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Brinker EJ, Hardcastle MR, Dittmer KE, Graff EC. Endocrine fibroblast growth factors in domestic animals. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2024; 89:106872. [PMID: 39059301 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2024.106872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are a group of structurally homologous yet functionally pleiotropic proteins. Canonical and intracellular FGFs have primarily autocrine or paracrine effects. However, the FGF19 subfamily, composed of FGF15/19, FGF21, and FGF23, act as endocrine hormones that regulate bile acid, metabolic, and phosphorus homeostasis, respectively. Current research in human and rodent models demonstrates the potential of these endocrine FGFs to target various diseases, including disorders of inherited hypophosphatemia, chronic liver disease, obesity, and insulin resistance. Many diseases targeted for therapeutic use in humans have pathophysiological overlaps in domestic animals. Despite the potential clinical and economic impact, little is known about endocrine FGFs and their signaling pathways in major domestic animal species compared with humans and laboratory animals. This review aims to describe the physiology of these endocrine FGFs, discuss their current therapeutic use, and summarize the contemporary literature regarding endocrine FGFs in domestic animals, focusing on potential future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Brinker
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, 166 Greene Hall, Auburn University, AL, USA 36849; Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA, USA 01536
| | - Michael R Hardcastle
- IDEXX Laboratories Pty. Ltd., 20A Maui Street, Pukete, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand
| | - Keren E Dittmer
- School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Emily C Graff
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, 166 Greene Hall, Auburn University, AL, USA 36849; Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Dr. Auburn University, 1265 HC Morgan, AL, USA 36849.
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2
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Hofmann C, Dobenecker B, Kienzle E. Apparent digestibility and calcium and phosphorus in urine after feeding different combinations of calcium and phosphorus sources to adult dogs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2024. [PMID: 39189324 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.14038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of the combination of a water-soluble calcium (Ca) source (CaCl2) with a water-soluble phosphorus (P) source (NaH2PO4*2H2O, diet soluble, SOL) in comparison to a water-insoluble P source (CaHPO4*2H2O, diet insoluble, INS) on apparent digestibility and renal excretion of Ca and P in dogs. The Ca intake was 226 mg/kg bodyweight (bw), the Ca/P ratio 1.9/1 in SOL and 2.0/1 in INS. The percentage of Ca from CaCl2 was 60% in SOL and 33% in INS. Eight adult Foxhound-crossbred dogs FBI, (3-5 years, bw 24-32 kg) were available. Standard digestion trials were carried out (10 days adaptation, 5 days total faecal collection). Spontaneously excreted urine was collected pre- and postprandially. In vitro water solubility of P in the mineral premixes was determined. The Ca digestibility was negative in both trials without significant differences between the groups. Apparent P digestibility was increased in group SOL (26% vs. 20% in INS). In both groups, P content in urine was higher pre- compared to postprandial, with higher concentrations in group SOL. The same was true for the P/Crea ratio. The water solubility of P in the mineral premixes used in the trials showed considerable differences: The P in premix INS was insoluble in water after 1 and after 90 min. By contrast, the P in the premix SOL was highly soluble (98%) after 1 minute. After 90 min, however, the P solubility decreased to 43%, suggesting the formation of insoluble CaP salts, presumably from CaCl2 and NaH2PO4*2H2O. In conclusion, in the present study, apparent Ca digestibility in dogs was not affected by the solubility of Ca and P, while P digestibility and renal P excretion increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celina Hofmann
- Department of Veterinary Science, Chair of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Munich, Germany
| | - Britta Dobenecker
- Department of Veterinary Science, Chair of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Munich, Germany
| | - Ellen Kienzle
- Department of Veterinary Science, Chair of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Munich, Germany
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3
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Ratsma DMA, Muller M, Koedam M, van Leeuwen JPTM, Zillikens MC, van der Eerden BCJ. Organic phosphate but not inorganic phosphate regulates Fgf23 expression through MAPK and TGF-ꞵ signaling. iScience 2024; 27:109625. [PMID: 38883842 PMCID: PMC11178987 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the main regulators of phosphate homeostasis is fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), secreted by osteocytes. The effects of organic versus inorganic dietary phosphate on this homeostasis are unclear. This study used MC3T3-E1 FGF23-producing cells to examine the transcriptomic responses to these phosphates. Most importantly, the expression and secretion of FGF23 were only increased in response to organic phosphate. Gene ontology terms related to a response to environmental change were only enriched in cells treated with organic phosphate while cells treated with inorganic phosphate were enriched for terms associated with regulation of cellular phosphate metabolism. Inhibition of MAPK signaling diminished the response of Fgf23 to organic phosphate, suggesting it activates FGF23. TGF-β signaling inhibition increased Fgf23 expression after the addition of organic phosphate, while the negative TGF-β regulator Skil decreased this response. In summary, the observed differential response of FGF23-producing to phosphate types may have consequences for phosphate homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M A Ratsma
- Laboratory for Calcium and Bone Metabolism and Erasmus MC Bone Centre, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Max Muller
- Laboratory for Calcium and Bone Metabolism and Erasmus MC Bone Centre, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marijke Koedam
- Laboratory for Calcium and Bone Metabolism and Erasmus MC Bone Centre, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes P T M van Leeuwen
- Laboratory for Calcium and Bone Metabolism and Erasmus MC Bone Centre, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Carola Zillikens
- Laboratory for Calcium and Bone Metabolism and Erasmus MC Bone Centre, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bram C J van der Eerden
- Laboratory for Calcium and Bone Metabolism and Erasmus MC Bone Centre, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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4
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Da Riz F, Pichard D, Maurey C, Kurtz M, Canonne M, Lavoué R, Trumel C, Buronfosse T, Desquilbet L, Benchekroun G. Phosphocalcic metabolism and its potential association with biomarkers of kidney disease in dogs with spontaneous hyperadrenocorticism. Vet J 2024; 305:106146. [PMID: 38788995 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of increased serum phosphate concentration and proteinuria in dogs with spontaneous hyperadrenocorticism (HAC) is unclear. A potential link between proteinuria and calcium/phosphate metabolism has never been studied in dogs with HAC. The aims of the study were: (1) To evaluate calcium/phosphate metabolism in dogs with spontaneous HAC and compare to healthy dogs as well as to dogs with non-HAC illness; (2) to look for associations between markers of calcium/phosphate metabolism and biomarkers of kidney disease in dogs with HAC. Fifty-four dogs were included in the study, classified as HAC (n=27), non-HAC disease (n=17), and healthy (n=10). Serum calcium, phosphate, 25(OH)Vitamin D, 1,25(OH)2Vitamin D, plasma intact parathyroid hormone concentration (iPTH), FGF23, and urinary fractional excretion of calcium and phosphate were evaluated in all dogs at diagnosis and compared between each group. The correlation between these variables and urine protein-to-creatinine ratio (UPC) and urinary N-acetylglucosaminidase-to-creatinine ratio (uNAG/C) was evaluated in the HAC group. Medians [range] of serum phosphate concentration, urinary fractional excretion of calcium (FE(Ca)), and iPTH were significantly higher in dogs with HAC than in dogs with non-HAC illness (P<0.01) and healthy dogs (P<0.01). Increased 1,25(OH)2Vitamin D/25(OH)Vitamin D was also observed (P<0.001). In HAC group, UPC was significantly negatively correlated with 25(OH)Vitamin D (r(s): -0.54; P<0.01). Urinary NAG/C was significantly positively correlated with serum phosphate (r(s): 0.46; P=0.019). Increased serum phosphate, urinary excretion of calcium, and hyperparathyroidism were observed in dogs with HAC. Vitamin D metabolism may be shifted towards increased 1-alpha hydroxylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Da Riz
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, CHUVA, Service de médecine interne, Maisons-Alfort F-94700, France
| | - D Pichard
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, CHUVA, Service de médecine interne, Maisons-Alfort F-94700, France
| | - C Maurey
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, CHUVA, Service de médecine interne, Maisons-Alfort F-94700, France
| | - M Kurtz
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, CHUVA, Service de médecine interne, Maisons-Alfort F-94700, France
| | - M Canonne
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, CHUVA, Service de médecine interne, Maisons-Alfort F-94700, France; Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France
| | - R Lavoué
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - C Trumel
- CREFRE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - T Buronfosse
- VetAgro Sup, Service de Biochimie, Marcy l'Etoile 69280, France
| | - L Desquilbet
- Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France
| | - G Benchekroun
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, CHUVA, Service de médecine interne, Maisons-Alfort F-94700, France; Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France.
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5
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Reynolds BS, Chetboul V, Elliott J, Laxalde J, Nguyen P, Testault I, Dorso L, Abadie J, Lefebvre HP, Biourge V. Long-term safety of dietary salt: A 5-year ProspEctive rAndomized bliNded and controlled stUdy in healThy aged cats (PEANUT study). J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:285-299. [PMID: 38084870 PMCID: PMC10800216 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-salt diets promote urine dilution and decrease urolithiasis risk. OBJECTIVE Prospectively evaluate the safety of chronic high dietary salt intake (randomized controlled trial). ANIMALS Twenty research colony neutered, healthy aged cats (11.5 years [10.0-11.6], median [interquartile range]). METHODS Healthy cats were randomized to control or high-salt dry diets (sodium: 1.02 ± 0.16 [mean, SD] and 3.26 ± 0.30 g/Mcal metabolizable energy [ME], respectively; chloride: 2.26 ± 0.33 and 5.71 ± 0.28 g/Mcal ME, respectively), fed for up to 60 months. Assessments included CBC, plasma biochemistry, urinalysis, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), blood pressure, renal and cardiac (conventional Doppler and 2-dimensional color tissue Doppler) imaging, annually. Cats that died or were euthanized underwent necropsy. Diet effects over time were evaluated with linear mixed models. RESULTS Follow-up duration (median [Interquartile range]) was similar between the control (38.7 months [28.6-48.2]) and high-salt group (51.4 months [45.7-59.0]). Diet had no significant effect on changes in GFR, blood pressure, plasma creatinine concentration, end-diastolic left ventricular (LV) wall thicknesses, LV internal diameters, LV systolic function, left atrial size, or systolic and diastolic Doppler variables. One control cat developed hypertension. One high-salt group cat developed persistent azotemia. Serial plasma biochemistry and urine specific gravity suggested early chronic kidney disease in 4 nonazotemic cats (2 per group), consistent with necropsy findings. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE In healthy aged cats, a commercial veterinary diet containing 3.26 ± 0.30 g/Mcal ME sodium was safe with regard to renal and cardiac function for up to 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valerie Chetboul
- Unité de cardiologie d'Alfort (UCA), CHUVAEcole Nationale Vétérinare d'AlfortMaisons‐AlfortFrance
- Université Paris‐Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRBCréteilFrance
| | - Jonathan Elliott
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary CollegeUniversity of LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Patrick Nguyen
- Nutrition and Endocrinology Unit, LUNAM UniversitéOnirisNantesFrance
| | | | - Laëticia Dorso
- Centre hospitalier Univesitaire VétérinaireOnirisNantesFrance
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Malik A, Khan JM, Al-Amri AM, Altwaijry N, Sharma P, Alhomida A, Sen P. Hexametaphosphate, a Common Food Additive, Aggregated the Hen Egg White Lysozyme. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:44086-44092. [PMID: 38027328 PMCID: PMC10666150 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Polyphosphate polymers are chains of phosphate monomers chemically bonded together via phosphoanhydride bonds. They are found in all prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms and are among the earliest, most anionic, and most mysterious molecules known. They are everywhere, from small cellular components to additives in our food. There is a strong association between hyperphosphatemia and mortality. That is why it is crucial to assess how polyphosphates, as food additives, affect the quality of edible proteins. This study investigated the effect of inexpensive and widely used food additives (hexametaphosphate labeled as E452) on bakery items, meat products, fish, and soft drinks. Using various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques, we examined how hexametaphosphate affected the aggregation propensity, structure, and stability of a commonly used food protein: hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL). The solubility of HEWL is affected in a bimodal fashion by the concentration of hexametaphosphate. The bimodal concentration-dependent effect was also observed in the tertiary and secondary structural changes. Hexametaphosphate-induced HEWL aggregates were amorphous, as evidenced by ThT fluorescence, far-UV CD, and TEM imaging. This study showed that the food additive (hexametaphosphate) may denature and aggregate proteins and may lead to undesirable health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajamaluddin Malik
- Department
of Biochemistry, College of Science, King
Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Javed Masood Khan
- Department
of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz M. Al-Amri
- Department
of Biochemistry, College of Science, King
Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nojood Altwaijry
- Department
of Biochemistry, College of Science, King
Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Prerna Sharma
- Geisinger
Commonwealth School of Medicine Scranton, Scranton, Pennsylvania 18509-3240, United States
| | - Abdullah Alhomida
- Department
of Biochemistry, College of Science, King
Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Priyankar Sen
- Centre
for Bioseparation Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, India
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7
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Kępińska-Pacelik J, Biel W, Witkowicz R, Podsiadło C. Mineral and heavy metal content in dry dog foods with different main animal components. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6082. [PMID: 37055496 PMCID: PMC10102197 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33224-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Dog caregivers, mainly for economic reasons and easy availability, choose dry, over the counter diets (OTC). The mineral composition of OTC foods depends primarily on the components used in the production of the pet food. Regardless of the main component of the food, it must meet the recommended minimum mineral content, established by nutritional guidelines. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the mineral (Ca, K, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Mo) and heavy metal content (Pb, Co, Cd, Cr, Ni) using the methods of colorimetry and mass spectrometry, of OTC dry dog foods and to compare with the FEDIAF and AAFCO nutritional guidelines. Dry foods pose no risk to dogs in terms of heavy metal content. The worst results in terms of mineral content were obtained in mixed foods, therefore it is worth considering feeding the dog a mono-protein food. The PCA analysis disproved our hypothesis and revealed that the main animal source did not statistically significantly affect the levels of minerals and their ratios. However, the analysis of contrasts confirms the differentiation of the content of individual minerals between the groups of foods. For the first time, we proved that pet food with a mineral composition similar to the MIN-RL may be characterized by unfavorable mineral ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagoda Kępińska-Pacelik
- Department of Monogastric Animal Sciences, Division of Animal Nutrition and Food, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Klemensa Janickiego 29, 71-270, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Wioletta Biel
- Department of Monogastric Animal Sciences, Division of Animal Nutrition and Food, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Klemensa Janickiego 29, 71-270, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Robert Witkowicz
- Department of Agroecology and Crop Production, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicza 21, 31-120, Krakow, Poland
| | - Cezary Podsiadło
- Department of Agroengineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Juliusza Słowackiego 17, 71-434, Szczecin, Poland
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8
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High Intake of Sodium Chloride for 28 Days Causes No Effect on Serum FGF23 Concentrations in Cats. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12223195. [PMID: 36428422 PMCID: PMC9686773 DOI: 10.3390/ani12223195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND FGF23 is an acknowledged parameter to assess kidney health. As chronic kidney failure is one of the most common diseases in aging cats, dietary influences on renal health warrant investigation. The purpose of this study was therefore to investigate potential correlations between dietary sodium chloride and FGF23. METHODS In a total of two trials, 11 cats were included. In the first trial, the cats were fed a complete and balanced control diet; in the second trial, sodium chloride was added (8 g/kg/DM)). Blood, urinary, feed, and faecal samples were analysed for major minerals. FGF23 and creatinine were measured in blood and urine samples. RESULTS Serum phosphate and FGF23 were unaffected by high sodium chloride intake, thus showing no correlation between serum FGF23 and sodium concentrations. Apparent phosphorus digestibility was significantly increased, however, by high sodium chloride intake, whereas apparent digestibility of calcium was unaffected. The present study confirms differences in FGF23 and sodium chloride interaction in cats compared with other species. Further research regarding the correlation between sodium chloride and phosphate homeostasis is warranted.
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Sasaki S, Koike M, Tanifuji K, Uga M, Kawahara K, Komiya A, Miura M, Harada Y, Hamaguchi Y, Sasaki S, Shiozaki Y, Kaneko I, Miyamoto KI, Segawa H. Dietary polyphosphate has a greater effect on renal damage and FGF23 secretion than dietary monophosphate. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2022; 69:173-179. [DOI: 10.2152/jmi.69.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumire Sasaki
- Department of Applied Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Megumi Koike
- Department of Applied Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kazuya Tanifuji
- Department of Applied Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Minori Uga
- Department of Applied Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kota Kawahara
- Department of Applied Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Aoi Komiya
- Department of Applied Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Mizuki Miura
- Department of Applied Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yamato Harada
- Department of Applied Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yuki Hamaguchi
- Department of Applied Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shohei Sasaki
- Department of Applied Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yuji Shiozaki
- Department of Applied Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kaneko
- Department of Applied Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Miyamoto
- Department of Applied Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hiroko Segawa
- Department of Applied Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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10
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Dobenecker B, Kienzle E, Siedler S. The Source Matters-Effects of High Phosphate Intake from Eight Different Sources in Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123456. [PMID: 34944233 PMCID: PMC8698167 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated serum phosphate concentrations are an established risk factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality in chronic kidney disease in various species. Independent associations of other parameters of phosphorus metabolism, such as phosphorus intake from different sources and serum concentrations of phosphorus, as well as parameters involved in the regulation, such as parathyroid hormone (PTH) or markers of bone turnover, have been studied in less detail. Therefore, the serum kinetics of phosphate, PTH, and the bone resorption marker bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP) were investigated after 18 days of feeding a control diet and diets supplemented with eight different organic and inorganic phosphate sources aiming at 1.8% phosphorus per dry matter and calcium to phosphorus ratio between 1.3 and 1.7 to 1. Eight healthy beagle dogs (f/m, 2-4 years, 12.9 ± 1.4 kg body weight) were available for the trial. Highly significant differences in the serum kinetics of phosphorus, PTH, and BAP with the highest postprandial levels after feeding highly water-soluble sodium and potassium phosphates were found. We conclude that the use of certain inorganic phosphates in pet food is potentially harmful and should be restricted.
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11
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Samant SS, Crandall PG, Jarma Arroyo SE, Seo HS. Dry Pet Food Flavor Enhancers and Their Impact on Palatability: A Review. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112599. [PMID: 34828880 PMCID: PMC8622411 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pet foods are a vital component of the global food industry. Pet food’s success depends on its acceptance by both consumers (the pets) and purchasers (the pet owners). Palatability tests using panels of both trained and untrained pets are often used to measure the preference and acceptability of pet foods. Human perception of pet foods is usually determined by descriptive sensory analysis. Since dry pet foods (also known as kibbles), while being the most popular, are the least palatable, palatants as a flavor enhancer are generally added to dry pet foods to increase their acceptability to pets. Pet foods can also be prepared to be more appealing to pet owners if the chosen aromas and flavors are commonly associated with human food. With increasing demand, developing flavor enhancers to meet the needs of both pets and owners is becoming increasingly important. This review summarized the current state of flavor enhancers used in the pet food industry and their influence on food palatability from both animal and human standpoints.
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12
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Soutar L, Coltherd JC, Steele VR, Staunton R, Carvell-Miller L, Hughes KR, Bakke AM, Marshall JW. Comparisons of In Vitro and In Vivo Digestibility Assays for Phosphorus in Feline Diets and Associations with Dietary Nutrient Content. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:10688-10699. [PMID: 34472353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient; however, potential health impacts of high dietary levels of added soluble, highly bioavailable P salts especially are a concern. P sources with lower bioavailability are considered safer. Yet, speciation of different P sources to assess diets' risk to health is challenging. This investigation tested the value of in vitro water extraction and digestion assays to predict in vivo P apparent bioavailability/digestibility in feline diets. Thirty wet (n = 18) and dry (n = 12) format experimental and commercial cat foods were analyzed for nutrient content. Triplicate samples were subjected to in vitro water extraction, single-phase acidic (gastric; G) digestion, and dual-phase gastric and small intestinal (G-SI) digestion assays. Soluble and insoluble P were determined in the supernatant and pellet, respectively. A subset of the diets (seven wet, nine dry diets) was fed to healthy, adult cats (n = 7-24) to determine in vivo apparent P digestibility. Information on the soluble P salt sources and their contribution to total dietary P was available for some diets. Associations between data from the different in vitro assays and in vivo digestibility trials and the influence of different diet parameters were obtained using Pearson correlation and linear regression modeling. The % soluble P obtained from G-SI digestion assay correlated well with in vivo apparent P digestibility for wet (Pearson coefficient 0.926, p = 0.003), but not for dry diets (Pearson coefficient -0.074, p = 0.849). In contrast, the % soluble P determined by water extraction correlated well with the % soluble P salt contribution to total P for dry (Pearson coefficient 0.901, p < 0.001), but not for wet diets (Pearson coefficient -0.407, p = 0.365). Thus, 20 min water extraction can be used to predict soluble P salt content in dry diets; however, differing Ca:P ratios and water solubility of the P sources may affect the outcome and false-positive results can occur. The G-SI digestion assay employed can also be used to predict in vivo P digestibility. However, again, diet format, Ca:P ratios in diets, and possibly other factors can impact the results. Thus, data from in vitro assays to assess P sources and bioavailability need to be interpreted with care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsay Soutar
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray LE14 4RT, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer C Coltherd
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray LE14 4RT, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria R Steele
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray LE14 4RT, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Staunton
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray LE14 4RT, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Carvell-Miller
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray LE14 4RT, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin R Hughes
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray LE14 4RT, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Marie Bakke
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray LE14 4RT, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - James W Marshall
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray LE14 4RT, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
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Dobenecker B. [Phosphate intake with complete food and diets for chronic kidney disease available on the German market]. TIERARZTLICHE PRAXIS. AUSGABE K, KLEINTIERE/HEIMTIERE 2021; 49:247-254. [PMID: 34425603 DOI: 10.1055/a-1487-8625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Complete foods and renal diets for dogs and cats available on the German market were analyzed for their concentrations of total phosphorus as well as highly soluble and therefore highly available phosphorus due to the possible effects of this element on the animal's health. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 133 complete foods for healthy dogs and cats, 8 snacks and 43 diets for patients with chronic kidney disease were analyzed for total phosphorus and the fraction of phosphorus soluble in water after 1 minute (Psol1). RESULTS In the tested compound food, the amount of phosphorus in relation to the recommended daily allowance ranged from 90 to 740 %. More than 90 % of the products supplied twice the required amounts; in 6 dog feeds the nutritional maximum wasexceeded. For almost 75 % of the products, the recommended daily allowance for phosphorus was already met vollby Psol1. More than 50 % of the tested renal diets contained more than twice the recommended amounts for healthy individuals and with this also exceeded the legal limits. Even in the renal diets, the amount of Psol1 alone exceeded the recommended daily allowance for this element. CONCLUSION This work demonstrates that compound food and renal diets available on the German market may contain a multiple of the recommended or legally permitted phosphorus concentrations. Therefore, a considerable number of products may be expected to not meet the expectations of customers and veterinarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Dobenecker
- Lehrstuhl für Tierernährung und Diätetik, Veterinärmedizinisches Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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Atwal J, Stockman J, Gilham M, Allaway D, Renfrew H, Bakke AM, Watson P. No Observed Adverse Effects on Health Were Detected in Adult Beagle Dogs When Fed a High-Calcium Diet for 40 Weeks. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061799. [PMID: 34208630 PMCID: PMC8234157 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Calcium (Ca) is an essential mineral that plays a vital role in many bodily functions. There is evidence that high levels of dietary Ca for puppies and growing dogs can result in adverse growth and health effects, with certain breeds and dog size categories being most susceptible, for example, large breed sizes or beagles. Until recently, little was known about the health consequences of high Ca diets to adult dog, however, a study in the large sized breed Labrador retriever found no adverse health consequences when feeding diets containing levels of Ca near maximum levels set by pet food regulators (2.5 g per 100 g dry matter) for 40 weeks. This current study fed a similar high Ca diet to adult beagles, a medium sized breed for 40 weeks and monitored the dogs’ health using an extensive suite of health parameters. All dogs remained healthy and did not display any clinically relevant signs of adverse health relating to diet at any point during or following completion of the study. Abstract The implications of long-term high calcium (Ca) intake are well documented in growing dogs and in adult dogs of large breed size, however, the consequences on other breeds and breed sizes are yet to be determined. Eighteen neutered adult beagles, nine males and nine females aged 1.4–4.4 years, were randomized to control or test diets providing in g∙4184 kJ−1 (1000 kcal−1): 1.44 and 7.19 total Ca balanced with 1.05 and 4.25 total phosphorus, respectively, for 40 weeks. Health parameters, ultrasound scans, radiographs, glomerular filtration rate, and mineral balance were measured at eight-week intervals. All dogs remained healthy with no measured evidence of orthopedic, urinary, or renal disease. The test diet resulted in a 5.2 fold increase in fecal Ca excretion. Apparent Ca digestibility (%) and Ca balance (g/d) did not significantly (p > 0.05) change from baseline in the test diet group, although dogs displayed a positive Ca balance (maximum at week 8, 1.11 g/d with 95% CI (0.41, 1.80)) before a neutral Ca balance was restored at week 32. Despite an initial positive Ca balance, we can conclude that no measurable adverse health effects were observed as a result of the test diet fed in this study in beagles over a period of 40 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jujhar Atwal
- WALTHAM Petcare Science Institute, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire LE14 4RT, UK; (J.S.); (M.G.); (D.A.); (A.M.B.); (P.W.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jonathan Stockman
- WALTHAM Petcare Science Institute, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire LE14 4RT, UK; (J.S.); (M.G.); (D.A.); (A.M.B.); (P.W.)
| | - Matthew Gilham
- WALTHAM Petcare Science Institute, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire LE14 4RT, UK; (J.S.); (M.G.); (D.A.); (A.M.B.); (P.W.)
| | - David Allaway
- WALTHAM Petcare Science Institute, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire LE14 4RT, UK; (J.S.); (M.G.); (D.A.); (A.M.B.); (P.W.)
| | - Helen Renfrew
- Renfrew Imaging, Grove Road, Bladon, Woodstock OX20 1RD, UK;
| | - Anne Marie Bakke
- WALTHAM Petcare Science Institute, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire LE14 4RT, UK; (J.S.); (M.G.); (D.A.); (A.M.B.); (P.W.)
| | - Phillip Watson
- WALTHAM Petcare Science Institute, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire LE14 4RT, UK; (J.S.); (M.G.); (D.A.); (A.M.B.); (P.W.)
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