1
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Saville KM, Al-Rahahleh RQ, Siddiqui AH, Andrews ME, Roos WP, Koczor CA, Andrews JF, Hayat F, Migaud ME, Sobol RW. Oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate suppresses basal protein levels of DNA polymerase beta that enhances alkylating agent and PARG inhibition induced cytotoxicity. DNA Repair (Amst) 2024; 140:103700. [PMID: 38897003 PMCID: PMC11239280 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2024.103700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase isoform 1 (IDH1) are primarily found in secondary glioblastoma (GBM) and low-grade glioma but are rare in primary GBM. The standard treatment for GBM includes radiation combined with temozolomide, an alkylating agent. Fortunately, IDH1 mutant gliomas are sensitive to this treatment, resulting in a more favorable prognosis. However, it's estimated that up to 75 % of IDH1 mutant gliomas will progress to WHO grade IV over time and develop resistance to alkylating agents. Therefore, understanding the mechanism(s) by which IDH1 mutant gliomas confer sensitivity to alkylating agents is crucial for developing targeted chemotherapeutic approaches. The base excision repair (BER) pathway is responsible for repairing most base damage induced by alkylating agents. Defects in this pathway can lead to hypersensitivity to these agents due to unresolved DNA damage. The coordinated assembly and disassembly of BER protein complexes are essential for cell survival and for maintaining genomic integrity following alkylating agent exposure. These complexes rely on poly-ADP-ribose formation, an NAD+-dependent post-translational modification synthesized by PARP1 and PARP2 during the BER process. At the lesion site, poly-ADP-ribose facilitates the recruitment of XRCC1. This scaffold protein helps assemble BER proteins like DNA polymerase beta (Polβ), a bifunctional DNA polymerase containing both DNA synthesis and 5'-deoxyribose-phosphate lyase (5'dRP lyase) activity. Here, we confirm that IDH1 mutant glioma cells have defective NAD+ metabolism, but still produce sufficient nuclear NAD+ for robust PARP1 activation and BER complex formation in response to DNA damage. However, the overproduction of 2-hydroxyglutarate, an oncometabolite produced by the IDH1 R132H mutant protein, suppresses BER capacity by reducing Polβ protein levels. This defines a novel mechanism by which the IDH1 mutation in gliomas confers cellular sensitivity to alkylating agents and to inhibitors of the poly-ADP-ribose glycohydrolase, PARG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate M Saville
- Department of Pharmacology & Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, United States
| | - Rasha Q Al-Rahahleh
- Department of Pharmacology & Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, United States; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School & Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States
| | - Aisha H Siddiqui
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School & Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States
| | - Morgan E Andrews
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School & Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States
| | - Wynand P Roos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School & Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States
| | - Christopher A Koczor
- Department of Pharmacology & Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, United States
| | - Joel F Andrews
- Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology & Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, United States
| | - Faisal Hayat
- Department of Pharmacology & Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, United States
| | - Marie E Migaud
- Department of Pharmacology & Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, United States
| | - Robert W Sobol
- Department of Pharmacology & Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, United States; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School & Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States.
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2
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Li L, Zhou X, Liu W, Chen Z, Xiao X, Deng G. Supplementation with NAD+ and its precursors: A rescue of female reproductive diseases. Biochem Biophys Rep 2024; 38:101715. [PMID: 38698835 PMCID: PMC11063225 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2024.101715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an essential coenzyme involved in many pathophysiological processes. Supplementation with NAD+ and its precursors has been demonstrated as an emerging therapeutic strategy for the diseases. NAD+ also plays an important role in the reproductive system. Here, we summarize the function of NAD+ in various reproductive diseases and review the application of NAD+ and its precursors in the preservation of reproductive capacity and the prevention of embryonic malformations. It is shown that NAD+ shows good promise as a therapeutic approach for saving reproductive capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Li
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Wene Liu
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiaoqin Xiao
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Guiming Deng
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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3
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Benjamin C, Crews R. Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Supplementation: Understanding Metabolic Variability and Clinical Implications. Metabolites 2024; 14:341. [PMID: 38921475 PMCID: PMC11205942 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14060341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen a surge in research focused on NAD+ decline and potential interventions, and despite significant progress, new discoveries continue to highlight the complexity of NAD+ biology. Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), a well-established NAD+ precursor, has garnered considerable interest due to its capacity to elevate NAD+ levels and induce promising health benefits in preclinical models. Clinical trials investigating NMN supplementation have yielded variable outcomes while shedding light on the intricacies of NMN metabolism and revealing the critical roles played by gut microbiota and specific cellular uptake pathways. Individual variability in factors such as lifestyle, health conditions, genetics, and gut microbiome composition likely contributes to the observed discrepancies in clinical trial results. Preliminary evidence suggests that NMN's effects may be context-dependent, varying based on a person's physiological state. Understanding these nuances is critical for definitively assessing the impact of manipulating NAD+ levels through NMN supplementation. Here, we review NMN metabolism, focusing on current knowledge, pinpointing key areas where further research is needed, and outlining future directions to advance our understanding of its potential clinical significance.
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4
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Hernandez A, Belfleur L, Migaud M, Gassman NR. A tipping point in dihydroxyacetone exposure: mitochondrial stress and metabolic reprogramming alter survival in rat cardiomyocytes H9c2 cells. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 394:110991. [PMID: 38582340 PMCID: PMC11069339 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.110991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Exogenous exposures to the triose sugar dihydroxyacetone (DHA) occur from sunless tanning products and electronic cigarette aerosol. Once inhaled or absorbed, DHA enters cells, is converted to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), and incorporated into several metabolic pathways. Cytotoxic effects of DHA vary across the cell types depending on the metabolic needs of the cells, and differences in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell cycle arrest, and mitochondrial dysfunction have been reported. We have shown that cytotoxic doses of DHA induced metabolic imbalances in glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in liver and kidney cell models. Here, we examine the dose-dependent effects of DHA on the rat cardiomyocyte cell line, H9c2. Cells begin to experience cytotoxic effects at low millimolar doses, but an increase in cell survival was observed at 2 mM DHA. We confirmed that 2 mM DHA increased cell survival compared to the low cytotoxic 1 mM dose and investigated the metabolic differences between these two low DHA doses. Exposure to 1 mM DHA showed changes in the cell's fuel utilization, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), and transient changes in the glycolysis and mitochondrial energetics, which normalized 24 h after exposure. The 2 mM dose induced robust changes in mitochondrial flux through acetyl CoA and elevated expression of fatty acid synthase. Distinct from the 1 mM dose, the 2 mM exposure increased mitochondrial ROS and NAD(P)H levels, and sustained changes in LDHA/LDHB and acetyl CoA-associated enzymes were observed. Although the cells were exposed to low cytotoxic (1 mM) and non-cytotoxic (2 mM) acute doses of DHA, significant changes in mitochondrial metabolic pathways occurred. Further, the proliferation increase at the acute 2 mM DHA dose suggests a metabolic adaption occurred with sustained consequences in survival and proliferation. With increased exogenous exposure to DHA through e-cigarette aerosol, this work suggests cell metabolic changes induced by acute or potentially chronic exposures could impact cell function and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlet Hernandez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave S, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Luxene Belfleur
- Department of Pharmacology, Whiddon College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Ave, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA
| | - Marie Migaud
- Department of Pharmacology, Whiddon College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Ave, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA
| | - Natalie R Gassman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave S, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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5
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Hayat F, Deason JT, Bryan RL, Terkeltaub R, Song W, Kraus WL, Pluth J, Gassman NR, Migaud ME. Synthesis, Detection, and Metabolism of Pyridone Ribosides, Products of NAD Overoxidation. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:248-258. [PMID: 38198686 PMCID: PMC10880730 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Pyridone-containing adenine dinucleotides, ox-NAD, are formed by overoxidation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and exist in three distinct isomeric forms. Like the canonical nucleosides, the corresponding pyridone-containing nucleosides (PYR) are chemically stable, biochemically versatile, and easily converted to nucleotides, di- and triphosphates, and dinucleotides. The 4-PYR isomer is often reported with its abundance increasing with the progression of metabolic diseases, age, cancer, and oxidative stress. Yet, the pyridone-derived nucleotides are largely under-represented in the literature. Here, we report the efficient synthesis of the series of ox-NAD and pyridone nucleotides and measure the abundance of ox-NAD in biological specimens using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Overall, we demonstrate that all three forms of PYR and ox-NAD are found in biospecimens at concentrations ranging from nanomolar to midmicromolar and that their presence affects the measurements of NAD(H) concentrations when standard biochemical redox-based assays are applied. Furthermore, we used liver extracts and 1H NMR spectrometry to demonstrate that each ox-NAD isomer can be metabolized to its respective PYR isomer. Together, these results suggest a need for a better understanding of ox-NAD in the context of human physiology since these species are endogenous mimics of NAD+, the key redox cofactor in metabolism and bioenergetics maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Hayat
- Mitchell
Cancer Institute, Frederick P. Whiddon College of Medicine, Department
of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, Alabama 36604, United States
| | - J. Trey Deason
- Mitchell
Cancer Institute, Frederick P. Whiddon College of Medicine, Department
of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, Alabama 36604, United States
| | - Ru Liu Bryan
- School
of Medicine, University of California, San
Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- VA
San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, California 92161, United States
| | - Robert Terkeltaub
- School
of Medicine, University of California, San
Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- VA
San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, California 92161, United States
| | - Weidan Song
- Cecil
H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - W. Lee Kraus
- Cecil
H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Janice Pluth
- Department
of Health Physics and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Pkwy, Las
Vegas, Nevada 89154, United States
| | - Natalie R. Gassman
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, 1720 second Ave S, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Marie E. Migaud
- Mitchell
Cancer Institute, Frederick P. Whiddon College of Medicine, Department
of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, Alabama 36604, United States
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6
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Li F, Wu C, Wang G. Targeting NAD Metabolism for the Therapy of Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases. Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:218-240. [PMID: 37253984 PMCID: PMC10838897 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01072-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
As the aging population continues to grow rapidly, age-related diseases are becoming an increasing burden on the healthcare system and a major concern for the well-being of elderly individuals. While aging is an inevitable process for all humans, it can be slowed down and age-related diseases can be treated or alleviated. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a critical coenzyme or cofactor that plays a central role in metabolism and is involved in various cellular processes including the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis, post-translational protein modifications, DNA repair, and immune responses. As individuals age, their NAD levels decline, and this decrease has been suggested to be a contributing factor to the development of numerous age-related diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. In pursuit of healthy aging, researchers have investigated approaches to boost or maintain NAD levels. Here, we provide an overview of NAD metabolism and the role of NAD in age-related diseases and summarize recent progress in the development of strategies that target NAD metabolism for the treatment of age-related diseases, particularly neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chou Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Gelin Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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7
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Gould NL, Scherer GR, Carvalho S, Shurrush K, Kayyal H, Edry E, Elkobi A, David O, Foqara M, Thakar D, Pavesi T, Sharma V, Walker M, Maitland M, Dym O, Albeck S, Peleg Y, Germain N, Babaev I, Sharir H, Lalzar M, Shklyar B, Hazut N, Khamaisy M, Lévesque M, Lajoie G, Avoli M, Amitai G, Lefker B, Subramanyam C, Shilton B, Barr H, Rosenblum K. Specific quinone reductase 2 inhibitors reduce metabolic burden and reverse Alzheimer's disease phenotype in mice. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e162120. [PMID: 37561584 PMCID: PMC10541198 DOI: 10.1172/jci162120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological aging can be described as accumulative, prolonged metabolic stress and is the major risk factor for cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recently, we identified and described a quinone reductase 2 (QR2) pathway in the brain, in which QR2 acts as a removable memory constraint and metabolic buffer within neurons. QR2 becomes overexpressed with age, and it is possibly a novel contributing factor to age-related metabolic stress and cognitive deficit. We found that, in human cells, genetic removal of QR2 produced a shift in the proteome opposing that found in AD brains while simultaneously reducing oxidative stress. We therefore created highly specific QR2 inhibitors (QR2is) to enable evaluation of chronic QR2 inhibition as a means to reduce biological age-related metabolic stress and cognitive decline. QR2is replicated results obtained by genetic removal of QR2, while local QR2i microinjection improved hippocampal and cortical-dependent learning in rats and mice. Continuous consumption of QR2is in drinking water improved cognition and reduced pathology in the brains of AD-model mice (5xFAD), with a noticeable between-sex effect on treatment duration. These results demonstrate the importance of QR2 activity and pathway function in the healthy and neurodegenerative brain and what we believe to be the great therapeutic potential of QR2is as first-in-class drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gila R. Scherer
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Silvia Carvalho
- Wohl Institute for Drug Discovery of the Nancy and Stephen Grand Israeli National Center for Personalized Medicine (GINCPM), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Khriesto Shurrush
- Wohl Institute for Drug Discovery of the Nancy and Stephen Grand Israeli National Center for Personalized Medicine (GINCPM), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Haneen Kayyal
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Efrat Edry
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- The Centre for Genetic Manipulation in the Brain, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Alina Elkobi
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Orit David
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Maria Foqara
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Darshit Thakar
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tommaso Pavesi
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Vijendra Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew Walker
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew Maitland
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Orly Dym
- Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shira Albeck
- Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yoav Peleg
- Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nicolas Germain
- Wohl Institute for Drug Discovery of the Nancy and Stephen Grand Israeli National Center for Personalized Medicine (GINCPM), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ilana Babaev
- Wohl Institute for Drug Discovery of the Nancy and Stephen Grand Israeli National Center for Personalized Medicine (GINCPM), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Haleli Sharir
- Wohl Institute for Drug Discovery of the Nancy and Stephen Grand Israeli National Center for Personalized Medicine (GINCPM), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Boris Shklyar
- Bioimaging Unit, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Neta Hazut
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Mohammad Khamaisy
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Maxime Lévesque
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gilles Lajoie
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Massimo Avoli
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gabriel Amitai
- Wohl Institute for Drug Discovery of the Nancy and Stephen Grand Israeli National Center for Personalized Medicine (GINCPM), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Bruce Lefker
- Wohl Institute for Drug Discovery of the Nancy and Stephen Grand Israeli National Center for Personalized Medicine (GINCPM), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Chakrapani Subramanyam
- Wohl Institute for Drug Discovery of the Nancy and Stephen Grand Israeli National Center for Personalized Medicine (GINCPM), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Brian Shilton
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Haim Barr
- Wohl Institute for Drug Discovery of the Nancy and Stephen Grand Israeli National Center for Personalized Medicine (GINCPM), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Kobi Rosenblum
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- The Centre for Genetic Manipulation in the Brain, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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8
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Dhuguru J, Dellinger RW, Migaud ME. Defining NAD(P)(H) Catabolism. Nutrients 2023; 15:3064. [PMID: 37447389 DOI: 10.3390/nu15133064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary vitamin B3 components, such as nicotinamide and nicotinic acid, are precursors to the ubiquitous redox cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). NAD+ levels are thought to decline with age and disease. While the drivers of this decline remain under intense investigation, strategies have emerged seeking to functionally maintain NAD+ levels through supplementation with NAD+ biosynthetic intermediates. These include marketed products, such as nicotinamide riboside (NR) and its phosphorylated form (NMN). More recent developments have shown that NRH (the reduced form of NR) and its phosphorylated form NMNH also increases NAD+ levels upon administration, although they initially generate NADH (the reduced form of NAD+). Other means to increase the combined levels of NAD+ and NADH, NAD(H), include the inhibition of NAD+-consuming enzymes or activation of biosynthetic pathways. Multiple studies have shown that supplementation with an NAD(H) precursor changes the profile of NAD(H) catabolism. Yet, the pharmacological significance of NAD(H) catabolites is rarely considered although the distribution and abundance of these catabolites differ depending on the NAD(H) precursor used, the species in which the study is conducted, and the tissues used for the quantification. Significantly, some of these metabolites have emerged as biomarkers in physiological disorders and might not be innocuous. Herein, we review the known and emerging catabolites of the NAD(H) metabolome and highlight their biochemical and physiological function as well as key chemical and biochemical reactions leading to their formation. Furthermore, we emphasize the need for analytical methods that inform on the full NAD(H) metabolome since the relative abundance of NAD(H) catabolites informs how NAD(H) precursors are used, recycled, and eliminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyothi Dhuguru
- Department of Pharmacology, Mitchell Cancer Institute, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
| | | | - Marie E Migaud
- Department of Pharmacology, Mitchell Cancer Institute, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
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9
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Hernandez A, Sonavane M, Smith KR, Seiger J, Migaud ME, Gassman NR. Dihydroxyacetone suppresses mTOR nutrient signaling and induces mitochondrial stress in liver cells. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278516. [PMID: 36472985 PMCID: PMC9725129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) is the active ingredient in sunless tanning products and a combustion product from e-juices in electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes). DHA is rapidly absorbed in cells and tissues and incorporated into several metabolic pathways through its conversion to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP). Previous studies have shown DHA induces cell cycle arrest, reactive oxygen species, and mitochondrial dysfunction, though the extent of these effects is highly cell-type specific. Here, we investigate DHA exposure effects in the metabolically active, HepG3 (C3A) cell line. Metabolic and mitochondrial changes were evaluated by characterizing the effects of DHA in metabolic pathways and nutrient-sensing mechanisms through mTOR-specific signaling. We also examined cytotoxicity and investigated the cell death mechanism induced by DHA exposure in HepG3 cells. Millimolar doses of DHA were cytotoxic and suppressed glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation pathways. Nutrient sensing through mTOR was altered at both short and long time points. Increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial-specific injury induced cell cycle arrest and cell death through a non-classical apoptotic mechanism. Despite its carbohydrate nature, millimolar doses of DHA are toxic to liver cells and may pose a significant health risk when higher concentrations are absorbed through e-cigarettes or spray tanning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlet Hernandez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL, United States of America
| | - Manoj Sonavane
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL, United States of America
| | - Kelly R. Smith
- University of South Alabama Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Jensyn Seiger
- University of South Alabama Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Marie E. Migaud
- University of South Alabama Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, Alabama, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama Whiddon College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, United States of America
| | - Natalie R. Gassman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Cercillieux A, Ciarlo E, Canto C. Balancing NAD + deficits with nicotinamide riboside: therapeutic possibilities and limitations. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:463. [PMID: 35918544 PMCID: PMC9345839 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04499-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in cellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) levels have been observed in multiple lifestyle and age-related medical conditions. This has led to the hypothesis that dietary supplementation with NAD+ precursors, or vitamin B3s, could exert health benefits. Among the different molecules that can act as NAD+ precursors, Nicotinamide Riboside (NR) has gained most attention due to its success in alleviating and treating disease conditions at the pre-clinical level. However, the clinical outcomes for NR supplementation strategies have not yet met the expectations generated in mouse models. In this review we aim to provide a comprehensive view on NAD+ biology, what causes NAD+ deficits and the journey of NR from its discovery to its clinical development. We also discuss what are the current limitations in NR-based therapies and potential ways to overcome them. Overall, this review will not only provide tools to understand NAD+ biology and assess its changes in disease situations, but also to decide which NAD+ precursor could have the best therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelique Cercillieux
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research Ltd., EPFL Campus, Innovation Park, Building G, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eleonora Ciarlo
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research Ltd., EPFL Campus, Innovation Park, Building G, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carles Canto
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research Ltd., EPFL Campus, Innovation Park, Building G, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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11
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Synthesis of Mixed Dinucleotides by Mechanochemistry. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27103229. [PMID: 35630705 PMCID: PMC9147584 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of vitamin B1, B2, and B3 derived nucleotides and dinucleotides generated either through mechanochemical or solution phase chemistry. Under the explored conditions, adenosine and thiamine proved to be particularly amenable to milling conditions. Following optimization of the chemistry related to the formation pyrophosphate bonds, mixed dinucleotides of adenine and thiamine (vitamin B1), riboflavin (vitamin B2), nicotinamide riboside and 3-carboxamide 4-pyridone riboside (both vitamin B3 derivatives) were generated in good yields. Furthermore, we report an efficient synthesis of the MW+4 isotopologue of NAD+ for which deuterium incorporation is present on either side of the dinucleotidic linkage, poised for isotopic tracing experiments by mass spectrometry. Many of these mixed species are novel and present unexplored possibilities to simultaneously enhance or modulate cofactor transporters and enzymes of independent biosynthetic pathways.
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12
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Chini CCS, Peclat TR, Gomez LS, Zeidler JD, Warner GM, Kashyap S, Mazdeh DZ, Hayat F, Migaud ME, Paulus A, Chanan-Khan AA, Chini EN. Dihydronicotinamide Riboside Is a Potent NAD+ Precursor Promoting a Pro-Inflammatory Phenotype in Macrophages. Front Immunol 2022; 13:840246. [PMID: 35281060 PMCID: PMC8913500 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.840246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) metabolism plays an important role in the regulation of immune function. However, a complete picture of how NAD, its metabolites, precursors, and metabolizing enzymes work together in regulating immune function and inflammatory diseases is still not fully understood. Surprisingly, few studies have compared the effect of different forms of vitamin B3 on cellular functions. Therefore, we investigated the role of NAD boosting in the regulation of macrophage activation and function using different NAD precursors supplementation. We compared nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), nicotinamide riboside (NR), and nicotinamide (NAM) supplementation, with the recently described potent NAD precursor NRH. Our results show that only NRH supplementation strongly increased NAD+ levels in both bone marrow-derived and THP-1 macrophages. Importantly, NRH supplementation activated a pro-inflammatory phenotype in resting macrophages, inducing gene expression of several cytokines, chemokines, and enzymes. NRH also potentiated the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on macrophage activation and cytokine gene expression, suggesting that potent NAD+ precursors can promote inflammation in macrophages. The effect of NRH in NAD+ boosting and gene expression was blocked by inhibitors of adenosine kinase, equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENT), and IκB
kinase (IKK). Interestingly, the IKK inhibitor, BMS-345541, blocked the mRNA expression of several enzymes and transporters involved in the NAD boosting effect of NRH, indicating that IKK is also a regulator of NAD metabolism. In conclusion, NAD precursors such as NRH may be important tools to understand the role of NAD and NADH metabolism in the inflammatory process of other immune cells, and to reprogram immune cells to a pro-inflammatory phenotype, such as the M2 to M1 switch in macrophage reprogramming, in the cancer microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia C. S. Chini
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
- Signal Transduction and Molecular Nutrition Laboratory, Kogod Aging Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Thais R. Peclat
- Signal Transduction and Molecular Nutrition Laboratory, Kogod Aging Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Lilian S. Gomez
- Signal Transduction and Molecular Nutrition Laboratory, Kogod Aging Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Julianna D. Zeidler
- Signal Transduction and Molecular Nutrition Laboratory, Kogod Aging Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Gina M. Warner
- Signal Transduction and Molecular Nutrition Laboratory, Kogod Aging Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Sonu Kashyap
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
- Signal Transduction and Molecular Nutrition Laboratory, Kogod Aging Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Delaram Z. Mazdeh
- Signal Transduction and Molecular Nutrition Laboratory, Kogod Aging Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Faisal Hayat
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Marie E. Migaud
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Aneel Paulus
- Division of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Asher A. Chanan-Khan
- Division of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Eduardo N. Chini
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
- Signal Transduction and Molecular Nutrition Laboratory, Kogod Aging Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
- *Correspondence: Eduardo N. Chini,
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13
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Ferry G, Boutin JA. Measurement of NQO2 Catalytic Activity and of Its Inhibition by Melatonin. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2550:315-321. [PMID: 36180702 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2593-4_33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The third melatonin binding site MT3 turned out to be an enzyme, NQO2 (E.C. 1.6.99.2). Its catalytic activity is inhibited by melatonin with an IC50 in the 50-100 μM range. Some of the functions of melatonin at pharmacological concentrations (1 μM and above) might be explained by this inhibition capacity of melatonin at NQO2. In order to determine precisely these parameters, it is required to comprehend the basic enzymology of this enzyme. In the following chapter, we present the basic conditions of measuring NQO2 catalytic activities and inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Ferry
- Pole d'expertise Biotechnologie, Chimie & Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Jean A Boutin
- Pole d'expertise Biotechnologie, Chimie & Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, Croissy-sur-Seine, France.
- Pharma-Dev, UMR 152, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
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14
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Palmer RD, Vaccarezza M. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and the sirtuins caution: Pro-cancer functions. Aging Med (Milton) 2021; 4:337-344. [PMID: 34964015 PMCID: PMC8711221 DOI: 10.1002/agm2.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This scoping review aims to perform a brief but comprehensive assessment of existing peer-reviewed literature and determine whether raising nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide can prevent or promote tumorigenesis. The examination of extensive peer-reviewed data regarding the synthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide has been performed with a focus on nuclear dynamics and the deoxyribose nucleic acid repair pathway. Various enzymatic protective functions have been identified from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide levels, as well as the threat role that is also explored. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide precursors and sirtuin-activating compounds are becoming ubiquitous in the commercial market. Further research into whether elevating levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide or overexpression of sirtuins can increase the potential for neoplasm or other age-related pathophysiology is warranted due to the high energy requirements of certain diseases such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mauro Vaccarezza
- School of MedicineFaculty of Health SciencesCurtin UniversityBentley, PerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
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15
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NADH and NRH as potential dietary supplements or pharmacological agents for early liver injury caused by acute alcohol exposure. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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16
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Temporal dynamics of base excision/single-strand break repair protein complex assembly/disassembly are modulated by the PARP/NAD +/SIRT6 axis. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109917. [PMID: 34731617 PMCID: PMC8607749 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Assembly and disassembly of DNA repair protein complexes at DNA damage sites are essential for maintaining genomic integrity. Investigating factors coordinating assembly of the base excision repair (BER) proteins DNA polymerase β (Polβ) and XRCC1 to DNA lesion sites identifies a role for Polβ in regulating XRCC1 disassembly from DNA repair complexes and, conversely, demonstrates Polβ’s dependence on XRCC1 for complex assembly. LivePAR, a genetically encoded probe for live-cell imaging of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR), reveals that Polβ and XRCC1 require PAR for repair-complex assembly, with PARP1 and PARP2 playing unique roles in complex dynamics. Further, BER complex assembly is modulated by attenuation/augmentation of NAD+ biosynthesis. Finally, SIRT6 does not modulate PARP1 or PARP2 activation but does regulate XRCC1 recruitment, leading to diminished Polβ abundance at sites of DNA damage. These findings highlight coordinated yet independent roles for PARP1, PARP2, and SIRT6 and their regulation by NAD+ bioavailability to facilitate BER. Koczor et al. use quantitative confocal microscopy to characterize DNA-damage-induced poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) formation and assembly/disassembly kinetics in human cells. These studies highlight the coordinated yet independent roles for XRCC1, POLΒ, PARP1, PARP2, and SIRT6 (and regulation by NAD+) to facilitate BER/SSBR protein complex dynamics.
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17
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Somatostatin Interneurons of the Insula Mediate QR2-Dependent Novel Taste Memory Enhancement. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0152-21.2021. [PMID: 34518366 PMCID: PMC8482851 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0152-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Forming long-term memories is crucial for adaptive behavior and survival in changing environments. The molecular consolidation processes which underlie the formation of these long-term memories are dependent on protein synthesis in excitatory and SST-expressing neurons. A centrally important, parallel process to this involves the removal of the memory constraint quinone reductase 2 (QR2), which has been recently shown to enhance memory consolidation for novel experiences in the cortex and hippocampus, via redox modulation. However, it is unknown within which cell type in the cortex removal of QR2 occurs, nor how this affects neuronal function. Here, we use novel taste learning in the mouse anterior insular cortex (aIC) to show that similarly to mRNA translation, QR2 removal occurs in excitatory and SST-expressing neurons. Interestingly, both novel taste and QR2 inhibition reduce excitability specifically within SST, but not excitatory neurons. Furthermore, reducing QR2 expression in SST, but not in PV or excitatory neurons, is sufficient to enhance taste memory. Thus, QR2 mediated intrinsic property changes of SST interneurons in the aIC is a central removable factor to allow novel taste memory formation. This previously unknown involvement of QR2 and SST interneurons in resetting aIC activity hours following learning, describes a molecular mechanism to define cell circuits for novel information. Therefore, the QR2 pathway in SST interneurons provides a fresh new avenue by which to tackle age-related cognitive deficits, while shedding new light onto the functional machinations of long-term memory formation for novel information.
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18
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Reiten OK, Wilvang MA, Mitchell SJ, Hu Z, Fang EF. Preclinical and clinical evidence of NAD + precursors in health, disease, and ageing. Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 199:111567. [PMID: 34517020 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
NAD+ is a fundamental molecule in human life and health as it participates in energy metabolism, cell signalling, mitochondrial homeostasis, and in dictating cell survival or death. Emerging evidence from preclinical and human studies indicates an age-dependent reduction of cellular NAD+, possibly due to reduced synthesis and increased consumption. In preclinical models, NAD+ repletion extends healthspan and / or lifespan and mitigates several conditions, such as premature ageing diseases and neurodegenerative diseases. These findings suggest that NAD+ replenishment through NAD+ precursors has great potential as a therapeutic target for ageing and age-predisposed diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease. Here, we provide an updated review on the biological activity, safety, and possible side effects of NAD+ precursors in preclinical and clinical studies. Major NAD+ precursors focused on by this review are nicotinamide riboside (NR), nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), and the new discovered dihydronicotinamide riboside (NRH). In summary, NAD+ precursors have an exciting therapeutic potential for ageing, metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Kristian Reiten
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, 1478, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Martin Andreas Wilvang
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, 1478, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Sarah J Mitchell
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Zeping Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Evandro F Fang
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, 1478, Lørenskog, Norway; The Norwegian Centre on Healthy Ageing (NO-Age), Oslo, Norway.
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19
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Li C, Wu LE. Risks and rewards of targeting NAD + homeostasis in the brain. Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 198:111545. [PMID: 34302821 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Strategies to correct declining nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) levels in neurological disease and biological ageing are promising therapeutic candidates. These strategies include supplementing with NAD+ precursors, small molecule activation of NAD+ biosynthetic enzymes, and treatment with small molecule inhibitors of NAD+ consuming enzymes such as CD38, SARM1 or members of the PARP family. While these strategies have shown efficacy in animal models of neurological disease, each of these has the mechanistic potential for adverse events that could preclude their preclinical use. Here, we discuss the implications of these strategies for treating neurological diseases, including potential off-target effects that may be unique to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Li
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Lindsay E Wu
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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20
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Abstract
NAD(H) and NADP(H) have traditionally been viewed as co-factors (or co-enzymes) involved in a myriad of oxidation-reduction reactions including the electron transport in the mitochondria. However, NAD pathway metabolites have many other important functions, including roles in signaling pathways, post-translational modifications, epigenetic changes, and regulation of RNA stability and function via NAD-capping of RNA. Non-oxidative reactions ultimately lead to the net catabolism of these nucleotides, indicating that NAD metabolism is an extremely dynamic process. In fact, recent studies have clearly demonstrated that NAD has a half-life in the order of minutes in some tissues. Several evolving concepts on the metabolism, transport, and roles of these NAD pathway metabolites in disease states such as cancer, neurodegeneration, and aging have emerged in just the last few years. In this perspective, we discuss key recent discoveries and changing concepts in NAD metabolism and biology that are reshaping the field. In addition, we will pose some open questions in NAD biology, including why NAD metabolism is so fast and dynamic in some tissues, how NAD and its precursors are transported to cells and organelles, and how NAD metabolism is integrated with inflammation and senescence. Resolving these questions will lead to significant advancements in the field.
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21
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Makarov MV, Hayat F, Graves B, Sonavane M, Salter EA, Wierzbicki A, Gassman NR, Migaud ME. Chemical and Biochemical Reactivity of the Reduced Forms of Nicotinamide Riboside. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:604-614. [PMID: 33784074 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
All life forms require nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NAD+, and its reduced form NADH. They are redox partners in hundreds of cellular enzymatic reactions. Changes in the intracellular levels of total NAD (NAD+ + NADH) and the (NAD+/NADH) ratio can cause cellular dysfunction. When not present in protein complexes, NADH and its phosphorylated form NADPH degrade through intricate mechanisms. Replenishment of a declining total NAD pool can be achieved with biosynthetic precursors that include one of the reduced forms of nicotinamide riboside (NR+), NRH. NRH, like NADH and NADPH, is prone to degradation via oxidation, hydration, and isomerization and, as such, is an excellent model compound to rationalize the nonenzymatic metabolism of NAD(P)H in a biological context. Here, we report on the stability of NRH and its propensity to isomerize and irreversibly degrade. We also report the preparation of two of its naturally occurring isomers, their chemical stability, their reactivity toward NRH-processing enzymes, and their cell-specific cytotoxicity. Furthermore, we identify a mechanism by which NRH degradation causes covalent peptide modifications, a process that could expose a novel type of NADH-protein modifications and correlate NADH accumulation with "protein aging." This work highlights the current limitations in detecting NADH's endogenous catabolites and in establishing the capacity for inducing cellular dysfunction.
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22
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Hayat F, Sonavane M, Makarov MV, Trammell SAJ, McPherson P, Gassman NR, Migaud ME. The Biochemical Pathways of Nicotinamide-Derived Pyridones. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031145. [PMID: 33498933 PMCID: PMC7866226 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As catabolites of nicotinamide possess physiological relevance, pyridones are often included in metabolomics measurements and associated with pathological outcomes in acute kidney injury (AKI). Pyridones are oxidation products of nicotinamide, its methylated form, and its ribosylated form. While they are viewed as markers of over-oxidation, they are often wrongly reported or mislabeled. To address this, we provide a comprehensive characterization of these catabolites of vitamin B3, justify their nomenclature, and differentiate between the biochemical pathways that lead to their generation. Furthermore, we identify an enzymatic and a chemical process that accounts for the formation of the ribosylated form of these pyridones, known to be cytotoxic. Finally, we demonstrate that the ribosylated form of one of the pyridones, the 4-pyridone-3-carboxamide riboside (4PYR), causes HepG3 cells to die by autophagy; a process that occurs at concentrations that are comparable to physiological concentrations of this species in the plasma in AKI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Hayat
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; (F.H.); (M.S.)
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA; (M.V.M.); (P.M.); (N.R.G.)
| | - Manoj Sonavane
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; (F.H.); (M.S.)
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA; (M.V.M.); (P.M.); (N.R.G.)
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Mikhail V. Makarov
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA; (M.V.M.); (P.M.); (N.R.G.)
| | - Samuel A. J. Trammell
- Novo Nordisk Foundation, Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Pamela McPherson
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA; (M.V.M.); (P.M.); (N.R.G.)
| | - Natalie R. Gassman
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA; (M.V.M.); (P.M.); (N.R.G.)
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Marie E. Migaud
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; (F.H.); (M.S.)
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA; (M.V.M.); (P.M.); (N.R.G.)
- Correspondence:
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