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Martín-Quintero I, Cervera-Sabater A, Cortés-Bretón Brinkmann J, Aragoneses-Lamas JM, Flores-Fraile J, Santos-Marino J. Reduction by air purifier of particulate concentration during orthodontic procedures: a pilot study. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:199. [PMID: 38326811 PMCID: PMC10848394 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-03956-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has raised awareness of the importance of air quality. This pilot study arose from the need to reduce the concentration of particulate matter in the dental office during orthodontic procedures. To evaluate the efficacy of using an air purifier during orthodontic care in the dental office to reduce the concentration of ambient particulate matter. RESULTS Significant reductions in particle numbers were obtained for all particle sizes except the largest particles counted (10 μm) through use of the air filter. A marked association between higher humidity levels and higher particle counts was also observed. CONCLUSIONS Using an air purifier during dental care achieves a significant reduction in the concentration of ambient particles in the dental office. There is a correlation between higher relative humidity and higher particle concentration. The probability of obtaining a maximum particulate concentration level of 0.3 and 0.5 μm is 1000 times lower when using an air purifier.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alberto Cervera-Sabater
- Department of Dental Clinical Specialties, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Jorge Cortés-Bretón Brinkmann
- Department of Dental Clinical Specialties, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain.
| | | | - Javier Flores-Fraile
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, 37007, Spain
| | - Juan Santos-Marino
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, 37007, Spain
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Watanabe J, Iwamatsu-Kobayashi Y, Kikuchi K, Kajita T, Morishima H, Yamauchi K, Yashiro W, Nishimura H, Kanetaka H, Egusa H. Visualization of droplets and aerosols in simulated dental treatments to clarify the effectiveness of oral suction devices. J Prosthodont Res 2024; 68:85-91. [PMID: 36823102 DOI: 10.2186/jpr.jpr_d_23_00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The hazards of aerosols generated during dental treatments are poorly understood. This study aimed to establish visualization methods, discover conditions for droplets/aerosols generated in simulating dental treatments and identify the conditions for effective suction methods. METHODS The spreading area was evaluated via image analysis of the droplets/aerosols generated by a dental air turbine on a mannequin using a light emitting diode (LED) light source and high-speed camera. The effects of different bur types and treatment sites, reduction effect of intra-oral suction (IOS) and extra-oral suction (EOS) devices, and effect of EOS installation conditions were evaluated. RESULTS Regarding the bur types, a bud-shaped bur on the air turbine generated the most droplets/aerosols compared with round-shaped, round end-tapered, or needle-tapered burs. Regarding the treatment site, the area of droplets/aerosols produced by an air turbine from the palatal plane of the anterior maxillary teeth was significantly higher. The generated droplet/aerosol area was reduced by 92.1% by using IOS alone and 97.8% by combining IOS and EOS. EOS most effectively aspirated droplets/aerosols when placed close (10 cm) to the mouth in the vertical direction (0°). CONCLUSIONS The droplets/aerosols generated by an air turbine could be visualized using an LED light and a high-speed camera in simulating dental treatments. The bur shape and position of the dental air turbine considerably influenced droplet/aerosol diffusion. The combined use of IOS and EOS at a proper position (close and perpendicular to the mouth) facilitated effective diffusion prevention to protect the dental-care environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Watanabe
- Division of Dental Safety and System Management, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai
| | - Yoko Iwamatsu-Kobayashi
- Division of Dental Safety and System Management, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai
- Liaison Centre for Innovative Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai
| | - Kenji Kikuchi
- Biological Flow Studies Laboratory, Department of Finemechanics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai
| | - Tomonari Kajita
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology and Surgical Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai
| | - Hiromitsu Morishima
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai
| | - Kensuke Yamauchi
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai
| | - Wataru Yashiro
- Next-Generation Detection System Smart Lab, International Center for Synchrotron Radiation Innovation Smart (SRIS), Tohoku University, Sendai
- Frontier Quantum-beam Metrology Laboratory, Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, Sendai
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Nishimura
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center, National Hospital Organization, Sendai
| | - Hiroyasu Kanetaka
- Liaison Centre for Innovative Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai
| | - Hiroshi Egusa
- Division of Dental Safety and System Management, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai
- Liaison Centre for Innovative Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai
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Ekhlasmand kermani M, Kheiri A, Amid R, Torshabi M, Houshmand B, Parsayan S. Sterility and bioactivity evaluation of two types of bone graft substitutes after removing the original packaging. JOURNAL OF ADVANCED PERIODONTOLOGY & IMPLANT DENTISTRY 2023; 15:15-21. [PMID: 37645549 PMCID: PMC10460786 DOI: 10.34172/japid.2023.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Background Xenograft and allograft bone substitutes are widely used to replace the missing bone in defects. Since removing the packaging of these grafts can nullify their sterilization, this study aimed to evaluate the sterility and bioactivity changes of an allograft and a xenograft following uncapping/recap. Methods Two types of commercial allograft and xenograft vials were unpacked and further exposed to operating room air, where implant surgery was performed for one second, ten minutes, and one hour. After three repetitions, samples were analyzed using microbiological tests and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX) for sterility and bioactivity evaluation. Results None of the bone graft samples showed microbial growth or bioactivity-negative changes after seven days of unpacking the vials. Conclusion Despite the positive results of this study, future studies and more analysis considering influential factors are required. Also, disinfection and air exchange must still be observed during biomaterial application and bone grafting procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Ekhlasmand kermani
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Aida Kheiri
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Amid
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Dental Research Center, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Torshabi
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Houshmand
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Parsayan
- Dental Student, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Kayahan E, Wu M, Van Gerven T, Braeken L, Stijven L, Politis C, Leblebici ME. Droplet size distribution, atomization mechanism and dynamics of dental aerosols. JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE 2022; 166:106049. [PMID: 35891888 PMCID: PMC9304037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2022.106049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Since the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic, maintaining safety in dental operations has challenged health care providers and policy makers. Studies on dental aerosols often focus on bacterial viability or particle size measurements inside dental offices during and after dental procedures, which limits their conclusions to specific cases. Fundamental understanding on atomization mechanism and dynamics of dental aerosols are needed while assessing the risks. Most dental instruments feature a build-in atomizer. Dental aerosols that are produced by ultrasonic or rotary atomization are considered to pose the highest risks. In this work, we aimed to characterize dental aerosols produced by both methods, namely by Mectron PIEZOSURGERY® and KaVo EXPERTtorque™. Droplet size distributions and velocities were measured with a high-speed camera and a rail system. By fitting the data to probability density distributions and using empirical equations to predict droplet sizes, we were able to postulate the main factors that determine droplet sizes. Both dental instruments had wide size distributions including small droplets. Droplet size distribution changed based on operational parameters such as liquid flow rate or air pressure. With a larger fraction of small droplets, rotary atomization poses a higher risk. With the measured velocities reaching up to 5 m s-1, droplets can easily reach the dentist in a few seconds. Small droplets can evaporate completely before reaching the ground and can be suspended in the air for a long time. We suggest that relative humidity in dental offices are adjusted to 50% to prevent fast evaporation while maintaining comfort in the office. This can reduce the risk of disease transmission among patients. We recommend that dentists wear a face shield and N95/FFP2/KN95 masks instead of surgical masks. We believe that this work gives health-care professionals, policy makers and engineers who design dental instruments insights into a safer dental practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Kayahan
- Center for Industrial Process Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Agoralaan Building B, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Min Wu
- Center for Industrial Process Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Agoralaan Building B, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Tom Van Gerven
- Process Engineering for Sustainable Systems, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Leen Braeken
- Center for Industrial Process Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Agoralaan Building B, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Lambert Stijven
- OMFS IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leuven, Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Constantinus Politis
- OMFS IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leuven, Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - M Enis Leblebici
- Center for Industrial Process Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Agoralaan Building B, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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Graetz C, Hülsbeck V, Düffert P, Schorr S, Straßburger M, Geiken A, Dörfer CE, Cyris M. Influence of flow rate and different size of suction cannulas on splatter contamination in dentistry: results of an exploratory study with a high-volume evacuation system. Clin Oral Investig 2022; 26:5687-5696. [PMID: 35536440 PMCID: PMC9088725 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-022-04525-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES SOPs recommend high-volume evacuation (HVE) for aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) in dentistry. Therefore, in the exploratory study, the area of splatter contamination (SCON in %) generated by high-speed tooth preparation (HSP) and air-polishing (APD) was measured when different suction cannulas of 6 mm diameter (saliva ejector (SAE)), 11 mm (HC11), or 16 mm (HC16) were utilized versus no-suction (NS). MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty tests were performed in a closed darkened room to measure SCON (1m circular around the manikin head (3.14 m2) via plan metrically assessment through fluorescence technique. HSP (handpiece, turbine (Kavo, Germany)) or APD (LM-ProPowerTM (Finland), Airflow®-Prophylaxis-Master (Switzerland)) for 6 min plus 5 s post-treatment were performed either without suction or with low-flow (150 l/min for SAE) or high-flow rate (250 l/min/350 l/min for HC11/HC16) suction. All tests were two-tailed (p≤0.05, Bonferroni corrected for multi-testing). RESULTS Irrespective the AGP, SCON was higher for NS (median [25th; 75th percentiles]: 3.4% [2.6; 5.4]) versus high-flow suction (1.9% [1.5; 2.5]) (p=0.002). Low-flow suction (3.5% [2.6; 4.3]) versus NS resulted in slightly lower but not statistically significantly lower SCON (p=1.000) and was less effective than high-flow suction (p=0.003). Lowest contamination values were found with HC16 (1.9% [1.5; 2.5]; p≤0.002), whereat no significant differences were found for HC11 (2.4% [1.7; 3.1]) compared to SAE (p=0.385) or NS (p=0.316). CONCLUSIONS Within study's limitations, the lowest splatter contamination values resulted when HC16 were utilized by a high-flow rate of ≥250 l/min. CLINICAL RELEVANCE It is strongly recommended to utilize an HVE with suction cannulas of 16mm diameter for a high-flow rate during all AGPs and afterwards also to disinfect all surface of patients or operators contacted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Graetz
- Clinic of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3 (Haus B), 24105, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Viktor Hülsbeck
- Clinic of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3 (Haus B), 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Paulina Düffert
- Clinic of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3 (Haus B), 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Susanne Schorr
- Clinic of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3 (Haus B), 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Martin Straßburger
- Clinic of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3 (Haus B), 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Antje Geiken
- Clinic of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3 (Haus B), 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christof E Dörfer
- Clinic of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3 (Haus B), 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Miriam Cyris
- Clinic of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3 (Haus B), 24105, Kiel, Germany
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Air Quality in a Dental Skills Lab during the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: Results of an Experimental Study. Int J Dent 2022; 2022:9973623. [PMID: 35769944 PMCID: PMC9234770 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9973623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The study aimed to analyze different ways to control air quality during/after aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) in a small skills lab with restricted natural air ventilation in preclinical dental training (worst-case scenario for aerogen infection control). Different phases were investigated (AGP1: intraoral high-volume evacuation (HVE); AGP2: HVE plus an extraoral mobile scavenger (EOS)) and afterward (non-AGP1: air conditioning system (AC), non-AGP2: AC plus opened door). Methods Continuous data collection was performed for PM1, PM2.5, and PM10 (µg/m3), CO2 concentration (ppm), temperature (K), and humidity (h−1) during two summer days (AGP: n = 30; non-AGP: n = 30). While simulating our teaching routine, no base level for air parameters was defined. Therefore, the change in each parameter (Δ = [post]-[pre] per hour) was calculated. Results We found significant differences in ΔPM2.5 and ΔPM1 values (median (25/75th percentiles)) comparing AGP2 versus AGP1 (ΔPM2.5: 1.6(0/4.9)/−3.5(−10.0/−1.1), p=0.003; ΔPM1: 1.6(0.6/2.2)/−2.2(−9.3/−0.5), p=0.001). Between both non-AGPs, there were no significant differences in all the parameters that were measured. ΔCO2 increased in all AGP phases (AGP1/AGP2: 979.0(625.7/1126.9)/549.9(4.0/788.8)), while during non-AGP phases, values decreased (non-AGP1/non-AGP2: −447.3(−1122.3/641.2)/−896.6(−1307.3/−510.8)). ∆Temperature findings were similar (AGP1/AGP2: 12.5(7.8/17.0)/9.3(1.8/15.3) versus non-AGP1/non-AGP2: −13.1(−18.7/0)/−14.7(−16.8/−6.8); p ≤ 0.003)), while for ∆humidity, no significant difference (p > 0.05) was found. Conclusions Within the limitations of the study, the combination of HVE and EOS was similarly effective in controlling aerosol emissions of particles between one and ten micrometers in skill labs during AGPs versus that during non-AGPs. After AGPs, air exchange with the AC should be complemented by open doors for better air quality if natural ventilation through open windows is restricted.
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Aerosol reduction of two dental extraoral scavenger devices in vitro. Int Dent J 2022; 72:691-697. [PMID: 35810011 PMCID: PMC9159968 DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Since the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2, aerosol control in the operatory has become a key safety issue in dentistry. The utilisation of extraoral scavenger devices (EOSs) is one of the various approaches to in-treatment aerosol reduction in dentistry. The use and efficacy of EOSs in dental settings, however, are still a matter of debate in the literature and there are still open questions about their proper use. Thus, research into this area is essential to inform dental practice. The objective of this study was to examine the aerosol reduction efficacy of two different EOS in vitro. Methods Two commercially available EOSs were tested during modeled dental treatment in a setup that previously proved to generate high aerosol load. Measurements were done in two particle size ranges: 5.6–560 nm (the full range of the spectrometer) and 60.4–392.4 nm (a range that is especially relevant to the spread of SARS-CoV-2 with aerosol). Results Both devices managed to reduce the aerosol load to a statistically significant extent as compared to the scenario when only a high-volume evacuator and a saliva ejector (and no EOS) were used. Conclusions Within the limitations of the study, the results support the assumption that EOSs for aerosol reduction increase in-treatment safety in the dental operatory.
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Melzow F, Mertens S, Todorov H, Groneberg DA, Paris S, Gerber A. Aerosol exposure of staff during dental treatments: a model study. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:128. [PMID: 35428223 PMCID: PMC9012061 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02155-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Due to exposure to potentially infectious aerosols during treatments, the dental personnel is considered being at high risk for aerosol transmitted diseases like COVID-19. The aim of this study was to evaluate aerosol exposure during different dental treatments as well as the efficacy of dental suction to reduce aerosol spreading.
Methods Dental powder-jet (PJ; Air-Flow®), a water-cooled dental handpiece with a diamond bur (HP) and water-cooled ultrasonic scaling (US) were used in a simulation head, mounted on a dental unit in various treatment settings. The influence of the use of a small saliva ejector (SE) and high-volume suction (HVS) was evaluated. As a proxy of aerosols, air-born particles (PM10) were detected using a Laser Spectrometer in 30 cm distance from the mouth. As control, background particle counts (BC) were measured before and after experiments. Results With only SE, integrated aerosol levels [median (Q25/Q75) µg/m3 s] for PJ [91,246 (58,213/118,386) µg/m3 s, p < 0.001, ANOVA] were significantly increased compared to BC [7243 (6501/8407) µg/m3 s], whilst HP [11,119 (7190/17,234) µg/m3 s, p > 0.05] and US [6558 (6002/7066) µg/m3 s; p > 0.05] did not increase aerosol levels significantly. The use of HVS significantly decreased aerosol exposure for PJ [37,170 (29,634/51,719) µg/m3 s; p < 0.01] and HP [5476 (5066/5638) µg/m3 s; p < 0.001] compared to SE only, even reaching lower particle counts than BC levels for HP usage (p < 0.001). Conclusions To reduce the exposure to potentially infectious aerosols, HVS should be used during aerosol-forming dental treatments.
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Onoyama K, Matsui S, Kikuchi M, Sato D, Fukamachi H, Kadena M, Funatsu T, Maruoka Y, Baba K, Maki K, Kuwata H. Particle Size Analysis in Aerosol-Generating Dental Procedures Using Laser Diffraction Technique. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 3:804314. [PMID: 35224541 PMCID: PMC8873144 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2022.804314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The global outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has raised concerns about the risk of airborne infection during dental treatment. Aerosol-generating dental procedures (AGDP) produce droplets and aerosols, but the details of the risks of COVID-19 transmission in AGDP are not well-understood. By discriminating between droplets and aerosols, we devised a method to measure particle size using laser diffraction analysis and evaluated aerosols generated from dental devices for providing a basis for proper infection control procedures. The droplets and aerosols generated from dental devices were characterized by multimodal properties and a wide range of droplet sizes, with the majority of droplets larger than 50 μm. AGDP emitted few aerosols smaller than 5 μm, which are of concern for pulmonary infections due to airborne transmission. In addition, the use of extraoral suction was found to prevent the spread of aerosols from high-speed dental engines. This study suggests that the risk of aerosol infections is considerably limited in regular dental practice and that current standard precautions, such as mainly focusing on protection against droplet and contact infections, are sufficient. While several cases of airborne transmission of COVID-19 in general clinics and emergency hospitals have been reported, cluster outbreaks in dental clinics have not yet been reported, which may indicate that AGDP does not pose a significant threat in contributing to the spread of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Onoyama
- Division of Community-Based Comprehensive Dentistry, Department of Special Needs Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shohei Matsui
- Division of Community-Based Comprehensive Dentistry, Department of Special Needs Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Kikuchi
- Division of Community-Based Comprehensive Dentistry, Department of Special Needs Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sato
- Department of Implant Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruka Fukamachi
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miki Kadena
- Division of Dentistry for Persons With Disabilities, Department of Special Needs Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Funatsu
- Division of Dentistry for Persons With Disabilities, Department of Special Needs Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasubumi Maruoka
- Division of Community-Based Comprehensive Dentistry, Department of Special Needs Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Baba
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kotaro Maki
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kuwata
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hirotaka Kuwata
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Spray mist reduction by means of a high-volume evacuation system-Results of an experimental study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257137. [PMID: 34478480 PMCID: PMC8415595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES High-speed tooth preparation requires effective cooling to avoid thermal damage, which generates spray mist, which is a mixture of an aerosol, droplets and particles of different sizes. The aim of this experimental study was to analyze the efficacy of spray mist reduction with an intraoral high-volume evacuation system (HVE) during simulated high-speed tooth preparation for suboptimal versus optimal suction positions of 16 mm sized cannulas and different flow rates of the HVE. MATERIAL AND METHODS In a manikin head, the upper first premolar was prepared with a dental turbine, and generated particles of 5-50 microns were analyzed fifty millimeters above the mouth opening with the shadow imaging technique (frame: 6.6×5.3×1.1 mm). This setup was chosen to generate a reproducible spray mist in a vertical direction towards an imaginary operator head (worst case scenario). The flow rate (FR) of the HVE was categorized into five levels (≤120 l/min up to 330 l/min). The number of particles per second (NP; p/s) was counted, and the mass volume flow of particles per second (MVF; μg/s*cm3) was calculated for 10 sec. Statistical tests were nonparametric and two-sided (p≤0.05). RESULTS With increasing flow rate, the NP/MVF values decreased significantly (eta: 0.671/0.678; p≤0.001). Using a suboptimally positioned cannula with an FR≤160 l/min, significantly higher NP values (mean±SD) of 731.67±54.24 p/s (p≤0.019) and an MVF of 3.72±0.42 μg/s*cm3 (p≤0.010) were measured compared to those of the optimal cannula position and FR≥300 l/min (NP/MVF: 0/0). No significant difference in NP and MVF was measurable between FR≥250 l/min and FR>300 l/min (p = 0.652, p = 0.664). CONCLUSION Within the limitations of the current experimental study, intraoral high-flow rate suction with ≥300 l/min with an HVE effectively reduced 5-50 μm sized particles of the spray mist induced by high-speed tooth preparation with a dental turbine.
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The efficacy of an extraoral scavenging device on reducing aerosol particles ≤ 5 µm during dental aerosol-generating procedures: an exploratory pilot study in a university setting. BDJ Open 2021; 7:19. [PMID: 34016953 PMCID: PMC8134965 DOI: 10.1038/s41405-021-00074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective/aim To identify small particle concentrations (eight categories: ≤0.1 µm × ≤5.0 µm) induced by aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs; high-speed tooth preparation, ultrasonic scaling; air polishing) under high-flow suction with a 16-mm intraoral cannula with and without an additional mobile extraoral scavenger (EOS) device during student training. Materials and methods Twenty tests were performed (16.94 m2 room without ventilation with constant temperature (26.7 (1.1) °C and humidity (56.53 (4.20)%)). Data were collected 2 min before, 2 min during, and 6 min after AGPs. The EOS device and the air sampler for particle counting were placed 0.35 m from the open mouth of a manikin head. The particle number concentration (PN, counts/m3) was measured to calculate ΔPN (ΔPN = [post-PN] − [pre-PN]). Results Mean ΔPN (SD) ranged between −8.65E+06 (2.86E+07) counts/m3 for 0.15 µm and 6.41E+04 (2.77E+05) counts/m3 for 1.0 µm particles. No significant differences were found among the AGP groups (p > 0.05) or between the AGP and control groups (p > 0.05). With an EOS device, lower ΔPN was detected for smaller particles by high-speed tooth preparation (0.1–0.3 µm; p < 0.001). Discussion A greater reduction in the number of smaller particles generated by the EOS device was found for high-speed tooth preparation. Low ΔPN by all AGPs demonstrated the efficacy of high-flow suction. Conclusions The additional use of an EOS device should be carefully considered when performing treatments, such as high-speed tooth preparation, that generate particularly small particles when more people are present and all other protective options have been exhausted.
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