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Oh H, Winn JG, Li Verdugo J, Bañada R, Zachry CE, Chan G, Okine L, Park J, Formigoni M, Leaune E. Mental health outcomes of multiracial individuals: A systematic review between the years 2016 and 2022. J Affect Disord 2024; 347:375-386. [PMID: 38008291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence suggests that multiracial individuals are at high risk for mental health problems. Systematic and ongoing synthesis of literature is necessary to understand mental health among multiracial individuals. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of scholarly articles published during the years 2016-2022. Studies must have focused explicitly on mental health outcomes of biracial/multiracial individuals using quantitative methods. A total of 22 articles met criteria for this review. RESULTS Studies were mainly from the United States, with one study from the United Kingdom and one from the Netherlands. Sample sizes ranged from 57 to 393,681. Findings revealed a complicated picture between multiracial identity and mental health, which may be a function of how multiracial identity is defined and empirically examined. Among studies comparing multiracial individuals with monoracial groups, multiracial individuals tended to have worse mental health, with notable exceptions depending on the multiracial subgroup, the mental health outcome, and the reference group. Among studies that only examined multiracial individuals, discrimination and ethno-racial identity emerged as complex explanatory factors that can shape mental health, though each of these constructs can be explored more deeply across social milieu. LIMITATIONS The review focused on studies explicitly examining multiracial mental health, published during a limited time frame. CONCLUSION Multiracial individuals tended to have worse mental health outcomes compared to their monoracial counterparts, with variations depending on the outcomes, populations/subgroups, contexts, and reference groups. Racial discrimination and ethno-racial identity may shape mental health trajectories of multiracial people, calling for more research to inform targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Oh
- Suzanne Dworak Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, USA.
| | | | | | - Ronna Bañada
- Suzanne Dworak Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, USA.
| | - Corinne E Zachry
- Suzanne Dworak Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, USA.
| | - Gloria Chan
- Suzanne Dworak Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, USA.
| | - Lucinda Okine
- Suzanne Dworak Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, USA.
| | - Juyoung Park
- Suzanne Dworak Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, USA.
| | - Marco Formigoni
- Suzanne Dworak Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, USA.
| | - Edouard Leaune
- Research on Healthcare Performance (RESHAPE), INSERM U1290, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.
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Erickson S, Bokota R, Doroshenko C, Lewandowski K, Osei K, Flannery K, Dominguez A. Completeness of Race and Ethnicity Reporting in Person-Level COVID-19 Surveillance Data, 50 States, April 2020-December 2021. Public Health Rep 2023; 138:61S-70S. [PMID: 36971246 PMCID: PMC10051003 DOI: 10.1177/00333549231154577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Black, Indigenous, and People of Color have borne a disproportionate incidence of COVID-19 cases in the United States. However, few studies have documented the completeness of race and ethnicity reporting in national COVID-19 surveillance data. The objective of this study was to describe the completeness of race and ethnicity ascertainment in person-level data received by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) through national COVID-19 case surveillance. METHODS We compared COVID-19 cases with "complete" (ie, per Office of Management and Budget 1997 revised criteria) data on race and ethnicity from CDC person-level surveillance data with CDC-reported aggregate counts of COVID-19 from April 5, 2020, through December 1, 2021, in aggregate and by state. RESULTS National person-level COVID-19 case surveillance data received by CDC during the study period included 18 881 379 COVID-19 cases with complete ascertainment of race and ethnicity, representing 39.4% of all cases reported to CDC in aggregate (N = 47 898 497). Five states (Georgia, Hawaii, Nebraska, New Jersey, and West Virginia) did not report any COVID-19 person-level cases with multiple racial identities to CDC. CONCLUSION Our findings highlight a high degree of missing data on race and ethnicity in national COVID-19 case surveillance, enhancing our understanding of current challenges in using these data to understand the impact of COVID-19 on Black, Indigenous, and People of Color. Streamlining surveillance processes to decrease reporting incidence and align reporting requirements with an Office of Management and Budget-compliant collection of data on race and ethnicity would improve the completeness of data on race and ethnicity for national COVID-19 case surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kojo Osei
- Seattle Indian Health Board, Seattle, WA, USA
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Johnson AL, Seep E, Norton DL, Mundt MP, Wyman MF, James TT, Zuelsdorff M, Lambrou NH, McLester-Davis LWY, Umucu E, Gleason CE. Wisconsin Healthcare Utilization Cost Among American Indians/Alaska Natives with and without Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 91:183-189. [PMID: 36373315 PMCID: PMC10150375 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) accrue higher healthcare utilization costs than peers without ADRD, but incremental costs of ADRD among American Indians/Alaska Natives (AI/AN) is unknown. State-wide paid electronic health record data were retrospectively analyzed using percentile-based bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals of the weighted mean difference of total 5-year billed costs to compare total accrued for non-Tribal and Indian Health Service utilization costs among Medicaid and state program eligible AI/AN, ≥40 years, based on the presence/absence of ADRD (matching by demographic and medical factors). AI/AN individuals with ADRD accrued double the costs compared to those without ADRD, costing an additional $880.45 million to $1.91 billion/year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne L. Johnson
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Elaina Seep
- Aniwahya Consulting Services, Sun Prairie, WI, USA
| | - Derek L. Norton
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Marlon P. Mundt
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, Madison, WI, USA
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mary F. Wyman
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- VA Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Taryn T. James
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- VA Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Megan Zuelsdorff
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Nursing, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nickolas H. Lambrou
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- University of Wisconsin, Division of Geriatrics, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | | | - Carey E. Gleason
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- VA Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
- University of Wisconsin, Division of Geriatrics, Madison, WI, USA
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