally recognized as the measure of health care service quality. However, there is a lack of research findings that indicate patient satisfaction with newly implemented patient-oriented pharmaceutical care (PC) service provided by clinical pharmacists in Ethiopia. Therefore, the current study is aimed to determine the level of patient satisfaction and associated factors with PC service provided by clinical pharmacists in the Southwestern Ethiopia.

METHODOLOGY

A facility-based cross-sectional study design was employed among patients admitted to Medical wards in Jimma University Medical Center (JUMC) (n=219) from May to June 2021. The pretested interviewer-administered questionnaire containing structured questions on a 5-point Likert scale was appropriately completed and returned for statistical analysis. For the analysis of data, Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used. The associations between status of patient satisfaction and predictors were determined at 5% (p<0.05) level of significance by employing multivariate logistic regression.

RESULTS

The current study revealed that more than half (56%) of the respondents were satisfied with clinical pharmacy service. From 30% of drug therapy problems (DTPs) reported, non-adherence was the most prevalent (11.4%), while the dose being too low and adverse effects (0.9%) were the least reported. Moreover, the assignment particular clinical pharmacist (AOR: 2.091, 95% CI: 1.028, 4.255), previous admission (AOR: 0.459, 95% CI: 0.244, 0.86), number of medications taken per day (AOR: 1.929, 95% CI: 1.996, 3.739) and length of hospital stay (AOR: 2.236, 95% CI: 1.124, 4.446) were significantly associated with patient satisfaction.

CONCLUSION

The present study revealed that patient satisfaction towards PC was low. Lack of specific clinical pharmacist assignment, previous history of admission, number of medications taken per day and length of hospital stay are revealed as the major factors affecting the level of satisfaction. In addition, current findings implicate that clinical pharmacist collaboration with a multidisciplinary team is essential to increase patient satisfaction.