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Alcock J, Crilly Oam J, Ranse J, Wardrop R. Characteristics and outcomes of emergency department presentations brought in by police with and without an emergency examination authority: A state-wide cohort study. Australas Emerg Care 2024; 27:185-191. [PMID: 38462438 DOI: 10.1016/j.auec.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to describe and compare the demographic characteristics, clinical characteristics and patient and health service outcomes of emergency department (ED) presentations brought in by police with and without an emergency examination authority. METHODS A retrospective cohort study of adult (≥ 18 years old) presentations brought in by police to EDs in Queensland, Australia from 01 January 2018 to 31 December 2020. Routinely collected ED data were used to describe and compare the demographic characteristics, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of people brought in by police with and without an emergency examination authority. RESULTS A total of 42 502 adult ED presentations were brought in by police over the three-year period, of which 22 981 (44.7%) had an emergency examination authority. Compared with presentations brought in by police without an emergency examination authority, those brought in by police with an emergency examination authority had a higher proportion of presentations for mental health problems, were from major cities, and were allocated more urgent Australasian Triage Scale categories. Presentations brought in by police with an emergency examination authority were less likely to be seen within their Australasian Triage Scale timeframe and experienced a longer length of stay than those brought in by police without an emergency examination authority whether admitted (217 mins vs. 186 mins, p < 0.001) or discharged (212 mins vs. 97 mins, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The characteristics and outcomes of people brought in by police with emergency examination authorities differed to those brought in by police without emergency examination authorities. Further research is required to enhance understanding of this relatively unexplored group of people and foster interagency collaborations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Alcock
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Parklands Dr, Southport QLD 4222, Australia.
| | - Julia Crilly Oam
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Parklands Dr, Southport QLD 4222, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Parklands Dr, Southport QLD, 4222, Australia; Department of Emergency Medicine, Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, 1 Hospital Blvd, Southport QLD 4215, Australia; Centre for Mental Health, Griffith University, Parklands Dr, Southport QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Jamie Ranse
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Parklands Dr, Southport QLD 4222, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Parklands Dr, Southport QLD, 4222, Australia; Department of Emergency Medicine, Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, 1 Hospital Blvd, Southport QLD 4215, Australia
| | - Rachel Wardrop
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Parklands Dr, Southport QLD 4222, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Parklands Dr, Southport QLD, 4222, Australia
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Cheetham A, Babcock L, Hartwell V, Schwartz H, Bensman R, Lee SH, Riney L, Semenova O, Zhang Y, Pomerantz WJ. Emergency Department Pediatric Mental and Behavioral Health Patients Transported by Emergency Medical Services and Police: Trends and Interventions. Acad Pediatr 2024; 24:1001-1009. [PMID: 38754700 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to understand transport utilization trends, demographics, emergency department (ED) interventions, and outcomes of pediatric mental and behavioral health (MBH) patients transported by emergency medical services (EMS), police, or self-transported. METHODS This retrospective cohort study utilized electronic health record data from patients aged 5 to 18 years presenting with acute MBH conditions at 2 affiliated pediatric EDs from January 2012 to December 2020. Data included demographics, ED interventions for aggression/agitation, Brief Rating of Aggression by Children and Adolescents (BRACHA) scores, and ED dispositions. Descriptive statistics and comparative analyses were conducted using chi-square, Wilcoxon rank sum tests, and multivariable logistic regression. Linear regression analyzed trends. RESULTS Of 440,302 ED encounters, 70,557 (16%) were for acute MBH concerns, with 14.6% transported by EMS and 5.9% by police. The proportion of MBH visits increased from 9.9% in 2012 to 19.8% in 2020 (95% (confidence interval) CI [0.7, 1.7], P = 0.0009), with a concurrent 0.4% annual increase in those transported by EMS (95% CI [0.2, 0.6], P = 0.006). MBH patients transported by EMS and police had significantly higher odds of requiring restraint in the ED and were more likely to have higher BRACHA scores and to be admitted compared to self-transported patients (all comparisons, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Pediatric MBH ED visits and EMS utilization are increasing. MBH patients transported by EMS and police may represent a more aggressive ED population. Given the rising encounters within this high-risk population, our EDs, EMS, and police need support and resources for safe pediatric MBH patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Cheetham
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine (A Cheetham, L Babcock, V Hartwell, H Schwartz, R Bensman, SH Lee, L Riney, O Semenova, and WJ Pomerantz), Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (A Cheetham, L Babcock, V Hartwell, H Schwartz, R Bensman, SH Lee, L Riney, and WJ Pomerantz), Ohio.
| | - Lynn Babcock
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine (A Cheetham, L Babcock, V Hartwell, H Schwartz, R Bensman, SH Lee, L Riney, O Semenova, and WJ Pomerantz), Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (A Cheetham, L Babcock, V Hartwell, H Schwartz, R Bensman, SH Lee, L Riney, and WJ Pomerantz), Ohio
| | - Victoria Hartwell
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine (A Cheetham, L Babcock, V Hartwell, H Schwartz, R Bensman, SH Lee, L Riney, O Semenova, and WJ Pomerantz), Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (A Cheetham, L Babcock, V Hartwell, H Schwartz, R Bensman, SH Lee, L Riney, and WJ Pomerantz), Ohio
| | - Hamilton Schwartz
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine (A Cheetham, L Babcock, V Hartwell, H Schwartz, R Bensman, SH Lee, L Riney, O Semenova, and WJ Pomerantz), Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (A Cheetham, L Babcock, V Hartwell, H Schwartz, R Bensman, SH Lee, L Riney, and WJ Pomerantz), Ohio
| | - Rachel Bensman
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine (A Cheetham, L Babcock, V Hartwell, H Schwartz, R Bensman, SH Lee, L Riney, O Semenova, and WJ Pomerantz), Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (A Cheetham, L Babcock, V Hartwell, H Schwartz, R Bensman, SH Lee, L Riney, and WJ Pomerantz), Ohio
| | - Sang Hoon Lee
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine (A Cheetham, L Babcock, V Hartwell, H Schwartz, R Bensman, SH Lee, L Riney, O Semenova, and WJ Pomerantz), Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (A Cheetham, L Babcock, V Hartwell, H Schwartz, R Bensman, SH Lee, L Riney, and WJ Pomerantz), Ohio
| | - Lauren Riney
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine (A Cheetham, L Babcock, V Hartwell, H Schwartz, R Bensman, SH Lee, L Riney, O Semenova, and WJ Pomerantz), Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (A Cheetham, L Babcock, V Hartwell, H Schwartz, R Bensman, SH Lee, L Riney, and WJ Pomerantz), Ohio
| | - Olga Semenova
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine (A Cheetham, L Babcock, V Hartwell, H Schwartz, R Bensman, SH Lee, L Riney, O Semenova, and WJ Pomerantz), Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Ohio
| | - Yin Zhang
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology (Y Zhang), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Ohio
| | - Wendy J Pomerantz
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine (A Cheetham, L Babcock, V Hartwell, H Schwartz, R Bensman, SH Lee, L Riney, O Semenova, and WJ Pomerantz), Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (A Cheetham, L Babcock, V Hartwell, H Schwartz, R Bensman, SH Lee, L Riney, and WJ Pomerantz), Ohio
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Chang-Sing E, Smith CM, Gagliardi JP, Cramer LD, Robinson L, Shah D, Brinker M, Jivalagian P, Hu Y, Turner NA, Wong AH. Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Patient Restraint in Emergency Departments by Police Transport Status. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e240098. [PMID: 38381433 PMCID: PMC10882414 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance Black patients are more likely than White patients to be restrained during behavioral crises in emergency departments (EDs). Although the perils of policing mental health for Black individuals are recognized, it is unclear whether or to what extent police transport mediates the association between Black race and use of physical restraint in EDs. Objective To evaluate the degree to which police transport mediates the association between Black race and use of physical restraint in EDs. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective, cross-sectional study used electronic health record data from ED visits by adults (aged ≥18 years) to 3 hospitals in the southeastern US and 10 in the northeastern US between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2022. Data were analyzed from September 1, 2022, to May 30, 2023. Exposures Race, ethnicity, and police transport to the hospital. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome variable was the presence of an order for restraints during an ED visit. Results A total of 4 263 437 ED visits by 1 257 339 patients (55.5% of visits by female and 44.5% by male patients; 26.1% by patients 65 years or older) were included in the study. Black patients accounted for 27.5% of visits; Hispanic patients, 17.6%; White patients, 50.3%; and other or unknown race or ethnicity, 4.6%. In models adjusted for age, sex, site, previous behavioral or psychiatric history, and visit diagnoses, Black patients were at increased odds of experiencing restraint compared with White patients (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.33 [95% CI, 1.28-1.37]). Within the mediation analysis, Black patients had higher odds of being brought to the hospital by police compared with all other patients (AOR, 1.38 [95% CI, 1.34-1.42]). Patients brought to the ED under police transport had increased odds of experiencing restraint compared with all other modes of transport (AOR, 5.51 [95% CI, 5.21-5.82]). The estimated proportion of use of restraints for Black patients mediated by police transport was 10.70% (95% CI, 9.26%-12.53%). Conclusions and Relevance In this cross-sectional study of ED visits across 13 hospitals, police transport may have mediated the association between Black race and use of physical restraint. These findings suggest a need to further explore the mechanisms by which transport to emergency care may influence disparate restrictive interventions for patients experiencing behavioral emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Colin M. Smith
- Hubert-Yeargan Center for Global Health, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jane P. Gagliardi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Laura D. Cramer
- Yale National Clinician Scholars Program, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Leah Robinson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Dhruvil Shah
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Patelle Jivalagian
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Yue Hu
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Nicholas A. Turner
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ambrose H. Wong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Gagliardi JP, Smith CM, Chang-Sing EJK, Cramer LD, Robinson L, Shah D, Jivalagian PA, Turner NA, Wong AH. Racial Inequities in Police Transport for Patients to the Emergency Department: A Multicenter Analysis. Am J Prev Med 2024; 66:154-158. [PMID: 37661074 PMCID: PMC10842350 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2023.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Police involvement in patient transport to emergency medical care has increased over time, yet studies assessing racial inequities in transport are limited. This study evaluated the relationship between race and police transport to the emergency department for adult patients. METHODS This cross-sectional study evaluated adult (aged ≥18 years) visits at 13 different emergency departments across two regional hospital systems in the Southeastern and Northeastern U.S. from 2015 to 2022. Data were extracted from electronic health records. This analysis evaluated the association between race and transport by police transport using generalized linear multivariable mixed model with a binary logistic link for presence of police transport. Data were nested by patient and adjusted for site, demographics, and diagnostic visit characteristics. RESULTS Of 4,291,809 adult emergency department visits, 25,901 (0.6%) involved transport by police. Of the 25,901 visits in police-involved encounters, 10,513 (40.6%) patients were Black, and 9,827 (37.9%) were White. The adjusted model showed that Black patients were at higher odds of transport by police than White patients (AOR=1.64; 95% CI=1.57-1.72). Male sex, younger age (18-35 years), history of behavioral health diagnosis, and emergency department psychiatric or substance use disorders were independently associated with increased odds of police transport. CONCLUSIONS This analysis revealed racial inequities in police-involved transport to emergency medical care, highlighting an urgent need to evaluate drivers of inequities and the ways in which police transport influences clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane P Gagliardi
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.
| | - Colin M Smith
- Hubert-Yeargan Center for Global Health, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Laura D Cramer
- Yale National Clinician Scholars Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Leah Robinson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Dhruvil Shah
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Pateel A Jivalagian
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Nicholas A Turner
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ambrose H Wong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Wardrop R, Ranse J, Chaboyer W, Young JT, Kinner SA, Crilly J. Profile and Outcomes of Emergency Department Mental Health Patient Presentations Based on Arrival Mode: A State-Wide Retrospective Cohort Study. J Emerg Nurs 2023; 49:951-961. [PMID: 37610408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jen.2023.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION People arriving to the emergency department with mental health problems experience varying and sometimes inferior outcomes compared with people without mental health problems, yet little is known about whether or how their arrival mode is associated with these outcomes. This study describes and compares demographics, clinical characteristics, and patient and health service outcomes of adult mental health emergency department patient presentations, based on arrival mode: brought in by ambulance, privately arranged transport, and brought in by police. METHODS Using a retrospective observational study design with state-wide administrative data from Queensland, Australia, mental health presentations from January 1, 2012, to December 31, 2017, were analyzed using descriptive and inferential analyses. RESULTS Of the 446,815 presentations, 51.8% were brought in by ambulance, 37.2% arrived via privately arranged transport, and 11.0% were brought in by police. Compared with other arrival modes, presentations brought in by ambulance were more likely to be older and female and have more urgent triage categories and a longer length of stay. Presentations arriving by privately arranged transport were more likely than other arrival modes to present during the day, be assigned a less urgent triage category, be seen within their recommended triage time, have a shorter length of stay in the emergency department, have higher rates of discharge, and have waited longer to be seen by a clinician. Presentations brought in by police were more likely than other arrival modes to be younger and male and experience a shorter time to be seen by a clinician. DISCUSSION Discrepancies between arrival modes indicates a need for further investigation to support inter- and intra-agency mental health care interventions.
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Gao YN, Olfson M. Associations of Patient Race and Ethnicity With Emergency Department Disposition for Mental Health Visits in the United States. J Clin Psychiatry 2023; 84:22m14661. [PMID: 37498648 PMCID: PMC11317922 DOI: 10.4088/jcp.22m14661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To describe associations between patient race and ethnicity with emergency department disposition for mental health visits in the United States. Methods: We identified 674,821 visits for mental health in the 2019 National Emergency Department Sample and classified them by ICD-10 diagnostic group: schizophrenia-spectrum, bipolar, major depressive, anxiety, or other disorders. Racial and ethnic categories were White, Black, Hispanic, or other. Logistic regression models, adjusted for age, sex, insurance status, and medical comorbidities, were used to describe differences in odds of inpatient admission by race/ethnicity and diagnosis. Results: After covariate adjustment, we did not find overall differences in the likelihood of admission between racial/ethnic groups. However, compared to White patients, admission rates were lower for visits by Black patients for bipolar disorder (OR = 0.71; 95% CI, 0.59-0.84) and major depressive disorder (OR = 0.70; 95% CI, 0.59-0.83) and lower for Hispanic patients (OR = 0.57; 95% CI, 0.47-0.68) for anxiety disorders. There were no significant racial/ethnic differences in admission rates for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Conclusions: Overall admission rates were comparable for Black and White patients. After covariate adjustment, there were no differences across racial/ethnic groups, though some racial/ethnic differences persisted within diagnostic subsets of mood and anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Nina Gao
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Corresponding Author: Y. Nina Gao, MD, PhD, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Dr, New York, NY 10032
| | - Mark Olfson
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
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Park J, Yeo Y, Ji Y, Kim B, Han K, Cha W, Son M, Jeon H, Park J, Shin D. Factors Associated with Emergency Department Visits and Consequent Hospitalization and Death in Korea Using a Population-Based National Health Database. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10071324. [PMID: 35885850 PMCID: PMC9325044 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10071324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We aim to investigate common diagnoses and risk factors for emergency department (ED) visits as well as those for hospitalization and death after ED visits. This study describes the clinical course of ED visits by using the 2014–2015 population data retrieved from the National Health Insurance Service. Sociodemographic, medical, and behavioral factors were analyzed through multiple logistic regression. Older people were more likely to be hospitalized or to die after an ED visit, but younger people showed a higher risk for ED visits. Females were at a higher risk for ED visits, but males were at a higher risk for ED-associated hospitalization and death. Individuals in the highest quartile of income had a lower risk of ED death relative to lowest income level individuals. Disabilities, comorbidities, and medical issues, including previous ED visits or prior hospitalizations, were risk factors for all ED-related outcomes. Unhealthy behaviors, including current smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, and not engaging in regular exercise, were also significantly associated with ED visits, hospitalization, and death. Common diagnoses and risk factors for ED visits and post-visit hospitalization and death found in this study provide a perspective from which to establish health polices for the emergency medical care system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhee Park
- Department of Family Medicine & Supportive Care Center, Samsung Medical Center, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea; (J.P.); (Y.J.)
| | - Yohwan Yeo
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong 18450, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.Y.); (D.S.)
| | - Yonghoon Ji
- Department of Family Medicine & Supportive Care Center, Samsung Medical Center, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea; (J.P.); (Y.J.)
| | - Bongseong Kim
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Korea; (B.K.); (K.H.)
| | - Kyungdo Han
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Korea; (B.K.); (K.H.)
| | - Wonchul Cha
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea;
| | - Meonghi Son
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea;
| | - Hongjin Jeon
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea;
| | - Jaehyun Park
- Center for Wireless and Population Health System, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Dongwook Shin
- Department of Family Medicine & Supportive Care Center, Samsung Medical Center, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea; (J.P.); (Y.J.)
- Department of Clinical Research Design & Evaluation, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology (SAIHST), School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06355, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.Y.); (D.S.)
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Predictors of Emergency Department service outcome for people brought in by police: A retrospective cohort study. Int Emerg Nurs 2022; 63:101188. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ienj.2022.101188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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