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Delligatti CE, Kirk JA. Glycation in the cardiomyocyte. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2024; 125:47-88. [PMID: 38997172 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2024.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Glycation is a protein post-translational modification that can occur on lysine and arginine residues as a result of a non-enzymatic process known as the Maillard reaction. This modification is irreversible, so the only way it can be removed is by protein degradation and replacement. Small reactive carbonyl species, glyoxal and methylglyoxal, are the primary glycating agents and are elevated in several conditions associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, including diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, smoking, and aging. Thus, how protein glycation impacts the cardiomyocyte is of particular interest, to both understand how these conditions increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and how glycation might be targeted therapeutically. Glycation can affect the cardiomyocyte through extracellular mechanisms, including RAGE-based signaling, glycation of the extracellular matrix that modifies the mechanical environment, and signaling from the vasculature. Intracellular glycation of the cardiomyocyte can impact calcium handling, protein quality control and cell death pathways, as well as the cytoskeleton, resulting in a blunted contractility. While reducing protein glycation and its impact on the heart has been an active area of drug development, multiple clinical trials have had mixed results and these compounds have not been translated to the clinic-highlighting the challenges of modulating myocyte glycation. Here we will review protein glycation and its effects on the cardiomyocyte, therapeutic attempts to reverse these, and offer insight as to the future of glycation studies and patient treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Delligatti
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Jonathan A Kirk
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, United States.
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Peltenburg PJ, Gibson H, Wilde AAM, van der Werf C, Clur SAB, Blom NA. Prognosis and clinical management of asymptomatic family members with RYR2-mediated catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia: a review. Cardiol Young 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38653721 DOI: 10.1017/s1047951124000714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Despite its low prevalence, the potential diagnosis of catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) should be at the forefront of a paediatric cardiologists mind in children with syncope during exercise or emotions. Over the years, the number of children with a genetic diagnosis of CPVT due to a (likely) pathogenic RYR2 variant early in life and prior to the onset of symptoms has increased due to cascade screening programmes. Limited guidance for this group of patients is currently available. Therefore, we aimed to summarise currently available literature for asymptomatic patients with a (likely) pathogenic RYR2 variant, particularly the history of CPVT and its genetic architecture, the currently available diagnostic tests and their limitations, and the development of a CPVT phenotype - both electrocardiographically and symptomatic - of affected family members. Their risk of arrhythmic events is presumably low and a phenotype seems to develop in the first two decades of life. Future research should focus on this group in particular, to better understand the development of a phenotype over time, and therefore, to be able to better guide clinical management - including the frequency of diagnostic tests, the timing of the initiation of drug therapy, and lifestyle recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puck J Peltenburg
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Heart Failure and Arrhythmias, Amsterdam, UMC, University of Amsterdam, Heart Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Gibson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Heart Failure and Arrhythmias, Amsterdam, UMC, University of Amsterdam, Heart Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur A M Wilde
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Heart Failure and Arrhythmias, Amsterdam, UMC, University of Amsterdam, Heart Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christian van der Werf
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Heart Failure and Arrhythmias, Amsterdam, UMC, University of Amsterdam, Heart Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sally-Ann B Clur
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nico A Blom
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Abdullah NM, Ali A. RYR2 receptor gene mutation associated with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in children: a case report & literature review. Transl Pediatr 2024; 13:359-369. [PMID: 38455755 PMCID: PMC10915435 DOI: 10.21037/tp-23-255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Ryanodine receptor 2 (RYR2) gene mutation causing catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) is one of the identified causes of sudden death in adults and children. Case Description We report a case of RYR2 gene mutation presented with cardiac arrest and recurrent syncopal attack with accidental finding of cardiac tumour. For the systematic review, we used four databases (Scopus, PubMed, Ovid and Google Scholar) to search articles with the terms "RYR2 gene mutation" and "catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT)". Fourteen studies were chosen and reviewed together with our reported patient. Most of the patients presented initially with syncopal attack and developed cardiac arrest later. Some of them presented with both syncopal attack and seizures precipitated by exercise or stress. We found that 43.8% of patients shared similar variants or coding effects in RYR2 gene mutation. Demographically, the mean age at presentation is 11 years old with 53% of reported cases were male. Conclusions Refractory arrhythmias cardiac arrest not responding to adrenaline should raise the suspicion towards RYR2 gene mutations. Recognition of this condition is important as it affects the outcome of resuscitation. Untimely diagnosis of RYR2 gene mutations with appropriate use of pharmacological agents during resuscitation is important to ensure a better outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Mashitah Abdullah
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Pakar Kanak-Kanak (HPKK), The National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Adli Ali
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Pakar Kanak-Kanak (HPKK), The National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Research Centre, Hospital Pakar Kanak-Kanak (HPKK), The National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Institute of IR4.0, The National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
- Infection and Immunology Health and Advanced Medicine Cluster, The National University of Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ Dysregulation in the Pathophysiology of Inherited Arrhythmia: An Update. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 200:115059. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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