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Martínez-Martínez JG, Rosales-Loredo S, Hernández-Morales A, Arvizu-Gómez JL, Carranza-Álvarez C, Macías-Pérez JR, Rolón-Cárdenas GA, Pacheco-Aguilar JR. Bacterial Communities Associated with the Roots of Typha spp. and Its Relationship in Phytoremediation Processes. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1587. [PMID: 37375088 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution is a severe concern worldwide, owing to its harmful effects on ecosystems. Phytoremediation has been applied to remove heavy metals from water, soils, and sediments by using plants and associated microorganisms to restore contaminated sites. The Typha genus is one of the most important genera used in phytoremediation strategies because of its rapid growth rate, high biomass production, and the accumulation of heavy metals in its roots. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria have attracted much attention because they exert biochemical activities that improve plant growth, tolerance, and the accumulation of heavy metals in plant tissues. Because of their beneficial effects on plants, some studies have identified bacterial communities associated with the roots of Typha species growing in the presence of heavy metals. This review describes in detail the phytoremediation process and highlights the application of Typha species. Then, it describes bacterial communities associated with roots of Typha growing in natural ecosystems and wetlands contaminated with heavy metals. Data indicated that bacteria from the phylum Proteobacteria are the primary colonizers of the rhizosphere and root-endosphere of Typha species growing in contaminated and non-contaminated environments. Proteobacteria include bacteria that can grow in different environments due to their ability to use various carbon sources. Some bacterial species exert biochemical activities that contribute to plant growth and tolerance to heavy metals and enhance phytoremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephanie Rosales-Loredo
- Facultad de Estudios Profesionales Zona Huasteca, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 79060, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Hernández-Morales
- Facultad de Estudios Profesionales Zona Huasteca, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 79060, Mexico
| | - Jackeline Lizzeta Arvizu-Gómez
- Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología (CENITT), Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic 63173, Mexico
| | - Candy Carranza-Álvarez
- Facultad de Estudios Profesionales Zona Huasteca, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 79060, Mexico
| | - José Roberto Macías-Pérez
- Facultad de Estudios Profesionales Zona Huasteca, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 79060, Mexico
| | - Gisela Adelina Rolón-Cárdenas
- Facultad de Estudios Profesionales Zona Huasteca, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 79060, Mexico
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O'Brien P, Gunn JS, Clark A, Gleeson J, Pither R, Bowman J. Integrating carbon stocks and landscape connectivity for nature-based climate solutions. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9725. [PMID: 36636425 PMCID: PMC9829451 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Actions to protect against biodiversity loss and climate change will require a framework that addresses synergies between these interrelated issues. In this study, we present methods for identifying areas important for the implementation of nature-based climate solutions and biodiversity conservation by intersecting high-resolution spatial data for carbon storage and landscape connectivity. We explored the spatial congruence of carbon and connectivity in Ontario, Canada and examined effectiveness of current protected areas coverage. We found a weak positive relationship between carbon stocks and landscape connectivity; however, our maps revealed large hotspots, with high values of both indices, throughout the boreal forest and northern peatlands and smaller, isolated hotspots, in the settled landscapes of the south. Location of hotspots varied depending on whether we considered forest or soil carbon. Further, our results show that current protected and conserved areas in Ontario only cover 13% of landscapes with the highest values for both carbon storage and connectivity. Protection or restoration of areas that maximize the co-benefits of carbon storage and connectivity would make significant contributions toward ambitious national targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and conserve biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul O'Brien
- Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry Ontario Peterborough Canada
| | - John S Gunn
- New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station University of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire USA
| | - Alison Clark
- Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry Ontario Peterborough Canada
| | - Jenny Gleeson
- Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry Ontario Peterborough Canada
| | - Richard Pither
- Environment and Climate Change Canada Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Jeff Bowman
- Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry Ontario Peterborough Canada
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3
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Rey‐Sanchez C, Arias‐Ortiz A, Kasak K, Chu H, Szutu D, Verfaillie J, Baldocchi D. Detecting Hot Spots of Methane Flux Using Footprint-Weighted Flux Maps. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. BIOGEOSCIENCES 2022; 127:e2022JG006977. [PMID: 36248720 PMCID: PMC9542288 DOI: 10.1029/2022jg006977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we propose a new technique for mapping the spatial heterogeneity in gas exchange around flux towers using flux footprint modeling and focusing on detecting hot spots of methane (CH4) flux. In the first part of the study, we used a CH4 release experiment to evaluate three common flux footprint models: the Hsieh model (Hsieh et al., 2000), the Kljun model (Kljun et al., 2015), and the K & M model (Kormann and Meixner, 2001), finding that the K & M model was the most accurate under these conditions. In the second part of the study, we introduce the Footprint-Weighted Flux Map, a new technique to map spatial heterogeneity in fluxes. Using artificial CH4 release experiments, natural tracer approaches and flux chambers we mapped the spatial flux heterogeneity, and detected and validated a hot spot of CH4 flux in a oligohaline restored marsh. Through chamber measurements during the months of April and May, we found that fluxes at the hot spot were on average as high as 6589 ± 7889 nmol m-2 s-1 whereas background flux from the open water were on average 15.2 ± 7.5 nmol m-2 s-1. This study provides a novel tool to evaluate the spatial heterogeneity of fluxes around eddy-covariance towers and creates important insights for the interpretation of hot spots of CH4 flux, paving the way for future studies aiming to understand subsurface biogeochemical processes and the microbiological conditions that lead to the occurrence of hot spots and hot moments of CH4 flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Rey‐Sanchez
- Department of Environmental Science Policy and ManagementUniversity of California BerkeleyBerkeleyCAUSA
- Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Ariane Arias‐Ortiz
- Department of Environmental Science Policy and ManagementUniversity of California BerkeleyBerkeleyCAUSA
- Institute of Marine SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaSanta CruzCAUSA
| | - Kuno Kasak
- Department of GeographyUniversity of TartuTartuEstonia
| | - Housen Chu
- Earth & Environmental Sciences AreaLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCAUSA
| | - Daphne Szutu
- Department of Environmental Science Policy and ManagementUniversity of California BerkeleyBerkeleyCAUSA
| | - Joseph Verfaillie
- Department of Environmental Science Policy and ManagementUniversity of California BerkeleyBerkeleyCAUSA
| | - Dennis Baldocchi
- Department of Environmental Science Policy and ManagementUniversity of California BerkeleyBerkeleyCAUSA
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4
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Creed IF, Badiou P, Enanga E, Lobb DA, Pattison-Williams JK, Lloyd-Smith P, Gloutney M. Can Restoration of Freshwater Mineral Soil Wetlands Deliver Nature-Based Climate Solutions to Agricultural Landscapes? Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.932415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study advances scientific understanding of the magnitude of carbon sequestration that could be achieved through conservation (securing existing carbon stocks) and restoration (creating new carbon stocks) of freshwater mineral soil wetlands on agricultural landscapes. Within an agricultural landscape in southern Ontario (Canada), 65,261 wetlands comprising 63,135 ha were lost. Of these, 6,899 wetlands comprising 5,198 ha were “easy-to-restore” wetlands, defined as wetlands that were small (<0.5 ha), with no hydrological inflow or outflow, and that were drained by a drainage ditch and could be restored by plugging the drainage ditch. Within these easy-to-restore wetlands, a chronosequence of wetlands that covered a range of restoration ages [i.e., drained (0 years), 15 years, 25 years, 40 years, and intact marshes] was established to capture potential changes in rates of sedimentation and organic carbon (OC) sequestration with restoration age. Three sediment cores were collected at the center of the open-water portion of the wetland and segmented in the field. In the lab, each individual segment from each core was dried, sieved through a 2-mm mesh, weighed and analyzed for 137Cs and 210Pb radioisotopes and OC. OC stocks (35.60 Mg ha–1) and OC sequestration rates (0.89 Mg C ha–2 yr–1) in wetlands restored for 40 years were comparable to if not marginally larger than intact wetlands, suggesting that restoration promotes OC sequestration but that an initial recovery phase of up to 25 years or more is needed before returning to a pre-drainage equilibrium. An economic analysis to compare the costs and benefits of wetland conservation and restoration was then conducted. The benefit-cost analysis revealed that the financial benefits of carbon sequestration are greater than the financial costs over a 30-year time horizon for retaining wetlands but not for restoring wetlands. The breakeven costs such that wetland restoration is economically feasible based on current carbon price projections is estimated to be $17,173 CAD ha–1 over the 30-year time horizon; any wetland restoration project that costs this amount or less could be justified on economic grounds based solely on the carbon benefits. This study’s findings indicate that wetlands are important nature-based climate solutions, but that incentivizing their use through a carbon market will require either scientific innovations to reduce restoration costs or increase carbon sequestration rates, or stacking carbon benefits with other ecosystem service benefits into a comprehensive market for nature-based climate solutions.
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Kasak K, Kill K, Uuemaa E, Maddison M, Aunap R, Riibak K, Okiti I, Teemusk A, Mander Ü. Low water level drives high nitrous oxide emissions from treatment wetland. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 312:114914. [PMID: 35339792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Wetlands that are restored for carbon sequestration or created for water treatment are an important sources of greenhouse gases, especially methane. The emission of nitrous oxide (N2O) from these systems is often considered negligible due to the inundation and anerobic conditions that support complete denitrification. We used closed chamber method to analyze N2O fluxes over a long-term period across heterogeneous wetland ecosystem constructed for treating nitrate-rich agricultural runoff. Our results showed that the water depth and temperature were most important factors affecting high N2O emissions. The shallow areas where water depth was less than 9 cm created N2O hot spots that emitted 48.8% of the total wetlands annual emission while only covering 6% of the total area. The annual emission from shallow-water hot spots with dense helophytic vegetation was 4.85 ± 0.5 g N2O-N m-2 y-1 while it was only 0.37 ± 0.01 g N2O-N m-2 y-1 in deeper zones. While the water depth was the main factor for high N2O emissions, the temperatures increased the magnitude of the flux and therefore summer droughts and water drawdown created even larger hot spots. These results also suggest that IPCC benchmarks could underestimate N2O emission from shallow waterbodies. Thus, it is important that the shallow zones and water level drawdown in the created or restored wetlands is avoided to minimize the N2O flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuno Kasak
- Department of Geography, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, Tartu, 51014, Estonia.
| | - Keit Kill
- Department of Geography, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
| | - Evelyn Uuemaa
- Department of Geography, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
| | - Martin Maddison
- Department of Geography, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
| | - Raivo Aunap
- Department of Geography, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
| | - Kersti Riibak
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Isaac Okiti
- Department of Geography, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
| | - Alar Teemusk
- Department of Geography, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
| | - Ülo Mander
- Department of Geography, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
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6
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Novick KA, Metzger S, Anderegg WRL, Barnes M, Cala DS, Guan K, Hemes KS, Hollinger DY, Kumar J, Litvak M, Lombardozzi D, Normile CP, Oikawa P, Runkle BRK, Torn M, Wiesner S. Informing Nature-based Climate Solutions for the United States with the best-available science. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:3778-3794. [PMID: 35253952 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nature-based Climate Solutions (NbCS) are managed alterations to ecosystems designed to increase carbon sequestration or reduce greenhouse gas emissions. While they have growing public and private support, the realizable benefits and unintended consequences of NbCS are not well understood. At regional scales where policy decisions are often made, NbCS benefits are estimated from soil and tree survey data that can miss important carbon sources and sinks within an ecosystem, and do not reveal the biophysical impacts of NbCS for local water and energy cycles. The only direct observations of ecosystem-scale carbon fluxes, for example, by eddy covariance flux towers, have not yet been systematically assessed for what they can tell us about NbCS potentials, and state-of-the-art remote sensing products and land-surface models are not yet being widely used to inform NbCS policymaking or implementation. As a result, there is a critical mismatch between the point- and tree-scale data most often used to assess NbCS benefits and impacts, the ecosystem and landscape scales where NbCS projects are implemented, and the regional to continental scales most relevant to policymaking. Here, we propose a research agenda to confront these gaps using data and tools that have long been used to understand the mechanisms driving ecosystem carbon and energy cycling, but have not yet been widely applied to NbCS. We outline steps for creating robust NbCS assessments at both local to regional scales that are informed by ecosystem-scale observations, and which consider concurrent biophysical impacts, future climate feedbacks, and the need for equitable and inclusive NbCS implementation strategies. We contend that these research goals can largely be accomplished by shifting the scales at which pre-existing tools are applied and blended together, although we also highlight some opportunities for more radical shifts in approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Novick
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University-Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Stefan Metzger
- Battelle, National Ecological Observatory Network, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Mallory Barnes
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University-Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Daniela S Cala
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University-Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Kaiyu Guan
- College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Kyle S Hemes
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - David Y Hollinger
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Marcy Litvak
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | | | | | - Patty Oikawa
- Department of Earth & Environmental Science, California State University-East Bay, Hayward, California, USA
| | - Benjamin R K Runkle
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Margaret Torn
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Susanne Wiesner
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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7
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Net ecosystem exchange comparative analysis of the relative influence of recorded variables in well monitored ecosystems. ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2022.100998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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8
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Cheng SH, Costedoat S, Sterling EJ, Chamberlain C, Jagadish A, Lichtenthal P, Nowakowski AJ, Taylor A, Tinsman J, Canty SWJ, Holland MB, Jones KW, Mills M, Morales-Hidalgo D, Sprenkle-Hyppolite S, Wiggins M, Mascia MB, Muñoz Brenes CL. What evidence exists on the links between natural climate solutions and climate change mitigation outcomes in subtropical and tropical terrestrial regions? A systematic map protocol. ENVIRONMENTAL EVIDENCE 2022; 11:15. [PMID: 35465308 PMCID: PMC9017726 DOI: 10.1186/s13750-022-00268-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Background Natural climate solutions (NCS)-actions to conserve, restore, and modify natural and modified ecosystems to increase carbon storage or avoid greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions-are increasingly regarded as important pathways for climate change mitigation, while contributing to our global conservation efforts, overall planetary resilience, and sustainable development goals. Recently, projections posit that terrestrial-based NCS can potentially capture or avoid the emission of at least 11 Gt (gigatons) of carbon dioxide equivalent a year, or roughly encompassing one third of the emissions reductions needed to meet the Paris Climate Agreement goals by 2030. NCS interventions also purport to provide co-benefits such as improved productivity and livelihoods from sustainable natural resource management, protection of locally and culturally important natural areas, and downstream climate adaptation benefits. Attention on implementing NCS to address climate change across global and national agendas has grown-however, clear understanding of which types of NCS interventions have undergone substantial study versus those that require additional evidence is still lacking. This study aims to conduct a systematic map to collate and describe the current state, distribution, and methods used for evidence on the links between NCS interventions and climate change mitigation outcomes within tropical and sub-tropical terrestrial ecosystems. Results of this study can be used to inform program and policy design and highlight critical knowledge gaps where future evaluation, research, and syntheses are needed. Methods To develop this systematic map, we will search two bibliographic databases (including 11 indices) and 67 organization websites, backward citation chase from 39 existing evidence syntheses, and solicit information from key informants. All searches will be conducted in English and encompass subtropical and tropical terrestrial ecosystems (forests, grasslands, mangroves, agricultural areas). Search results will be screened at title and abstract, and full text levels, recording both the number of excluded articles and reasons for exclusion. Key meta-data from included articles will be coded and reported in a narrative review that will summarize trends in the evidence base, assess gaps in knowledge, and provide insights for policy, practice, and research. The data from this systematic map will be made open access. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13750-022-00268-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha H. Cheng
- Center for Biodiversity and Conservation, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY USA
| | | | - Eleanor J. Sterling
- Center for Biodiversity and Conservation, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY USA
| | | | | | | | - A. Justin Nowakowski
- Moore Center for Science, Conservation International, Arlington, VA USA
- Working Land and Seascapes, Conservation Commons, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC USA
| | - Auset Taylor
- Center for Biodiversity and Conservation, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY USA
| | - Jen Tinsman
- Center for Biodiversity and Conservation, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY USA
| | - Steven W. J. Canty
- Working Land and Seascapes, Conservation Commons, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC USA
- Smithsonian Marine Station, Fort Pierce, FL USA
| | - Margaret B. Holland
- Department of Geography & Environmental Systems, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Kelly W. Jones
- Human Dimensions of Natural Resources Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO USA
| | | | - David Morales-Hidalgo
- Forestry Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Michael B. Mascia
- Moore Center for Science, Conservation International, Arlington, VA USA
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9
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Does Below-Above Canopy Air Mass Decoupling Impact Temperate Floodplain Forest CO2 Exchange? ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13030437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Environmental conditions influence forest ecosystems and consequently, its productivity. Thus, the quantification of forest CO2 exchange is a critical requirement to estimate the CO2 balance of forests on a local and regional scale. Besides interpreting the annual CO2 exchange corresponding to environmental conditions over the studied years (2015–2020) at the floodplain forest in Lanžhot, Czech Republic (48.6815483 N, 16.9463317 E), the influence of below-above canopy air mass decoupling on above canopy derived CO2 exchange is the focus of this study. For this purpose, we applied the eddy covariance (EC) method above and below the forest canopy, assessing different single- and two-level flux filtering strategies. We focused on one example year (2019) of concurrent below and above canopy EC measurements. We hypothesized that conventional single-level EC flux filtering strategies such as the friction velocity (u*) filtering approach might not be sufficient to fully capture the forest CO2 exchange at the studied ecosystem. Results suggest that decoupling occurs regularly, but the implication on the above canopy derived EC CO2 fluxes appears to be negligible on an annual scale. We attribute this to the open canopy and flat EC tower surrounding terrain which inhibits horizontal removal of below-canopy respired CO2.
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10
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Eichelmann E, Mantoani MC, Chamberlain SD, Hemes KS, Oikawa PY, Szutu D, Valach A, Verfaillie J, Baldocchi DD. A novel approach to partitioning evapotranspiration into evaporation and transpiration in flooded ecosystems. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:990-1007. [PMID: 34735731 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Reliable partitioning of micrometeorologically measured evapotranspiration (ET) into evaporation (E) and transpiration (T) would greatly enhance our understanding of the water cycle and its response to climate change related shifts in local-to-regional climate conditions and rising global levels of vapor pressure deficit (VPD). While some methods on ET partitioning have been developed, their underlying assumptions make them difficult to apply more generally, especially in sites with large contributions of E. Here, we report a novel ET partitioning method using artificial neural networks (ANNs) in combination with a range of environmental input variables to predict daytime E from nighttime ET measurements. The study uses eddy covariance data from four restored wetlands in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California, USA, as well as leaf-level T data for validation. The four wetlands vary in their vegetation make-up and structure, representing a range of ET conditions. The ANNs were built with increasing complexity by adding the input variable that resulted in the next highest average value of model testing R2 across all sites. The order of variable inclusion (and importance) was: VPD > gap-filled sensible heat flux (H_gf) > air temperature (Tair ) > friction velocity (u∗ ) > other variables. The model using VPD, H_gf, Tair , and u∗ showed the best performance during validation with independent data and had a mean testing R2 value of 0.853 (averaged across all sites, range from 0.728 to 0.910). In comparison to other methods, our ANN method generated T/ET partitioning results which were more consistent with CO2 exchange data especially for more heterogeneous sites with large E contributions. Our method improves the understanding of T/ET partitioning. While it may be particularly suited to flooded ecosystems, it can also improve T/ET partitioning in other systems, increasing our knowledge of the global water cycle and ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Eichelmann
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Science Centre West, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Mauricio C Mantoani
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Science Centre West, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Samuel D Chamberlain
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy & Management, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Kyle S Hemes
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy & Management, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Patricia Y Oikawa
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, California State University, East Bay, Hayward, California, USA
| | - Daphne Szutu
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy & Management, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Alex Valach
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy & Management, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Joseph Verfaillie
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy & Management, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Dennis D Baldocchi
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy & Management, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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11
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Kasak K, Espenberg M, Anthony TL, Tringe SG, Valach AC, Hemes KS, Silver WL, Mander Ü, Kill K, McNicol G, Szutu D, Verfaillie J, Baldocchi DD. Restoring wetlands on intensive agricultural lands modifies nitrogen cycling microbial communities and reduces N 2O production potential. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 299:113562. [PMID: 34425499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The concentration of nitrous oxide (N2O), an ozone-depleting greenhouse gas, is rapidly increasing in the atmosphere. Most atmospheric N2O originates in terrestrial ecosystems, of which the majority can be attributed to microbial cycling of nitrogen in agricultural soils. Here, we demonstrate how the abundance of nitrogen cycling genes vary across intensively managed agricultural fields and adjacent restored wetlands in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta in California, USA. We found that the abundances of nirS and nirK genes were highest at the intensively managed organic-rich cornfield and significantly outnumber any other gene abundances, suggesting very high N2O production potential. The quantity of nitrogen transforming genes, particularly those responsible for denitrification, nitrification and DNRA, were highest in the agricultural sites, whereas nitrogen fixation and ANAMMOX was strongly associated with the wetland sites. Although the abundance of nosZ genes was also high at the agricultural sites, the ratio of nosZ genes to nir genes was significantly higher in wetland sites indicating that these sites could act as a sink of N2O. These findings suggest that wetland restoration could be a promising natural climate solution not only for carbon sequestration but also for reduced N2O emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuno Kasak
- University of Tartu, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Department of Geography, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Mikk Espenberg
- University of Tartu, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Department of Geography, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tyler L Anthony
- University of California, Berkeley, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Alex C Valach
- Climate and Agriculture Group, Agroscope, Switzerland
| | | | - Whendee L Silver
- University of California, Berkeley, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ülo Mander
- University of Tartu, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Department of Geography, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Keit Kill
- University of Tartu, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Department of Geography, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Gavin McNicol
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daphne Szutu
- University of California, Berkeley, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Joseph Verfaillie
- University of California, Berkeley, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Dennis D Baldocchi
- University of California, Berkeley, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Rewilding and restoring nature in a changing world. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254249. [PMID: 34260625 PMCID: PMC8279355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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