1
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Retraction: The impact of Fosetyl-Aluminium application timing on Karnal bunt suppression and economic returns of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275943. [PMID: 36269736 PMCID: PMC9586340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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2
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Amjad Bashir M, Batool M, Khan H, Shahid Nisar M, Farooq H, Hashem M, Alamri S, A. El-Zohri M, Alajmi RA, Tahir M, Jawad R. Effect of temperature & humdity on population dynamics of insects’ pest complex of cotton crop. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263260. [PMID: 35522647 PMCID: PMC9075644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study was directed to investigate the effect of temperature and humidity on insect pest complex of cotton. This study was carried out on the farmer field of a farmer of MouzaMehraywala tehsil and district Rajanpur southern part of the Punjab, Pakistan (29.1044° N, 70.3301° E) in the month of May, 2019 to November 2019. The climatic conditions of the study site were; a Rajanpur lie on 96m above sea level Rajanpur has a desert climate. During the year, there is virtually no rainfall. The average temperature in Rajanpur is 26.0°C | 78.8°F. Precipitation here is about 205 mm / 8.1 inch per year. Our results indicate that’s the correlation of temperature (minimum and maximum), humidity (minimum and maximum), rainfall and weather condition (clear or cloud), it is clear that except temperature there is a positive correlation of jassid population. While among the relation of jassid with different factor there is very weak relation with jassid population regarding temperature (-0.001), the relation of humidity, rainfall and sky condition with jassid population is positive and moderate (0.520, 0.668 & 0.575 respectively), while the relation of jassid population among these factor is significant except temperature. The results indicate that’s the correlation of temperature, humidity, rainfall and weather condition, it is clear that there is positive correlation of thrips population. While among the relation of thrips with different factor there is very weak relation of thrips population with temperature (.103), the relation of humidity, rainfall and sky condition with thrips population is positive and moderate (.515.751& .577 respectively), while the relation thrips population among these factor is significant except temperature. The results indicate that’s correlation of temperature, humidity, rainfall and weather condition, it is clear that there is positive correlation of Whitefly population. While among the relation of Whitefly with different factors there is very moderate relation of Whitefly population with temperature (.076), the relation of humidity, rainfall and sky condition with Whitefly population is negative and moderate (-.051.-.368 & -.559 respectively), while the relation Whitefly population among these factor is significant except temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Amjad Bashir
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan
- * E-mail:
| | - Munaza Batool
- Department of Soil & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Huma Khan
- Medical Officer Health Department Government of Punjab, BHU, Thatta Gabolan, Kot Chutta, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahid Nisar
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Hasnain Farooq
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States of America
- Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan
| | - Mohamed Hashem
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Saad Alamri
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Manal A. El-Zohri
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Reem A. Alajmi
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Tahir
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Rashid Jawad
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan
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3
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Predicting the impact of environmental factors on citrus canker through multiple regression. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0260746. [PMID: 35381013 PMCID: PMC8982892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Climatic conditions play a significant role in the development of citrus canker caused by Xanthomonas citri pv. citri (Xcc). Citrus canker is regarded as one of the major threats being faced by citrus industry in citrus growing countries of the world. Climatic factors exert significant impacts on growth stage, host susceptibility, succulence, vigor, survival, multiplication rate, pathogen dispersion, spore penetration rate, and spore germination. Predicting the impacts of climatic factors on these traits could aid in the development of effective management strategies against the disease. This study predicted the impacts of environmental variables, i.e., temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, and wind speed the development of citrus canker through multiple regression. These environmental variables were correlated with the development of canker on thirty (30) citrus varieties during 2017 to 2020. Significant positive correlations were noted among environment variables and disease development modeled through multiple regression model (Y = +24.02 + 0.5585 X1 + 0.2997 X2 + 0.3534 X3 + 3.590 X4 + 1.639 X5). Goodness of fit of the model was signified by coefficient determination value (97.5%). Results revealed the optimum values of environmental variables, i.e., maximum temperature (37°C), minimum temperature (27°C), relative humidity (55%), rainfall (4.7-7.1 mm) and wind speed (8 Km/h), which were conducive for the development of citrus canker. Current study would help researchers in designing better management strategies against citrus canker disease under changing climatic conditions in the future.
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Hussain A, Khan MI, Albaqami M, Mahpara S, Noorka IR, Ahmed MAA, Aljuaid BS, El-Shehawi AM, Liu Z, Farooq S, Zuan ATK. CaWRKY30 Positively Regulates Pepper Immunity by Targeting CaWRKY40 against Ralstonia solanacearum Inoculation through Modulating Defense-Related Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222112091. [PMID: 34769521 PMCID: PMC8584995 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222112091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The WRKY transcription factors (TFs) network is composed of WRKY TFs’ subset, which performs a critical role in immunity regulation of plants. However, functions of WRKY TFs’ network remain unclear, particularly in non-model plants such as pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). This study functionally characterized CaWRKY30—a member of group III Pepper WRKY protein—for immunity of pepper against Ralstonia solanacearum infection. The CaWRKY30 was detected in nucleus, and its transcriptional expression levels were significantly upregulated by R. solanacearum inoculation (RSI), and foliar application ethylene (ET), abscisic acid (ABA), and salicylic acid (SA). Virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) of CaWRKY30 amplified pepper’s vulnerability to RSI. Additionally, the silencing of CaWRKY30 by VIGS compromised HR-like cell death triggered by RSI and downregulated defense-associated marker genes, like CaPR1, CaNPR1, CaDEF1, CaABR1, CaHIR1, and CaWRKY40. Conversely, transient over-expression of CaWRKY30 in pepper leaves instigated HR-like cell death and upregulated defense-related maker genes. Furthermore, transient over-expression of CaWRKY30 upregulated transcriptional levels of CaWRKY6, CaWRKY22, CaWRKY27, and CaWRKY40. On the other hand, transient over-expression of CaWRKY6, CaWRKY22, CaWRKY27, and CaWRKY40 upregulated transcriptional expression levels of CaWRKY30. The results recommend that newly characterized CaWRKY30 positively regulates pepper’s immunity against Ralstonia attack, which is governed by synergistically mediated signaling by phytohormones like ET, ABA, and SA, and transcriptionally assimilating into WRKY TFs networks, consisting of CaWRKY6, CaWRKY22, CaWRKY27, and CaWRKY40. Collectively, our data will facilitate to explicate the underlying mechanism of crosstalk between pepper’s immunity and response to RSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansar Hussain
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan 32200, Pakistan; (A.H.); (M.I.K.); (S.M.); (I.R.N.)
| | - Muhammad Ifnan Khan
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan 32200, Pakistan; (A.H.); (M.I.K.); (S.M.); (I.R.N.)
| | - Mohammed Albaqami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Shahzadi Mahpara
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan 32200, Pakistan; (A.H.); (M.I.K.); (S.M.); (I.R.N.)
| | - Ijaz Rasool Noorka
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan 32200, Pakistan; (A.H.); (M.I.K.); (S.M.); (I.R.N.)
| | - Mohamed A. A. Ahmed
- Plant Production Department (Horticulture—Medicinal and Aromatic Plants), Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21531, Egypt;
| | - Bandar S. Aljuaid
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (B.S.A.); (A.M.E.-S.)
| | - Ahmed M. El-Shehawi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (B.S.A.); (A.M.E.-S.)
| | - Zhiqin Liu
- College of Crop Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350001, China
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (A.T.K.Z.)
| | - Shahid Farooq
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Harran University, Şanlıurfa 63050, Turkey;
| | - Ali Tan Kee Zuan
- Department of Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (A.T.K.Z.)
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Arif M, Atta S, Bashir MA, Khan MI, Hussain A, Shahjahan M, Alwahibi MS, Elshikh MS. Correction: The impact of Fosetyl-Aluminium application timing on Karnal bunt suppression and economic returns of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259550. [PMID: 34710185 PMCID: PMC8553163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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6
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Fahim Abbas M, Batool S, Khaliq S, Mubeen S, Azziz-ud-Din, Ullah N, Zafar K, Rafiq M, Al-Sadi AM, Alotaibi SS, El-Shehawi AM, Li Y, Zuan ATK, Ansari MJ. Diversity of fungal pathogens associated with loquat and development of novel virulence scales. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257951. [PMID: 34648523 PMCID: PMC8516230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Loquat [Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.] is an important fruit crop in Pakistan; however, a constant decline in its production is noted due biotic and abiotic stresses, particularly disease infestation. Fungal pathogens are the major disease-causing agents; therefore, their identification is necessary for devising management options. This study explored Taxila, Wah-Cantt, Tret, Chatar, Murree, Kalar-Kahar, Choa-Saidan-Shah and Khan-Pur districts in the Punjab and Khyber Paktoon Khawa (KPK) provinces of Pakistan to explore the diversity of fungal pathogens associated with loquat. The samples were collected from these districts and their microscopic characterizations were accomplished for reliable identification. Alternaria alternata, Curvularia lunata, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Aspergilus flavis, Botrytis cinerea, Chaetomium globosum, Pestalotiopsis mangiferae and Phomopsis sp. were the fungal pathogens infesting loquat in the study area. The isolates of A. alternata and C. lunata were isolated from leaf spots and fruit rot, while the isolates of L. theobromae were associated with twig dieback. The remaining pathogens were allied with fruit rot. The nucleotide evidence of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions (ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2) were computed from all the pathogens and submitted in the database of National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). For multigene analysis, beta-tubulin (BT) gene and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) regions were explored for A. alternata and C. lunata isolates, respectively. The virulence scales of leaf spots, fruit rot, and twig dieback diseases of loquat were developed for the first time through this study. It is the first comprehensive study with morpho-molecular identification, and newly developed virulence scales of the fungal pathogens associated with loquat, which improves the understanding of these destructive diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Fahim Abbas
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Lasbela University of Water Agriculture and Marine Sciences (LUAWMS) Uthal, Balochistan, Pakistan
| | - Sana Batool
- Department of Plant Pathology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Sobia Khaliq
- Department of Entomology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Mubeen
- Department of Chemistry, Kutchery Campus, The Women University Multan, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Azziz-ud-Din
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Naseeb Ullah
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Khalida Zafar
- Department of Botany, Islamia College, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rafiq
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah M. Al-Sadi
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Alkhoud, Oman
| | - Saqer S. Alotaibi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M. El-Shehawi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yunzhou Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Ali Tan Kee Zuan
- Department of Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Javed Ansari
- Department of Botany, Hindu College Moradabad, Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University Bareilly, Bareilly, India
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Younas M, Zou H, Laraib T, Rajpoot NA, Khan NA, Zaidi AA, Ayaz Kachelo G, Akhtar MW, Hayat S, Al-Sadi AM, Sayed S, Kesba H, Ansari MJ, Zuan ATK, Li Y, Arif M. The impact of insecticides and plant extracts on the suppression of insect vector (Bemisia tabaci) of Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256449. [PMID: 34529693 PMCID: PMC8445409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) is an important constraint in successful production of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) in many countries, including Pakistan. The MYMV spreads by insect vector whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius). The use of resistant cultivars is the most effective management tactics for MYMV. Twenty mungbean varieties/lines were screened against insect vector of MYMV under field condition in the current study. Resistance levels for varieties/lines were assessed through visual scoring of typical disease symptoms. Furthermore, the impacts of two insecticides 'Imidacloprid' and 'Thiamethoxam' and two plant extracts, i.e., neem (Azadirachta indica), and Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) were tested on the suppression of whitefly. Field screening indicated that none of the tested varieties/lines proved immune/highly resistant, while significant variations were recorded among varieties/lines for resistance level. All varieties/lines were systemically infected with MYMV. The varieties 'AARI-2006' and 'Mung-14043' were considered as resistant to MYMV based on visual symptoms and the lowest vector population. These varieties were followed by 'NM-2006' and 'NL-31', which proved as moderately resistant to MYMV. All remaining varieties/lines were grouped as moderately to highly susceptible to MYMV based on visual symptoms' scoring. These results revealed that existing mungbean germplasm do not possess high resistance level MYMV. However, the lines showing higher resistance in the current study must be exploited in breeding programs for the development of resistant mungbean varieties/lines against MYMV. Imidacloprid proved as the most effective insecticide at all concentrations to manage whitefly population. Therefore, use of the varieties with higher resistance level and spraying Imidacloprid could lower the incidence of MYMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Younas
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Huasong Zou
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tasmia Laraib
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nasir Ahmad Rajpoot
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Nasir Ahmad Khan
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Anas Ahmad Zaidi
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Ghalib Ayaz Kachelo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waqar Akhtar
- Department of Soil Science, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Shoukat Hayat
- Department of Forestry, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah M. Al-Sadi
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Alkhoud, Oman
| | - Samy Sayed
- Department of Science and Technology, University College-Ranyah, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hosny Kesba
- Zoology and Agricultural Nematology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohammad Javed Ansari
- Department of Botany, Hindu College Moradabad (Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University Bareilly), Moradabad, India
| | - Ali Tan Kee Zuan
- Department of Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yunzhou Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Muhammad Arif
- Department of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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8
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Younas M, Zou H, Laraib T, Abbas W, Akhtar MW, Aslam MN, Amrao L, Hayat S, Abdul Hamid T, Hameed A, Ayaz Kachelo G, Elseehy MM, El-Shehawi AM, Zuan ATK, Li Y, Arif M. The influence of vermicomposting on photosynthetic activity and productivity of maize (Zea mays L.) crop under semi-arid climate. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256450. [PMID: 34432836 PMCID: PMC8386841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Food production and waste recycling are the two major issues faced globally with rapidly increasing population. Recycling organic wastes to crop amendments could be a possible solution to these issues. Earthworms transfer organic waste to compost, which is used to grow crops and increase crop productivity. This study assessed the impact of vermicompost produced from the residues of six desert plant species, i.e., (Ziziphus mauritiana, Aerva javanica, Calligonum comosum, Sacchrum benghalens, Calligonum polygonoides and Prosopis cineraria) combined with farmyard manure (5 t ha-1) on growth, yield and photosynthetic activity of maize crop. Earthworm species Eisenia fetida (Savigny, 1826) was used to prepare vermicomposting of all tested plant species. The desert species were collected from natural habitats, chopped, dried, mixed with FYM and then earthworms were released to prepare the vermicompost. The earthworms were excluded twenty days after release and resultant was considered as compost and used in the experiment. Results revealed that application of P. cineraria vermicompost resulted in the highest plant height (75.33 cm), stem diameter (22.66 mm), cob length (17.66 cm), number of grains/cob (374.67), 1000-grain weight (260.41 g) and grains yield (3.20 t/ha). Application of P. cineraria vermicompost resulted in the highest uptake of macronutrients, i.e., N (91.01%), P (22.07%), K (80.41%), micronutrients, i.e., Fe (19.07 ppm), Zn (40.05 ppm), and phenolic contents (150). Application of P. cineraria vermicompost also resulted in the highest quantum photosynthetic yield (0.42 mole C/mole of photon), chlorophyll florescence (355.18 moles of photon m-2s-1) and electron transport rate (310.18 micro mole m-2s-1). It is concluded that vermicomposting has the potential to improve growth and yield of maize crop. Particularly, application of vermicompost obtained from P. cineraria can be used to improve the growth and yield of maize crop. Nonetheless, field trials are necessary for a wide scale recommendation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Younas
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Huasong Zou
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tasmia Laraib
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Waseem Abbas
- Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waqar Akhtar
- Department of Soil Science, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Naveed Aslam
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Luqman Amrao
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Shoukat Hayat
- Department of Forestry, Department of Forestry, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Abdul Hamid
- Assistant Director, office of Deputy Director of Agriculture, Pest Warning & Quality Control of Pesticides (PW&QCP) Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Akhtar Hameed
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Ghalib Ayaz Kachelo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Mona M. Elseehy
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. El-Shehawi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Tan Kee Zuan
- Department of Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- * E-mail: (ATKZ); (YL); (MA)
| | - Yunzhou Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- * E-mail: (ATKZ); (YL); (MA)
| | - Muhammad Arif
- Department of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- * E-mail: (ATKZ); (YL); (MA)
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9
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Abbas MF, Rafiq M, Al-Sadi AM, Alfarraj S, Alharbi SA, Arif M, Ansari MJ. Molecular characterization of leaf spot caused by Alternaria alternata on buttonwood (Conocarpus erectus L.) and determination of pathogenicity by a novel disease rating scale. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251471. [PMID: 33984023 PMCID: PMC8118258 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The buttonwood (Conocarpus erectus L.) is a mangrove shrub belonging to Combretaceae family. It mostly grows on the shorelines of tropical and subtropicalregions in the world. It was introduced to Lasbela University of Water, Agriculture & Marine Sciences (LUWMS), Uthal, Baluchistan as an ornamental plant as it grows well under harsh, temperate and saline conditions. During a routine survey, typical leaf spot symptoms were observed on the leaves of buttonwood plants. A disease severity scale for alternaria leaf spot of buttonwood was developed for the first time through this study. Disease severity according to the scale was 38.97%. The microscopic characterizations was accomplished for the identification of Alternaria alternata and Koch’s postulates were employed to determine the pathogenicity. For molecular identification, 650 bp internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions (ITS1, 5.8s and ITS2) were amplified from three representative isolates (LUAWMS1, LUAWMS2 and LUAWMS3) through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The nucleotide sequences from ITS regions of the isolates were submitted to NCBI with GenBank accession numbers MW585375, MW585376 and MW585377, respectively. The phylogenetic tree of 22 A. alternata isolates was computed and representative isolates exhibited 99.98% genetic similarity with mangroves ecosystem isolates. This study reports the incidence of alternaria leaf spot of buttonwood at LUWMS for the first time. It is suspected that the disease may spread further. Therefore, effective management strategies should be opted to halt the further spread of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Fahim Abbas
- Department of plant pathology, Faculty of agriculture, Lasbela University of Agriculture water and Marine Sciences, Uthal, Baluchistan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rafiq
- Department of plant pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- * E-mail: (MR); (MA)
| | - Abdullah M. Al-Sadi
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Saleh Alfarraj
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sulaiman Ali Alharbi
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Arif
- Department of Plant Protection, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan
- * E-mail: (MR); (MA)
| | - Mohammad Javed Ansari
- Department of Botany, Hindu College Moradabad (Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University Bareilly), Moradabad, India
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