1
|
Galeana-Pizaña JM, Cruz-Bello GM, Caudillo-Cos CA, Jiménez-Ortega AD. Impact of deforestation and climate on spatio-temporal spread of dengue fever in Mexico. Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol 2024; 50:100679. [PMID: 39181607 DOI: 10.1016/j.sste.2024.100679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Dengue prevalence results from the interaction of multiple socio-environmental variables which influence its spread. This study investigates the impact of forest loss, precipitation, and temperature on dengue incidence in Mexico from 2010 to 2020 using a Bayesian hierarchical spatial model. Three temporal structures-AR1, RW1, and RW2-were compared, with RW2 showing superior performance. Findings indicate that a 1 % loss of municipal forest cover correlates with a 16.9 % increase in dengue risk. Temperature also significantly affects the vectors' ability to initiate and maintain outbreaks, highlighting the significant role of environmental factors. The research emphasizes the importance of multilevel modeling, finer temporal data resolution, and understanding deforestation causes to enhance the predictability and effectiveness of public health interventions. As dengue continues affecting global populations, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions, this study contributes insights, advocating for an integrated approach to health and environmental policy to mitigate the impact of vector-borne diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Mauricio Galeana-Pizaña
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de Información Geoespacial (CentroGeo), Contoy 137, Lomas de Padierna, Tlalpan, 14240, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Manuel Cruz-Bello
- Department of Social Sciences, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Cuajimalpa, Av. Vasco de Quiroga 4871, Cuajimalpa, 05348, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Camilo Alberto Caudillo-Cos
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de Información Geoespacial (CentroGeo), Contoy 137, Lomas de Padierna, Tlalpan, 14240, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Aldo Daniel Jiménez-Ortega
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de Información Geoespacial (CentroGeo), Contoy 137, Lomas de Padierna, Tlalpan, 14240, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fernandes KAP, de Almeida Filho AR, Moura Alves TV, Bernardo CSS, Montibeller MJ, Mondini A, Bronzoni RVDM. A tale of 141 municipalities: the spatial distribution of dengue in Mato Grosso, Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2023; 117:751-759. [PMID: 37665762 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trad062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, the state of Mato Grosso has presented one of the highest dengue incidence rates in Brazil. The meeting of the Amazon, Cerrado and Pantanal biomes results in a large variation of rainfall and temperature across different regions of the state. In addition, Mato Grosso has been undergoing intense urban growth since the 1970s, mainly due to the colonization of the Mid-North and North regions. We analyzed factors involved in dengue incidence in Mato Grosso from 2008 to 2019. METHODS The Moran Global Index was used to assess spatial autocorrelation of dengue incidence using explanatory variables such as temperature, precipitation, deforestation, population density and municipal development index. Areas at risk of dengue were grouped by the Local Moran Indicator. RESULTS We noticed that areas at risk of dengue expanded from the Mid-North region to the North; the same pattern occurred from the Southeast to the Northeast; the South region remained at low-risk levels. The increase in incidence was influenced by precipitation, deforestation and the municipal development index. CONCLUSIONS The identification of risk areas for dengue in space and time enables public health authorities to focus their control and prevention efforts, reducing infestation and the potential impact of dengue in the human population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Taynná Vacaro Moura Alves
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Sinop 78550-267, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Christine Steiner São Bernardo
- Instituto de Ciências Naturais, Humanas e Sociais, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Sinop 78550-267, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Maria Jara Montibeller
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara 14800-903, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriano Mondini
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara 14800-903, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Esposito MM, Turku S, Lehrfield L, Shoman A. The Impact of Human Activities on Zoonotic Infection Transmissions. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101646. [PMID: 37238075 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
As humans expand their territories across more and more regions of the planet, activities such as deforestation, urbanization, tourism, wildlife exploitation, and climate change can have drastic consequences for animal movements and animal-human interactions. These events, especially climate change, can also affect the arthropod vectors that are associated with the animals in these scenarios. As the COVID-19 pandemic and other various significant outbreaks throughout the centuries have demonstrated, when animal patterns and human interactions change, so does the exposure of humans to zoonotic pathogens potentially carried by wildlife. With approximately 60% of emerging human pathogens and around 75% of all emerging infectious diseases being categorized as zoonotic, it is of great importance to examine the impact of human activities on the prevalence and transmission of these infectious agents. A better understanding of the impact of human-related factors on zoonotic disease transmission and prevalence can help drive the preventative measures and containment policies necessary to improve public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Marie Esposito
- Department of Biology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, New York, NY 10314, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Biology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10314, USA
- Macaulay Honors College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10314, USA
| | - Sara Turku
- Department of Biology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, New York, NY 10314, USA
- Macaulay Honors College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10314, USA
| | - Leora Lehrfield
- Department of Biology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, New York, NY 10314, USA
- Macaulay Honors College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10314, USA
| | - Ayat Shoman
- Department of Biology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, New York, NY 10314, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
da Silva CFA, Dos Santos AM, do Bonfim CV, da Silva Melo JL, Sato SS, Barreto EP. Deforestation impacts on dengue incidence in the Brazilian Amazon. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:593. [PMID: 37079116 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11174-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the study is to perform the spatial analysis of the conditioning factors for the increase in the incidence rate of dengue cases in municipalities located in the Amazon biome, in the period from 2016 to 2021. Three statistical approaches were applied: Moran's index, ordinary least squares regression, and geographically weighted regression. The results revealed that the incidence rates of dengue cases cluster in two areas, both located in the south of the Amazon biome, which is associated with the Arc of Deforestation. The variable deforestation influences the increase in dengue incidence rates revealed by the OLS and GWR model. The adjusted R2 of the GWR model was 0.70, that is, the model explains about 70% of the total case variation of dengue incidence rates in the Amazon biome. The results of the study evidence the need for public policies aimed at the prevention and combat of deforestation in the Amazon region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Fabricio Assunção da Silva
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Center of Technologies and Geosciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, UFPE, Avenida da Engenharia, S/N - Cidade Universitária, 50670-420, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Alex Mota Dos Santos
- Center of Agroforestry Sciences and Technologies, Federal University of Southern Bahia, Rodovia Ilhéus/Itabuna, Km 22, 45604-811, Itabuna, Brazil
| | | | - José Lucas da Silva Melo
- Department of Statistics, Center of Nature and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, UFPE, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, Cidade Universitária, Recife, 123550670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Simone Sayuri Sato
- Department of Cartographic Engineering, Center of Technologies and Geosciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, UFPE, Acadêmico Hélio Ramos, Cidade Universitária, S/N, 50740-530, Recife, Avenida, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Paes Barreto
- Master in Environmental Technology, Pernambuco Institute of Technology, ITEP, Avenida Professor Luís Freire, 700 - Cidade Universitária, Recife - PE, 50740-540, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Canelas T, Thomsen E, Kamgang B, Kelly‐Hope LA. Demographic and environmental factors associated with the distribution of Aedes albopictus in Cameroon. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 37:143-151. [PMID: 36264191 PMCID: PMC10092813 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aedes-transmitted arboviruses have spread globally due to the spread of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Its distribution is associated with human and physical geography. However, these factors have not been quantified in Cameroon. Therefore, the aim was to develop an Ae. albopictus geo-referenced database to examine the risk factors associated with the vector distribution in Cameroon. Data on the Ae. albopictus presence and absence were collated and mapped from studies in published scientific literature between 2000 and 2020. Publicly available earth observation data were used to assess human geography, land use and climate risk factors related to the vector distribution. A logistic binomial regression was conducted to identify the significant risk factors associated with Ae. albopictus distribution. In total, 111 data points were collated (presence = 87; absence = 24). Different data collection methods and sites hindered the spatiotemporal analysis. An increase of one wet month in a year increased the odds of Ae. albopictus presence by 5.6 times. One unit of peri-urban area increased the odds by 1.3 times. Using publicly available demographic and environmental data to better understand the key determinants of mosquito distributions may facilitate appropriately targeted public health messages and vector control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Canelas
- Department of Vector BiologyLiverpool School of Tropical MedicineLiverpoolUK
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology UnitUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Edward Thomsen
- Department of Vector BiologyLiverpool School of Tropical MedicineLiverpoolUK
| | - Basile Kamgang
- Department of Medical EntomologyCentre for Research in Infectious DiseasesYaoundéCameroon
| | - Louise A. Kelly‐Hope
- Department of Livestock and One HealthInstitute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Augustin J, Andrees V, Walsh D, Reintjes R, Koller D. Spatial Aspects of Health-Developing a Conceptual Framework. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1817. [PMID: 36767185 PMCID: PMC9914219 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20031817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies and models address the determinants of health. However, in existing models, the spatial aspects of the determinants are not or only marginally taken into account and a theoretical discussion of the association between space and the determinants of health is missing. The aim of this paper is to generate a framework that can be used to place the determinants of health in a spatial context. A screening of the current first serves to identify the relevant determinants and describes the current state of knowledge. In addition, spatial scales that are important for the spatial consideration of health were developed and discussed. Based on these two steps, the conceptual framework on the spatial determinants of health was derived and subsequently discussed. The results show a variety of determinants that are associated with health from a spatial point of view. The overarching categories are global driving forces, policy and governance, living and physical environment, socio-demographic and economic conditions, healthcare services and cultural and working conditions. Three spatial scales (macro, meso and micro) are further subdivided into six levels, such as global (e.g., continents), regional (e.g., council areas) or neighbourhood (e.g., communities). The combination of the determinants and spatial scales are presented within a conceptual framework as a result of this work. Operating mechanisms and pathways between the spatial levels were added schematically. This is the first conceptual framework that links the determinants of health with the spatial perspective. It can form the working basis for future analyses in which spatial aspects of health are taken into account.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jobst Augustin
- Institute for Health Services Research in Dermatology and Nursing (IVDP), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Valerie Andrees
- Institute for Health Services Research in Dermatology and Nursing (IVDP), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - David Walsh
- Glasgow Centre for Population Health, Glasgow G40 2QH, UK
| | - Ralf Reintjes
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, 20999 Hamburg, Germany
- Health Sciences Unit, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland
| | - Daniela Koller
- IBE—Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Marinho RDSS, Duro RLS, Mota MTDO, Hunter J, Diaz RS, Kawakubo FS, Komninakis SV. Environmental Changes and the Impact on the Human Infections by Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika Viruses in Northern Brazil, 2010-2019. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191912665. [PMID: 36231964 PMCID: PMC9566075 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Environmental changes are among the main factors that contribute to the emergence or re-emergence of viruses of public health importance. Here, we show the impact of environmental modifications on cases of infections by the dengue, chikungunya and Zika viruses in humans in the state of Tocantins, Brazil, between the years 2010 and 2019. We conducted a descriptive and principal component analysis (PCA) to explore the main trends in environmental modifications and in the cases of human infections caused by these arboviruses in Tocantins. Our analysis demonstrated that the occurrence of El Niño, deforestation in the Cerrado and maximum temperatures had correlations with the cases of infections by the Zika virus between 2014 and 2016. El Niño, followed by La Niña, a gradual increase in precipitation and the maximum temperature observed between 2015 and 2017 were shown to have contributed to the infections by the chikungunya virus. La Niña and precipitation were associated with infections by the dengue virus between 2010 and 2012 and El Niño contributed to the 2019 outbreak observed within the state. By PCA, deforestation, temperatures and El Niño were the most important variables related to cases of dengue in humans. We conclude from this analysis that environmental changes (deforestation and climate change) presented a strong influence on the human infections caused by the dengue, chikungunya and Zika viruses in Tocantins from 2010 to 2019.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - James Hunter
- Retrovirology Laboratory, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Sobhie Diaz
- Retrovirology Laboratory, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Fernando Shinji Kawakubo
- Faculty of Philosophy, Letters and Human Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pereira da Silva AA, Franquelino AR, Teodoro PE, Montanari R, Faria GA, Ribeiro da Silva CH, Bortoloto da Silva D, Júnior WAR, Muchalak F, Cruz Souza KM, Prudencio da Silva MH, Teodoro LPR. The fewer, the better fare: Can the loss of vegetation in the Cerrado drive the increase in dengue fever cases infection? PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262473. [PMID: 35025976 PMCID: PMC8757950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have reported the relationship of deforestation with increased incidence of infectious diseases, mainly due to the deregulation caused in these environments. The purpose of this study was to answer the following questions: a) is increased loss of vegetation related to dengue cases in the Brazilian Cerrado? b) how do different regions of the tropical savanna biome present distinct patterns for total dengue cases and vegetation loss? c) what is the projection of a future scenario of deforestation and an increased number of dengue cases in 2030? Thus, this study aimed to assess the relationship between loss of native vegetation in the Cerrado and dengue infection. In this paper, we quantify the entire deforested area and dengue infection cases from 2001 to 2019. For data analyses, we used Poisson generalized linear model, descriptive statistics, cluster analysis, non-parametric statistics, and autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models to predict loss of vegetation and fever dengue cases for the next decade. Cluster analysis revealed the formation of four clusters among the states. Our results showed significant increases in loss of native vegetation in all states, with the exception of Piauí. As for dengue cases, there were increases in the states of Minas Gerais, São Paulo, and Mato Grosso. Based on projections for 2030, Minas Gerais will register about 4,000 dengue cases per 100,000 inhabitants, São Paulo 750 dengue cases per 100,000 inhabitants, and Mato Grosso 500 dengue cases per 100,000 inhabitants. To reduce these projections, Brazil will need to control deforestation and implement public health, environmental and social policies, requiring a joint effort from all spheres of society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adriano Roberto Franquelino
- Graduate Program in Geography, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Sciences, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Eduardo Teodoro
- Graduate Program in Agronomy–Cropping Systems, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Chapadão do Sul, MS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Montanari
- Graduate Program in Agronomy–Cropping Systems, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil
| | - Glaucia Amorim Faria
- Graduate Program in Agronomy–Cropping Systems, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Dayane Bortoloto da Silva
- Graduate Program in Agronomy–Cropping Systems, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Franciele Muchalak
- Graduate Program in Sciences—Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, São Paulo University, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
da Silva Neto SR, Tabosa Oliveira T, Teixeira IV, Aguiar de Oliveira SB, Souza Sampaio V, Lynn T, Endo PT. Machine learning and deep learning techniques to support clinical diagnosis of arboviral diseases: A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010061. [PMID: 35025860 PMCID: PMC8791518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) primarily affect the poorest populations, often living in remote, rural areas, urban slums or conflict zones. Arboviruses are a significant NTD category spread by mosquitoes. Dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika are three arboviruses that affect a large proportion of the population in Latin and South America. The clinical diagnosis of these arboviral diseases is a difficult task due to the concurrent circulation of several arboviruses which present similar symptoms, inaccurate serologic tests resulting from cross-reaction and co-infection with other arboviruses. OBJECTIVE The goal of this paper is to present evidence on the state of the art of studies investigating the automatic classification of arboviral diseases to support clinical diagnosis based on Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) models. METHOD We carried out a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) in which Google Scholar was searched to identify key papers on the topic. From an initial 963 records (956 from string-based search and seven from a single backward snowballing procedure), only 15 relevant papers were identified. RESULTS Results show that current research is focused on the binary classification of Dengue, primarily using tree-based ML algorithms. Only one paper was identified using DL. Five papers presented solutions for multi-class problems, covering Dengue (and its variants) and Chikungunya. No papers were identified that investigated models to differentiate between Dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika. CONCLUSIONS The use of an efficient clinical decision support system for arboviral diseases can improve the quality of the entire clinical process, thus increasing the accuracy of the diagnosis and the associated treatment. It should help physicians in their decision-making process and, consequently, improve the use of resources and the patient's quality of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Vanderson Souza Sampaio
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Theo Lynn
- Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ortiz DI, Piche-Ovares M, Romero-Vega LM, Wagman J, Troyo A. The Impact of Deforestation, Urbanization, and Changing Land Use Patterns on the Ecology of Mosquito and Tick-Borne Diseases in Central America. INSECTS 2021; 13:20. [PMID: 35055864 PMCID: PMC8781098 DOI: 10.3390/insects13010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Central America is a unique geographical region that connects North and South America, enclosed by the Caribbean Sea to the East, and the Pacific Ocean to the West. This region, encompassing Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Panama, and Nicaragua, is highly vulnerable to the emergence or resurgence of mosquito-borne and tick-borne diseases due to a combination of key ecological and socioeconomic determinants acting together, often in a synergistic fashion. Of particular interest are the effects of land use changes, such as deforestation-driven urbanization and forest degradation, on the incidence and prevalence of these diseases, which are not well understood. In recent years, parts of Central America have experienced social and economic improvements; however, the region still faces major challenges in developing effective strategies and significant investments in public health infrastructure to prevent and control these diseases. In this article, we review the current knowledge and potential impacts of deforestation, urbanization, and other land use changes on mosquito-borne and tick-borne disease transmission in Central America and how these anthropogenic drivers could affect the risk for disease emergence and resurgence in the region. These issues are addressed in the context of other interconnected environmental and social challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana I. Ortiz
- Biology Program, Westminster College, New Wilmington, PA 16172, USA
| | - Marta Piche-Ovares
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica;
- Departamento de Virología, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia 40104, Costa Rica
| | - Luis M. Romero-Vega
- Departamento de Patología, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia 40104, Costa Rica;
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Vectores (LIVe), Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica;
| | - Joseph Wagman
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Program, Center for Malaria Control and Elimination, PATH, Washington, DC 20001, USA;
| | - Adriana Troyo
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Vectores (LIVe), Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica;
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Integrating Spatial Modelling and Space-Time Pattern Mining Analytics for Vector Disease-Related Health Perspectives: A Case of Dengue Fever in Pakistan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182212018. [PMID: 34831785 PMCID: PMC8618682 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182212018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The spatial–temporal assessment of vector diseases is imperative to design effective action plans and establish preventive strategies. Therefore, such assessments have potential public health planning-related implications. In this context, we here propose an integrated spatial disease evaluation (I-SpaDE) framework. The I-SpaDE integrates various techniques such as the Kernel Density Estimation, the Optimized Hot Spot Analysis, space–time assessment and prediction, and the Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR). It makes it possible to systematically assess the disease concentrations, patterns/trends, clustering, prediction dynamics, and spatially varying relationships between disease and different associated factors. To demonstrate the applicability and effectiveness of the I-SpaDE, we apply it in the second largest city of Pakistan, namely Lahore, using Dengue Fever (DF) during 2007–2016 as an example vector disease. The most significant clustering is evident during the years 2007–2008, 2010–2011, 2013, and 2016. Mostly, the clusters are found within the city’s central functional area. The prediction analysis shows an inclination of DF distribution from less to more urbanized areas. The results from the GWR show that among various socio-ecological factors, the temperature is the most significantly associated with the DF followed by vegetation and built-up area. While the results are important to understand the DF situation in the study area and have useful implications for public health planning, the proposed framework is flexible, replicable, and robust to be utilized in other similar regions, particularly in developing countries in the tropics and sub-tropics.
Collapse
|