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Boyle AG. Streptococcus equi Subspecies equi. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2023; 39:115-131. [PMID: 36737294 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Strangles, caused by the bacteria Streptococcus equi subsp equi, is a highly contagious disease of equids classically characterized by a high fever and enlarged lymph nodes of the head. Diagnostic sampling depends on the stage of the disease. The goal of treating strangles is to control transmission and to eliminate infection while providing future host immunity. Daily temperature checking and isolation of febrile horses is the key to controlling outbreaks. Eradication of this disease will not be possible until S equi carriers are eliminated from the equine population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley G Boyle
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA.
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Rotinsulu DA, Ewers C, Kerner K, Amrozi A, Soejoedono RD, Semmler T, Bauerfeind R. Molecular Features and Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Streptococcus equi ssp. equi Isolates from Strangles Cases in Indonesia. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10010049. [PMID: 36669050 PMCID: PMC9867300 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Strangles, caused by Streptococcus equi ssp. equi (S. equi equi), is a highly infectious and frequent disease of equines worldwide. No data are available regarding the molecular epidemiology of strangles in Indonesia. This study aimed to characterize S. equi equi isolates obtained from suspected strangles cases in Indonesia in 2018. Isolates originated from seven diseased horses on four different farms located in three provinces of Indonesia. Whole genome sequences of these isolates were determined and used for seM typing, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and core genome MLS typing (cgMLST). Genomes were also screened for known antimicrobial resistance genes and genes encoding for the recombinant antigens used in the commercial Strangvac® subunit vaccine. All seven S. equi equi isolates from Indonesia belonged to ST179 and carried seM allele 166. Isolates differed from each other by only 2 to 14 cgSNPs and built an exclusive sub-cluster within the Bayesian Analysis of Population Structure (BAPS) cluster 2 (BAPS-2) of the S. equi equi cgMLST scheme. All isolates revealed predicted amino acid sequence identity to seven and high similarity to one of the eight antigen fragments contained in Strangvac®. Furthermore, all isolates were susceptible to beta-lactam antibiotics penicillin G, ampicillin, and ceftiofur. Our data suggest that the horses from this study were affected by strains of the same novel sublineage within globally distributed BAPS-2 of S. equi equi. Nevertheless, penicillin G can be used as a first-choice antibiotic against these strains and Strangvac® may also be protective against Indonesian strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dordia Anindita Rotinsulu
- Institute for Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
- Correspondence: or
| | - Christa Ewers
- Institute for Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Katharina Kerner
- Institute for Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Amrozi Amrozi
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | | | - Torsten Semmler
- NG-1 Microbial Genomics, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rolf Bauerfeind
- Institute for Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Frosth S, Morris ERA, Wilson H, Frykberg L, Jacobsson K, Parkhill J, Flock JI, Wood T, Guss B, Aanensen DM, Boyle AG, Riihimäki M, Cohen ND, Waller AS. Conservation of vaccine antigen sequences encoded by sequenced strains of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi. Equine Vet J 2023; 55:92-101. [PMID: 35000217 PMCID: PMC10078666 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus equi subspecies equi (S equi) is the cause of Strangles, one of the most prevalent diseases of horses worldwide. Variation within the immunodominant SeM protein has been documented, but a new eight-component fusion protein vaccine, Strangvac, does not contain live S equi or SeM and conservation of the antigens it contains have not been reported. OBJECTIVE To define the diversity of the eight Strangvac antigens across a diverse S equi population. STUDY DESIGN Genomic description. METHODS Antigen sequences from the genomes of 759 S equi isolates from 19 countries, recovered between 1955 and 2018, were analysed. Predicted amino acid sequences in the antigen fragments of SEQ0256(Eq5), SEQ0402(Eq8), SEQ0721(EAG), SEQ0855(SclF), SEQ0935(CNE), SEQ0999(IdeE), SEQ1817(SclI) and SEQ2101(SclC) in Strangvac and SeM were extracted from the 759 assembled genomes and compared. RESULTS The predicted amino acid sequences of SclC, SclI and IdeE were identical across all 759 genomes. CNE was truncated in the genome of five (0.7%) isolates. SclF was absent from one genome and another encoded a single amino acid substitution. EAG was truncated in two genomes. Eq5 was truncated in four genomes and 123 genomes encoded a single amino acid substitution. Eq8 was truncated in three genomes, one genome encoded four amino acid substitutions and 398 genomes encoded a single amino acid substitution at the final amino acid of the Eq8 antigen fragment. Therefore, at least 1579 (99.9%) of 1580 amino acids in Strangvac were identical in 743 (97.9%) genomes, and all genomes encoded identical amino acid sequences for at least six of the eight Strangvac antigens. MAIN LIMITATIONS Three hundred and seven (40.4%) isolates in this study were recovered from horses in the UK. CONCLUSIONS The predicted amino acid sequences of antigens in Strangvac were highly conserved across this collection of S equi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Frosth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ellen Ruth A Morris
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Texas, USA
| | | | - Lars Frykberg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Jacobsson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Jan-Ingmar Flock
- Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Intervacc AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Bengt Guss
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - David M Aanensen
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ashley G Boyle
- Department of Clinical Studies New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Miia Riihimäki
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Noah D Cohen
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew S Waller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.,Intervacc AB, Stockholm, Sweden
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