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Markotić A, Omerović J, Marijan S, Režić-Mužinić N, Čikeš Čulić V. Biochemical Pathways Delivering Distinct Glycosphingolipid Patterns in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:10200-10217. [PMID: 39329960 PMCID: PMC11430773 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46090608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 08/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The complex structure of glycosphingolipids (GSLs) supports their important role in cell function as modulators of growth factor receptors and glutamine transporters in plasma membranes. The aberrant composition of clustered GSLs within signaling platforms, so-called lipid rafts, inevitably leads to tumorigenesis due to disturbed growth factor signal transduction and excessive uptake of glutamine and other molecules needed for increased energy and structural molecule cell supply. GSLs are also involved in plasma membrane processes such as cell adhesion, and their transition converts cells from epithelial to mesenchymal with features required for cell migration and metastasis. Glutamine activates the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), resulting in nucleotide synthesis and proliferation. In addition, glutamine contributes to the cancer stem cell GD2 ganglioside-positive phenotype in the triple-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. Thieno[2,3-b]pyridine derivative possesses higher cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 than against MCF-7 cells and induces a shift to aerobic metabolism and a decrease in S(6)nLc4Cer GSL-positive cancer stem cells in the MDA-MB-231 cell line. In this review, we discuss findings in MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, and other breast cancer cell lines concerning their differences in growth factor receptors and recent knowledge of the main biochemical pathways delivering distinct glycosphingolipid patterns during tumorigenesis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Markotić
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Jasminka Omerović
- Department of Immunology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Sandra Marijan
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Nikolina Režić-Mužinić
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Vedrana Čikeš Čulić
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia
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Saif A, Omer MO, Sattar A, Tipu Y, Alharbi HM, Saher U, Awan T. Comprehensive Analysis of Curcumin Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles, Synthesis, Characterization, and Cytogenotoxic Profiling. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:28186-28193. [PMID: 38973908 PMCID: PMC11223151 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Curcumin from turmeric (Curcuma longa) has traditionally been used due to its pharmacological properties, such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, cholesterol-lowering, and antioxidant activities, but has had limitations in use due to low bioavailability. Nanoparticles have protuberant efficacies to diagnose or cure a variety of diseases, including tumors, by fine-tuning their size, structure, and physicochemical characteristics. This study aims to develop a new dosage form of curcumin nanoparticles with zinc oxide to enhance its therapeutic efficacy against cancer and cause no damage to genetics. Curcumin zinc oxide nanoparticles were prepared and characterized by using a Zeta sizer, ultraviolet (UV)-spectrophotometer, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Different concentrations range from 40 to 0.078 μg/mL, and these nanoparticles were evaluated for their anticancer activity by colorimetric analysis (MTT assay) on normal (Vero) and cancerous cell lines (MCF-7) and genotoxicity by the comet assay. The spherical-shaped curcumin zinc oxide nanoparticles of 189 nm size were prepared with characteristic functional groups. The selectivity index of curcumin zinc oxide nanoparticles, calculated from IC50 values, is 4.60 > 2.0, showing anticancer potential comparable to tamoxifen. The genetic damage index of the highest concentration (40 μg/mL) of curcumin zinc oxide nanoparticles was 0.08, with a percent fragmentation of 8%. The results suggest that nanoparticles of curcumin zinc oxide produced better anticancer effects and did not cause any significant damage to the DNA. Consequently, further research is required to ensure the development of a safe and quality dosage form of nanoparticles for proper utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alia Saif
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University
of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ovais Omer
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University
of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Adeel Sattar
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University
of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Yasin Tipu
- Department
of Pathology, University of Veterinary and
Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Hanan M. Alharbi
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Umm
Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Uzma Saher
- Department
of Pharmacy, The Women University, Multan 60000, Pakistan
| | - Tanzeela Awan
- Bakhtawar
Amin College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Multan 60000, Pakistan
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Lishman-Walker E, Coffey K. Casein Kinase 1α-A Target for Prostate Cancer Therapy? Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2436. [PMID: 39001502 PMCID: PMC11240421 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16132436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a key driver of prostate cancer (PCa) and, as such, current mainstay treatments target this molecule. However, resistance commonly arises to these therapies and, therefore, additional targets must be evaluated to improve patient outcomes. Consequently, alternative approaches for indirectly targeting the AR are sought. AR crosstalk with other signalling pathways, including several protein kinase signalling cascades, has been identified as a potential route to combat therapy resistance. The casein kinase 1 (CK1) family of protein kinases phosphorylate a multitude of substrates, allowing them to regulate a diverse range of pathways from the cell cycle to DNA damage repair. As well as its role in several signalling pathways that are de-regulated in PCa, mutational data suggest its potential to promote prostate carcinogenesis. CK1α is one isoform predicted to regulate AR activity via phosphorylation and has been implicated in the progression of several other cancer types. In this review, we explore how the normal biological function of CK1 is de-regulated in cancer, the impact on signalling pathways and how this contributes towards prostate tumourigenesis, with a particular focus on the CK1α isoform as a novel therapeutic target for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Lishman-Walker
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Kelly Coffey
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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Ortega Quesada BA, Cuccia J, Coates R, Nassar B, Littlefield E, Martin EC, Melvin AT. A modular microfluidic platform to study how fluid shear stress alters estrogen receptor phenotype in ER + breast cancer cells. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2024; 10:25. [PMID: 38370397 PMCID: PMC10873338 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-024-00653-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Metastatic breast cancer leads to poor prognoses and worse outcomes in patients due to its invasive behavior and poor response to therapy. It is still unclear what biophysical and biochemical factors drive this more aggressive phenotype in metastatic cancer; however recent studies have suggested that exposure to fluid shear stress in the vasculature could cause this. In this study a modular microfluidic platform capable of mimicking the magnitude of fluid shear stress (FSS) found in human vasculature was designed and fabricated. This device provides a platform to evaluate the effects of FSS on MCF-7 cell line, an estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer cell line, during circulation in the vessels. Elucidation of the effects of FSS on MCF-7 cells was carried out utilizing two approaches: single cell analysis and bulk analysis. For single cell analysis, cells were trapped in a microarray after exiting the serpentine channel and followed by immunostaining on the device (on-chip). Bulk analysis was performed after cells were collected in a microtube at the outlet of the microfluidic serpentine channel for western blotting (off-chip). It was found that cells exposed to an FSS magnitude of 10 dyn/cm2 with a residence time of 60 s enhanced expression of the proliferation marker Ki67 in the MCF-7 cell line at a single cell level. To understand possible mechanisms for enhanced Ki67 expression, on-chip and off-chip analyses were performed for pro-growth and survival pathways ERK, AKT, and JAK/STAT. Results demonstrated that after shearing the cells phosphorylation of p-AKT, p-mTOR, and p-STAT3 were observed. However, there was no change in p-ERK1/2. AKT is a mediator of ER rapid signaling, analysis of phosphorylated ERα was carried out and no significant differences between sheared and non-sheared populations were observed. Taken together these results demonstrate that FSS can increase phosphorylation of proteins associated with a more aggressive phenotype in circulating cancer cells. These findings provide additional information that may help inform why cancer cells located at metastatic sites are usually more aggressive than primary breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braulio Andrés Ortega Quesada
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 USA
| | - Jonathan Cuccia
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
| | - Rachael Coates
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
| | - Blake Nassar
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
| | - Ethan Littlefield
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
| | - Elizabeth C. Martin
- Department Medicine, Section Hematology and Medical Oncology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA
| | - Adam T. Melvin
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 USA
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Elgun T, Yurttas AG, Cinar K, Ozcelik S, Gul A. Effect of aza-BODIPY-photodynamic therapy on the expression of carcinoma-associated genes and cell death mode. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 44:103849. [PMID: 37863378 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the most common cancer affecting women worldwide.Photodynamic therapy(PDT) has now proven to be a promising form of cancer therapy due to its targeted and low cytotoxicity to healthy cells and tissues.PDT is a technique used to create cell death localized by light after application of a light-sensitive agent.Aza-BODIPY is a promising photosensitizer for use in PDT. Our results showed that aza-BODIPY-PDT induced apoptosis, probably through p53 and caspase3 in MCF-7 cells. Future studies should delineate the molecular mechanisms underlying aza-BODIPY-PDT-induced cell death for a better understanding of the signaling pathways modulated by the therapy so that this novel technology could be implemented in the clinic for treating breast cancer. AIM In this study,we aimed to determine the change in the expression levels of 88 carcinoma-associated genes induced by aza-BODIPY-PDT were analyzed so as to understand the specific pathways that are modulated by aza-BODIPY-PDT. MATERIAL METHOD In this study,the molecular basis of the anti-cancer activity of aza-BODIPY-PDT was investigated.Induction of apoptosis and necrosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells after treatment with aza- BODIPY derivative with phthalonitrile substituents (aza-BODIPY) followed by light exposure was evaluated by Annexin V 7- Aminoactinomycin D (7-AAD) flow cytometry. RESULTS Aza-BODIPY-PDT induced cell death in MCF-7 cells treated with aza-BODIPY-PDT; flow cytometry revealed that 28 % of the cells died by apoptosis. Seven of the 88 carcinoma-associated genes that were assayed were differentially expressed -EGF, LEF1, WNT1, TCF7, and TGFBR2 were downregulated, and CASP3 and TP53 were upregulated - in cells subjected to aza-BODIPY-PDT.This made us think that the aza-BODIPY-PDT induced caspase 3 and p53-mediated apoptosis in MCF7 cells. CONCLUSION In our study,it was determined that the application of aza-BODIPY-PDT to MCF7 cells had a negative effect on cell connectivity and cell cycle.The fact that the same effect was not observed in control cells and MCF7 cells in the dark field of aza-BODIPY indicates that aza-BODIPY has a strong phodynamic anticancer effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugba Elgun
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Biruni University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Asiye Gok Yurttas
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul Health and Technology University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Kamil Cinar
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Gebze Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sennur Ozcelik
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Gul
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Long NH, Lee SJ. Targeting casein kinase 1 for cancer therapy: current strategies and future perspectives. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1244775. [PMID: 38023245 PMCID: PMC10666751 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1244775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Casein Kinase 1 (CK1) is a family of serine/threonine protein kinases that play a crucial role in various cellular processes, including cell proliferation, survival, and metabolism. The dysregulation of CK1 expression has been implicated in the development and progression of several types of cancer, making it an attractive target for anticancer therapy. In this review, we provide an overview of the current strategies employed to target CK1 for cancer therapy and discuss the future perspectives in this field. We highlight the different approaches, including small molecule inhibitors, RNA interference, genome editing, and immunotherapies, which hold immense potential for targeted modulation of CK1 activity in cancer cells. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges associated with targeting CK1 and propose potential strategies to overcome these hurdles. Overall, targeting CK1 holds great promise as a therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment, and further research in this area is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sook-Jeong Lee
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
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Quesada BAO, Cuccia J, Coates R, Nassar B, Littlefield E, Martin EC, Melvin AT. A modular microfluidic platform to study how fluid shear stress alters estrogen receptor phenotype in ER + breast cancer cells. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3399118. [PMID: 37886527 PMCID: PMC10602101 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3399118/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic breast cancer leads to poor prognoses and worse outcomes in patients due to its invasive behavior and poor response to therapy. It is still unclear what biophysical and biochemical factors drive this more aggressive phenotype in metastatic cancer; however recent studies have suggested that exposure to fluid shear stress in the vasculature could cause this. In this study a modular microfluidic platform capable of mimicking the magnitude of fluid shear stress (FSS) found in human vasculature was designed and fabricated. This device provides a platform to evaluate the effects of FSS on MCF-7 cell line, a receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer cell line, during circulation in the vessels. Elucidation of the effects of FSS on MCF-7 cells was carried out utilizing two approaches: single cell analysis and bulk analysis. For single cell analysis, cells were trapped in a microarray after exiting the serpentine channel and followed by immunostaining on the device (on-chip). Bulk analysis was performed after cells were collected in a microtube at the outlet of the microfluidic serpentine channel for western blotting (off-chip). It was found that cells exposed to an FSS magnitude of 10 dyn/cm2 with a residence time of 60 seconds enhanced expression of the proliferation marker Ki67 in the MCF-7 cell line at a single cell level. To understand possible mechanisms for enhanced Ki67 expression, on-chip and off-chip analyses were performed for pro-growth and survival pathways ERK, AKT, and JAK/STAT. Results demonstrated that after shearing the cells phosphorylation of p-AKT, p-mTOR, and p-STAT3 were observed. However, there was no change in p-ERK1/2. AKT is a mediator of ER rapid signaling, analysis of phosphorylated ERα was carried out and no significant differences between sheared and non-sheared populations were observed. Taken together these results demonstrate that FSS can increase phosphorylation of proteins associated with a more aggressive phenotype in circulating cancer cells. These findings provide additional information that may help inform why cancer cells located at metastatic sites are usually more aggressive than primary breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braulio Andrés Ortega Quesada
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634
| | - Jonathan Cuccia
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803
| | - Rachael Coates
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803
| | - Blake Nassar
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803
| | - Ethan Littlefield
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803
| | - Elizabeth C. Martin
- Department Medicine, Section Hematology and Medical Oncology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118
| | - Adam T. Melvin
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634
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Hoang LN, Lee SJ. Casein kinase 1 controls the shuttling of epidermal growth factor receptor and estrogen receptor in endometrial carcinoma induced by breast cancer hormonal therapy: Relevance of GPER1/Src. Cell Signal 2023:110733. [PMID: 37257767 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Casein kinase 1 plays a crucial role in carcinogenesis. 4-Hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT), which is widely used to treat breast cancer, often leads to the development of endometrial carcinoma with poor prognosis, particularly among women who receiving long-term treatment. This study was performed to elucidate whether specific inhibition of casein kinase 1 (CK1) controls 4-OHT-mediated Ishikawa cell carcinogenesis. 4-OHT significantly stimulated the activity of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and nuclear translocation and expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) from the plasma membrane to perinuclear or nuclear regions, as well as the activities of G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1) and Src in Ishikawa cells. However, inhibition of EGFR by Gefitinib blocked all these events, and inhibition of GPER1 or Src produced a partial block. GPER1 and Src controlled Ishikawa cell carcinogenesis in different manners: GPER1 accelerated EGFR mobility without affecting ERα activity, while Src activated ERα and EGFR without any change in GPER1 expression. EGFR and GPER1 performed reciprocal regulation in endometrial cell carcinogenesis via direct interaction in 4-OHT-treated Ishikawa cells, implying a possible key role of GPER1 in these events. Inhibition of CK1 by CKI-7 and IC261, however, impeded all changes beginning with EGFR translocation and activity in 4-OHT-treated Ishikawa cells. These findings indicate that inhibition of CK1 could control 4-OHT-mediated activation and translocation of ER/EGFR and GPER1/Src expression, inhibiting 4-OHT-triggered endometrial carcinogenesis. Therefore, targeting of CK1 by CKI-7 and IC261 could be a prospective adjuvant therapy for breast cancer patients taking tamoxifen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Ngo Hoang
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences and Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Sook-Jeong Lee
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences and Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Republic of Korea.
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Lee S, Nam M, Lee AR, Baek ST, Kim MJ, Kim JS, Kong AH, Lee M, Lee SJ, Kim SY, Kim DU, Hoe KL. Genetic alterations in Wnt family of genes and their putative association with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Genomics Inform 2021; 19:e39. [PMID: 35172472 PMCID: PMC8752990 DOI: 10.5808/gi.21049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen (TAM) is an anticancer drug used to treat estrogen receptor (ER)‒positive breast cancer. However, its ER-independent cytotoxic and antifungal activities have prompted debates on its mechanism of action. To achieve a better understanding of the ER-independent antifungal action mechanisms of TAM, we systematically identified TAM-sensitive genes through microarray screening of the heterozygous gene deletion library in fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe). Secondary confirmation was followed by a spotting assay, finally yielding 13 TAM-sensitive genes under the drug-induced haploinsufficient condition. For these 13 TAM-sensitive genes, we conducted a comparative analysis of their Gene Ontology (GO) ‘biological process’ terms identified from other genome-wide screenings of the budding yeast deletion library and the MCF7 breast cancer cell line. Several TAM-sensitive genes overlapped between the yeast strains and MCF7 in GO terms including ‘cell cycle’ (cdc2, rik1, pas1, and leo1), ‘signaling’ (sck2, oga1, and cki3), and ‘vesicle-mediated transport’ (SPCC126.08c, vps54, sec72, and tvp15), suggesting their roles in the ER-independent cytotoxic effects of TAM. We recently reported that the cki3 gene with the ‘signaling’ GO term was related to the ER-independent antifungal action mechanisms of TAM in yeast. In this study, we report that haploinsufficiency of the essential vps54 gene, which encodes the GARP complex subunit, significantly aggravated TAM sensitivity and led to an enlarged vesicle structure in comparison with the SP286 control strain. These results strongly suggest that the vesicle-mediated transport process might be another action mechanism of the ER-independent antifungal or cytotoxic effects of TAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol Lee
- Department of New Drug Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Miyoung Nam
- Department of New Drug Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Ah-Reum Lee
- Department of New Drug Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Seung-Tae Baek
- Department of New Drug Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Department of New Drug Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Ju Seong Kim
- Department of New Drug Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Andrew Hyunsoo Kong
- Morrissey College of Arts and Sciences, Boston College, Boston 02467, MA, USA
| | - Minho Lee
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Korea
| | - Sook-Jeong Lee
- Department of Bioactive Material Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Seon-Young Kim
- Personalized Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Dong-Uk Kim
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Kwang-Lae Hoe
- Department of New Drug Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea.,Korea Research Institute of Chemistry & Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
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