How perceptions of autonomy relate to beliefs about inequality and fairness

White Americans' preference for Black people in advertising has increased in the past 66 y: A meta-analysis

This study investigates Black and White consumers' preferences for Black versus White people in United States advertising contexts over 66 y, from 1956 until 2022, a time in which the United States has experienced significant ethno-racial diversification. Examining Black and White consumers' reactions to visual advertising over more than half a century offers a unique and dynamic view of interracial preferences. Mass advertising reaches an audience of billions and can shape people's attitudes and behavior, emphasizing the relevance of clarifying the influence of race in advertising, how it has evolved over time, and how it may contribute to mitigating discrimination based on racial perceptions. A meta-analysis of extant experiments into the relationship between the depicted endorser's race (i.e., the model in a visual ad) and the reaction of Black and White viewers pertains to 332 effect sizes from 62 studies reported in 52 scientific papers, comprising 10,186 Black and White participants. Our results are anchored in a conceptual framework, including a comprehensive set of perceiver (viewer), target (endorser), social/societal context, and publication characteristics. Without accounting for temporal dynamics, the results indicate ingroup favoritism, such that White viewers prefer White models and Black viewers prefer Black models. But by controlling for the publication year, it is possible to observe a time-dependent trend: Historically, White consumers preferred endorsers of the same race, but this preference has significantly shifted toward Black endorsers in recent years. In contrast, the level of Black consumers' reactions to endorsers of the same race remains largely unchanged over time.

Understanding Autonomy in Patients with Moderate to Severe Asthma

BACKGROUND

Autonomy is the ability of patients to make informed medical decisions. Autonomy is rooted in disease state understanding. Medical ethics, especially the principle of autonomy, plays an important role in health care delivery when caring for diverse populations.

OBJECTIVE

To identify patient characteristics that influence autonomy.

METHODS

A total of 295 adults with moderate to severe asthma completed 2 surveys at the beginning of a 1-year randomized clinical trial. The Navigating Ability 2 and Inhaled Corticosteroids Knowledge questionnaires were combined to create a 21-question assessment of autonomy with possible scores ranging from 10 to 105. Linear regression was performed on the derived autonomy score predicted by patient baseline characteristics.

RESULTS

Comparison revealed statistically significant differences in baseline autonomy scores in patients who reported Spanish as their primary language (P = .01), patients with diabetes (P = .01), and those with depressive symptoms (P = .03) at -11.4 (95% CI, -20.5 to -2.3), -4.8 (95% CI, -8.3 to -1.3), and -3.1 (95% CI, -5.9 to -0.3) points, respectively. Non-Hispanic White participants on average were found to have 8.2 (95% CI, 4.5 to 12.0) points higher autonomy scores compared with non-Hispanic Black participants (Bonferroni-adjusted P < .01). Patients with higher functional health literacy had higher autonomy scores (coefficient = 0.24; 95% CI, 0.1 to 0.4; P < .01).

CONCLUSIONS

Autonomy is associated with comorbidities, demographics, and literacy. These results may reflect differences in social, educational, and economic opportunities encountered by patients. Further investigation is needed to assess and understand how socioeconomic and educational factors influence autonomy. By identifying differences in autonomy based on baseline patient characteristics, this project serves as an initial step in adjusting current and developing new treatment guidelines and interventions to improve patient autonomy.

Changing attitudes toward redistribution: The role of perceived economic inequality in everyday life and intolerance of inequality

Modern societies are characterized by economic inequality. Redistributive policies are one of the means to reduce it. We argue that perceived economic inequality in everyday life and intolerance of it are central factors to enhance positive attitudes toward redistribution. To test it, we conducted a four-wave longitudinal panel study in Chile with a sample of 1221 college students (at T1 - baseline, 960 at T2, 926 at T3, and 787 at T4; Mage = 18.89). As expected, a cross-lagged longitudinal analysis controlled by household income confirmed a positive relationship between perceived economic inequality in everyday life and intolerance of inequality, which in turn was positively associated with support for redistributive policies. These results were stable and consistent over time, supporting the idea that perceived economic inequality in everyday life enhances positive attitudes toward redistribution by increasing intolerance of it. Results highlight the important role played by perceived inequality in everyday life.