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Otaiku AI. Religiosity and Risk of Parkinson's Disease in England and the USA. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2023; 62:4192-4208. [PMID: 35763200 PMCID: PMC10682218 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-022-01603-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with low religiosity cross-sectionally. Whether low religiosity might be associated with an increased risk for developing PD is unknown. This study investigated whether low religiosity in adulthood is associated with increased risk for developing PD. A population-based prospective cohort study was conducted. Participants from the English Longitudinal Study of Aging and the Midlife in the United States study who were free from PD at baseline (2004-2011) and completed questionnaires on self-reported religiosity, were included in a pooled analysis. Incident PD was based on self-report. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) for developing PD according to baseline religiosity, with adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics, health and lifestyle factors and engagement in religious practices. Among 9,796 participants in the pooled dataset, 74 (0.8%) cases of incident PD were identified during a median follow-up of 8.1 years. In the fully adjusted model, compared with participants who considered religion very important in their lives at baseline, it was found that participants who considered religion "not at all important" in their lives had a tenfold risk of developing PD during follow-up (OR, 9.99; 95% CI 3.28-30.36). Moreover, there was a dose-response relationship between decreasing religiosity and increasing PD risk (P < 0.001 for trend). These associations were similar when adjusting for religious upbringing and when cases occurring within the first two years of follow-up were excluded from the analysis. The association was somewhat attenuated when religious practices were removed from the model as covariates, though it remained statistically significant (OR for "not at all important" vs. "very important", 2.26; 95% CI 1.03-4.95) (P < 0.029 for trend). This longitudinal study provides evidence for the first time that low religiosity in adulthood may be a strong risk factor for developing PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abidemi I Otaiku
- Department of Neurology, Birmingham City Hospital, Dudley Road, Birmingham, B18 7QH, UK.
- Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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Boussac M, Arbus C, Colin O, Laurencin C, Eusebio A, Hainque E, Corvol JC, Versace N, Rascol O, Rousseau V, Harroch E, Ory-Magne F, Fabbri M, Moreau C, Rolland AS, Jarraya B, Maltête D, Drapier S, Marques AR, Auzou N, Wirth T, Meyer M, Giordana B, Tir M, Rouaud T, Devos D, Brefel-Courbon C. Personality assessment with Temperament and Character Inventory in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2022; 103:34-41. [PMID: 36030666 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is a growing interest in personality evaluation in Parkinson's disease (PD), following observations of specific temperaments in PD patients. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate personality dimensions from the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) in a cohort of fluctuating PD patients considered for deep brain stimulation. METHODS Fluctuating PD patients from the PREDISTIM cohort were included. Description of TCI dimensions and comparison with a French normative cohort were performed. Pearson correlations between TCI dimensions and motor, behavioral and cognitive variables were investigated. Structural and internal consistency analysis of the TCI were further assessed. RESULTS The 570 PD patients presented significant higher scores in Harm Avoidance, Reward Dependence, Persistence, Self-Directedness and Cooperativeness and significant lower scores in Self-Transcendence compared to the French normative cohort; only Novelty Seeking scores were not different. Harm Avoidance and Self-directedness scores were correlated with PDQ-39 total, HAMD, HAMA scores, and anxiolytic/antidepressant treatment. Novelty Seeking scores were correlated with impulsivity. Pearson correlations between TCI dimensions, principal component analysis of TCI sub-dimensions and Cronbach's alpha coefficients showed adequate psychometric proprieties. CONCLUSION The TCI seems to be an adequate tool to evaluate personality dimensions in PD with good structural and internal consistencies. These fluctuating PD patients also have specific personality dimensions compared to normative French population. Moreover, Harm Avoidance and Self-Directedness scores are associated with anxio-depressive state or quality of life and, and Novelty Seeking scores with impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Boussac
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, University of Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France.
| | - Christophe Arbus
- Psychiatry Department of the University Hospital of Toulouse, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Olivier Colin
- Service de neurologie, Centre Hospitalier de Brive-la-Gaillarde, France; Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Limoges, France
| | - Chloé Laurencin
- Service de neurologie C - Hôpital Neurologique - 59 boulevard Pinel 69003 Lyon - Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Alexandre Eusebio
- Aix Marseille Université, AP-HM, Hôpital de La Timone, Service de Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement, and UMR CNRS 7289, Institut de Neuroscience de La Timone, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, Marseille, France
| | - Elodie Hainque
- Département de Neurologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France; et Faculté de Médecine de Sorbonne Université, UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, and CNRS UMR 7225, and Institut du Cerveau, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Jean Christophe Corvol
- Département de Neurologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France; et Faculté de Médecine de Sorbonne Université, UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, and CNRS UMR 7225, and Institut du Cerveau, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Versace
- Department of Neurology, Hôpital Fondation Rothschild, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Rascol
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, University of Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Parkinson Expert Center, Clinical Investigation Center CIC1436, University Hospital of Toulouse, NeuroToul COEN (Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration), Toulouse, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, France
| | - Vanessa Rousseau
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Parkinson Expert Center, Clinical Investigation Center CIC1436, University Hospital of Toulouse, NeuroToul COEN (Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration), Toulouse, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, France
| | - Estelle Harroch
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Parkinson Expert Center, Clinical Investigation Center CIC1436, University Hospital of Toulouse, NeuroToul COEN (Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration), Toulouse, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, France
| | - Fabienne Ory-Magne
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, University of Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Parkinson Expert Center, Clinical Investigation Center CIC1436, University Hospital of Toulouse, NeuroToul COEN (Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration), Toulouse, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, France
| | - Margherita Fabbri
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, University of Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Parkinson Expert Center, Clinical Investigation Center CIC1436, University Hospital of Toulouse, NeuroToul COEN (Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration), Toulouse, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, France
| | - Caroline Moreau
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Neurology and Movement Disorders Department, Referent Center of Parkinson's disease, CHU of Lille, Univ. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Inserm, UMR-S1172, Licend, Lille, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Rolland
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Neurology and Movement Disorders Department, Referent Center of Parkinson's disease, CHU of Lille, Univ. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Inserm, UMR-S1172, Licend, Lille, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, France
| | - Béchir Jarraya
- Service de Neurologie, Unité des Mouvements Anormaux, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France; Université de Versailles Paris-Saclay, INSERM U992, CEA Neurospin, Saclay, France
| | - David Maltête
- Department of Neurology, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen, France; INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Sophie Drapier
- Service de neurologie, CHU Rennes, CIC INSERM, 1414, Rennes, France
| | - Ana-Raquel Marques
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology department, France
| | - Nicolas Auzou
- Institut des Maladies neurodégénératives, Pôle des neurosciences cliniques, CHU Bordeaux, France; Service de neurophysiologie clinique de l'enfant et de l'adulte, Pôle des neurosciences cliniques, CHU Bordeaux, France
| | - Thomas Wirth
- Service de Neurologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM-U964/CNRSUMR7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mylène Meyer
- Neurology Department of the University Hospital of Nancy, CHRU de Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Bruno Giordana
- CHU Nice, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Nice, France
| | - Mélissa Tir
- Department of Neurology, Department of Neurosurgery, Expert Centre for Parkinson's disease, Amiens University Hospital, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie (LNFP) Université de Picardie Jules Verne, University of Picardy Jules Verne (UPJV), NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, Amiens, France
| | - Tiphaine Rouaud
- Department of Neurology, Expert Centre for Parkinson's Disease, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - David Devos
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Neurology and Movement Disorders Department, Referent Center of Parkinson's disease, CHU of Lille, Univ. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Inserm, UMR-S1172, Licend, Lille, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, France
| | - Christine Brefel-Courbon
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, University of Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Parkinson Expert Center, Clinical Investigation Center CIC1436, University Hospital of Toulouse, NeuroToul COEN (Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration), Toulouse, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, France
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Meira B, Lhommée E, Schmitt E, Klinger H, Bichon A, Pélissier P, Anheim M, Tranchant C, Fraix V, Meoni S, Durif F, Houeto JL, Azulay JP, Moro E, Thobois S, Krack P, Castrioto A. Early Parkinson's Disease Phenotypes Tailored by Personality, Behavior, and Motor Symptoms. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:1665-1676. [PMID: 35527563 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-213070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies described a parkinsonian personality characterized as rigid, introverted, and cautious; however, little is known about personality traits in de novo Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and their relationships with motor and neuropsychiatric symptoms. OBJECTIVE To investigate personality in de novo PD and explore its relationship with PD symptoms. METHODS Using Cloninger's biosocial model, we assessed personality in 193 de novo PD patients. Motor and non-motor symptoms were measured using several validated scales. Cluster analysis was conducted to investigate the interrelationship of personality traits, motor, and non-motor symptoms. RESULTS PD patients showed low novelty seeking, high harm avoidance, and normal reward dependence and persistence scores. Harm avoidance was positively correlated with the severity of depression, anxiety, and apathy (rs = [0.435, 0.676], p < 0.001) and negatively correlated with quality of life (rs = -0.492, p < 0.001). Novelty seeking, reward dependence, and persistence were negatively correlated with apathy (rs = [-0.274, -0.375], p < 0.001). Classification of patients according to personality and PD symptoms revealed 3 distinct clusters: i) neuropsychiatric phenotype (with high harm avoidance and low novelty seeking, hypodopaminergic neuropsychiatric symptoms and higher impulsivity), ii) motor phenotype (with low novelty seeking and higher motor severity), iii) benign phenotype (with low harm avoidance and high novelty seeking, reward dependence, and persistence traits clustered with lower symptoms severity and low impulsivity). CONCLUSION Personality in early PD patients allows us to recognize 3 patients' phenotypes. Identification of such subgroups may help to better understand their natural history. Their longitudinal follow-up will allow confirming whether some personality features might influence disease evolution and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Meira
- Neurology Department, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal.,Movement Disorders Center, Neurology, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Eugénie Lhommée
- Movement Disorders Center, Neurology, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Emmanuelle Schmitt
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Hélène Klinger
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Neurologie C, Centre Expert Parkinson, Lyon, France.,Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, Bron, France
| | - Amélie Bichon
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre Pélissier
- Movement Disorders Center, Neurology, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Mathieu Anheim
- Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, (IGBMC), INSERM-U964/CNRS-UMR7104/, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christine Tranchant
- Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, (IGBMC), INSERM-U964/CNRS-UMR7104/, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Valérie Fraix
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Sara Meoni
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Franck Durif
- Université Clermont Auvergne, NPsy-Sydo, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Luc Houeto
- Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Limoges, UMR1094 INSERM, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Jean Philippe Azulay
- Neurology and Pathology Department of the Movement, University Hospital of Marseille, Timone Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Elena Moro
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Stéphane Thobois
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Neurologie C, Centre Expert Parkinson, Lyon, France.,Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, Bron, France
| | - Paul Krack
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anna Castrioto
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
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4
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Boussac M, Arbus C, Klinger H, Eusebio A, Hainque E, Corvol JC, Rascol O, Rousseau V, Harroch E, d'Apollonia CS, Croiset A, Ory-Magne F, De Barros A, Fabbri M, Moreau C, Rolland AS, Benatru I, Anheim M, Marques AR, Maltête D, Drapier S, Jarraya B, Hubsch C, Guehl D, Meyer M, Rouaud T, Giordana B, Tir M, Devos D, Brefel-Courbon C. Personality Related to Quality-of-Life Improvement After Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson's Disease (PSYCHO-STIM II). JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:699-711. [PMID: 34897100 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-212883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deep brain stimulation of the sub-thalamic nucleus (DBS-STN) reduces symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with motor fluctuations. However, some patients may not feel ameliorated afterwards, despite an objective motor improvement. It is thus important to find new predictors of patients' quality of life (QoL) amelioration after DBS-STN. We hypothesized that personality dimensions might affect QoL after DBS-STN. OBJECTIVE To evaluate associations between personality dimensions and QoL improvement one year after DBS-STN. METHODS DBS-STN-PD patients (n = 303) having answered the "Temperament and Character Inventory" (TCI) before surgery and the PDQ-39 before and one year after surgery were included, from the cohort study PREDI-STIM. Linear regression models were used to evaluate associations between TCI dimensions and change in PDQ-39 scores after DBS-STN. RESULTS Novelty Seeking and Cooperativeness scores before surgery were positively associated with PDQ-39 scores improvement after DBS-STN (FDR-adjusted p < 0.01). Moreover, paradoxically unimproved patients with deterioration of their PDQ-39 scores after DBS-STN despite improvement of their MDS-UPDRS-IV scores had lower Cooperativeness scores, while paradoxically improved patients with amelioration of their PDQ-39 scores despite deterioration of their MDS-UPDRS-IV scores had higher Reward Dependence scores. CONCLUSION Some presurgical personality dimensions were significantly associated with QoL amelioration and discrepancy between motor state and QoL changes after DBS-STN in PD. Educational programs before DBS-STN should take in account patient personality dimensions to better deal with their expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Boussac
- Toulouse Neuro Imaging Center, University of Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France
| | - Christophe Arbus
- Psychiatry Department of the University Hospital of Toulouse, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Helene Klinger
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie C, Lyon, France
| | - Alexandre Eusebio
- Aix Marseille Université, AP-HM, Hôpital de La Timone, Service de Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement, and UMR CNRS, Institut de Neuroscience de La Timone, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, Marseille, France
| | - Elodie Hainque
- Département de Neurologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France et Faculté de Médecine de Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Jean Christophe Corvol
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute -ICM, Inserm, CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, NS-PARK/FCRIN, Department of Neurology, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Rascol
- Toulouse Neuro Imaging Center, University of Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Parkinson Expert Center, Clinical Investigation Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, NeuroToul COEN (Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration), Toulouse, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, France
| | - Vanessa Rousseau
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Parkinson Expert Center, Clinical Investigation Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, NeuroToul COEN (Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration), Toulouse, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, France
| | - Estelle Harroch
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Parkinson Expert Center, Clinical Investigation Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, NeuroToul COEN (Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration), Toulouse, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, France
| | - Charlotte Scotto d'Apollonia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Parkinson Expert Center, Clinical Investigation Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, NeuroToul COEN (Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration), Toulouse, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, France
| | - Aurélie Croiset
- CERPPS-Study and Research Center in Psychopathology and Health Psychology, University of Toulouse II Jean-Jaurès, Toulouse, France
| | - Fabienne Ory-Magne
- Toulouse Neuro Imaging Center, University of Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Parkinson Expert Center, Clinical Investigation Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, NeuroToul COEN (Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration), Toulouse, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, France
| | - Amaury De Barros
- Toulouse Neuro Imaging Center, University of Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France.,Department of Neurosurgery, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Margherita Fabbri
- Toulouse Neuro Imaging Center, University of Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Parkinson Expert Center, Clinical Investigation Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, NeuroToul COEN (Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration), Toulouse, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, France
| | - Caroline Moreau
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Neurology and Movement Disorders Department, Referent center of Parkinson's disease, CHU of Lille, Univ. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Inserm, UMR-S1172, Licend, Lille, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Rolland
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Neurology and Movement Disorders Department, Referent center of Parkinson's disease, CHU of Lille, Univ. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Inserm, UMR-S1172, Licend, Lille, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, France
| | - Isabelle Benatru
- Neurology Department, University Hospital of Poitiers, Poitiers, France; INSERM, CHU de Poitiers, University of Poitiers, Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1402, Poitiers, France
| | - Mathieu Anheim
- Service de Neurologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg; Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM-U964/CNRS-UMR7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ana-Raquel Marques
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology department, France
| | - David Maltête
- Department of Neurology, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen, France; INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Sophie Drapier
- CHU Rennes, Service de neurologie, CIC-INSERM 1414, Rennes, France
| | - Béchir Jarraya
- Pôle Neurosciences, Foch Hospital, Suresnes; Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INSERM U992, CEA Paris-Saclay, Neurospin, France
| | - Cécile Hubsch
- Hôpital Fondation A de Rothschild, Service de recherche clinique, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Guehl
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN, CNRS U5393), Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Service de Neurophysiologie Clinique, Pôle des Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Mylène Meyer
- Service de neurologie, Hôpital Central, CHRU de Nancy, Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Tiphaine Rouaud
- Clinique Neurologique, Hôpital Guillaume et René Laennec, Boulevard Jacques Monod, Nantes Cedex, France
| | - Bruno Giordana
- CHU Nice, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Nice, France
| | - Mélissa Tir
- Department of Neurology, Department of Neurosurgery, Expert Centre for Parkinson's disease, Amiens University Hospital, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie (LNFP) Université de Picardie Jules Verne, University of Picardy Jules Verne (UPJV), NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, Amiens, France
| | - David Devos
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Neurology and Movement Disorders Department, Referent center of Parkinson's disease, CHU of Lille, Univ. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Inserm, UMR-S1172, Licend, Lille, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, France
| | - Christine Brefel-Courbon
- Toulouse Neuro Imaging Center, University of Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Parkinson Expert Center, Clinical Investigation Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, NeuroToul COEN (Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration), Toulouse, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, France
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