A systematic review of waterborne and water-related disease in animal populations of Florida from 1999-2019

Therapeutic Effects of Oral Application of Menthol and Extracts from Tormentil (Potentilla erecta), Raspberry Leaves (Rubus idaeus), and Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) during Acute Murine Campylobacteriosis

Human food-borne infections with the enteropathogen Campylobacter jejuni are becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide. Since antibiotics are usually not indicated in campylobacteriosis, alternative treatment regimens are important. We here investigated potential disease-alleviating effects of menthol and of extracts from tormentil, raspberry leaves, and loosestrife in acute murine campylobacteriosis. Therefore, C. jejuni-infected microbiota-depleted IL-10-/- mice were orally treated with the compounds alone or all in combination from day 2 until day 6 post-infection. Whereas neither treatment regimen affected gastrointestinal pathogen loads, the combination of compounds alleviated C. jejuni-induced diarrheal symptoms in diseased mice on day 6 post-infection. Furthermore, the therapeutic application of tormentil and menthol alone and the combination of the four compounds resulted in lower colonic T cell numbers in infected mice when compared to placebo counterparts. Notably, pro-inflammatory cytokines measured in mesenteric lymph nodes taken from C. jejuni-infected mice following tormentil, menthol, and combination treatment did not differ from basal concentrations. However, neither treatment regimen could dampen extra-intestinal immune responses, including systemic pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion on day 6 post-infection. In conclusion, the combination of menthol and of extracts from tormentil, raspberry leaves, and loosestrife constitutes an antibiotic-independent approach to alleviate campylobacteriosis symptoms.

A scoping review of waterborne and water-related disease in the Florida environment from 1999 to 2022

Florida's environments are suitable reservoirs for many disease-causing agents. Pathogens and toxins in Florida waterways have the potential to infect mosquito vectors, animals, and human hosts. Through a scoping review of the scientific literature published between 1999 and 2022, we examined the presence of water-related pathogens, toxins, and toxin-producers in the Florida environment and the potential risk factors for human exposure. Nineteen databases were searched using keywords relating to the waterborne, water-based toxins, and water-related vector-borne diseases which are reportable to the Florida Department of Health. Of the 10,439 results, 84 titles were included in the final qualitative analysis. The resulting titles included environmental samples of water, mosquitoes, algae, sand, soil/sediment, air, food, biofilm, and other media. Many of the waterborne, water-related vector-borne, and water-based toxins and toxin-producers of public health and veterinary importance from our search were found to be present in Florida environments. Interactions with Florida waterways can expose humans and animals to disease and toxins due to nearby human and/or animal activity, proximal animal or human waste, failing or inadequate water and/or sanitation, weather patterns, environmental events, and seasonality, contaminated food items, preference of agent for environmental media, high-risk populations, urban development and population movement, and unregulated and unsafe environmental activities. A One Health approach will be imperative to maintaining healthy waterways and shared environments throughout the state to protect the health of humans, animals, and our ecosystems.

Rapid Reverse Purification DNA Extraction Approaches to Identify Microbial Pathogens in Wastewater

Wastewater monitoring became a promising solution in the early detection of outbreaks. Despite the achievements in the identification of pathogens in wastewater using real-time PCR, there is still a lack of reliable rapid nucleic acid extraction protocols. Therefore, in this study, samples were subjected to alkali, proteinase K and/or bead-beating followed by reverse purification magnetic beads-based separation. Wastewater samples spiked with S. aureus, E. coli and C. parvum were used as examples for Gram-positive and -negative bacteria and protozoa, respectively. All results were compared with a spin column technology as a reference method. Proteinase K with bead beating (vortexing with 0.1 mm glass beads for three minutes) was particularly successful for bacterial DNA extraction (three- to five-fold increase). The most useful extraction protocol for protozoa was pre-treatment with proteinase K (eight-fold increase). The selected methods were sensitive as far as detecting one bacterial cell per reaction for S. aureus, ten bacterial cells for E. coli and two oocysts for C. parvum. The extraction reagents are cold chain independent and no centrifuge or other large laboratory equipment is required to perform DNA extraction. A controlled validation trial is needed to test the effectiveness at field levels.

Diversity of the holopelagic Sargassum microbiome from the Great Atlantic Sargassum Belt to coastal stranding locations

The holopelagic brown macroalgae Sargassum natans and Sargassum fluitans form essential habitats for attached and mobile fauna which contributes to a unique biodiversity in the Atlantic Ocean. However, holopelagic Sargassum natans (genotype I & VIII) and Sargassum fluitans (genotype III) have begun forming large accumulations with subsequent strandings on the western coast of Africa, the Caribbean and northern Brazil, threatening local biodiversity of coastal ecosystems and triggering economic losses. Moreover, stranded masses of holopelagic Sargassum may introduce or facilitate growth of bacteria that are not normally abundant in coastal regions where Sargassum is washing ashore. Hitherto, it is not clear how the holopelagic Sargassum microbiome varies across its growing biogeographic range and what factors drive the microbial composition. We determined the microbiome associated with holopelagic Sargassum from the Great Atlantic Sargassum Belt to coastal stranding sites in Mexico and Florida. We characterized the Sargassum microbiome via amplicon sequencing of the 16S V4 region hypervariable region of the rRNA gene. The microbial community of holopelagic Sargassum was mainly composed of photo(hetero)trophs, organic matter degraders and potentially pathogenic bacteria from the Pseudomonadaceae, Rhodobacteraceae and Vibrionaceae. Sargassum genotypes S. natans I, S. natans VIII and S. fluitans III contained similar microbial families, but relative abundances and diversity varied. LEfSE analyses further indicated biomarker genera that were indicative of Sargassum S. natans I/VIII and S. fluitans III. The holopelagic Sargassum microbiome showed biogeographic patterning with high relative abundances of Vibrio spp., but additional work is required to determine whether that represents health risks in coastal environments. Our study informs coastal management policy, where the adverse sanitary effects of stranded Sargassum might impact the health of coastal ecosystems.

Nitrate enrichment does not affect enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in aquatic microcosms but may affect other strains present in aquatic habitats

Eutrophication of the planet's aquatic systems is increasing at an unprecedented rate. In freshwater systems, nitrate-one of the nutrients responsible for eutrophication-is linked to biodiversity losses and ecosystem degradation. One of the main sources of freshwater nitrate pollution in New Zealand is agriculture. New Zealand's pastoral farming system relies heavily on the application of chemical fertilisers. These fertilisers in combination with animal urine, also high in nitrogen, result in high rates of nitrogen leaching into adjacent aquatic systems. In addition to nitrogen, livestock waste commonly carries human and animal enteropathogenic bacteria, many of which can survive in freshwater environments. Two strains of enteropathogenic bacteria found in New Zealand cattle, are K99 and Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC). To better understand the effects of ambient nitrate concentrations in the water column on environmental enteropathogenic bacteria survival, a microcosm experiment with three nitrate-nitrogen concentrations (0, 1, and 3 mg NO₃-N /L), two enteropathogenic bacterial strains (STEC O26-human, and K99-animal), and two water types (sterile and containing natural microbiota) was run. Both STEC O26 and K99 reached 500 CFU/10 ml in both water types at all three nitrate concentrations within 24 hours and remained at those levels for the full 91 days of the experiment. Although enteropathogenic strains showed no response to water column nitrate concentrations, the survival of background Escherichia coli, imported as part of the in-stream microbiota did, surviving longer in 1 and 3 mg NO₃-N/Lconcentrations (P < 0.001). While further work is needed to fully understand how nitrate enrichment and in-stream microbiota may affect the viability of human and animal pathogens in freshwater systems, it is clear that these two New Zealand strains of STEC O26 and K99 can persist in river water for extended periods alongside some natural microbiota.

Biogeographic patterns of potential pathogenic bacteria in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River as well as its two adjoining lakes, China

Understanding the distribution patterns and shaping factors of bacterial pathogens in aquatic ecosystems, especially in natural waters, are critical to the control of pathogen transmission. In this study, using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, we explored the composition and biogeographic dynamics of potential bacterial pathogens in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, as well as its two vast adjoining lakes (Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake). The pathogen community belonged to 12 potential pathogenic groups, with “intracellular parasites,” “animal parasites or symbionts” and “human pathogens all” occupying 97.5% in total. The potential pathogen community covered seven phyla with Proteobacteria (69.8%) and Bacteroidetes (13.5%) the most predominant. In addition, 53 genera were identified with Legionella (15.2%) and Roseomonas (14.2%) the most dominant. The average relative abundance, alpha diversity and microbial composition of the potential bacterial pathogens exhibited significant biogeographical variations among the different sections. An in-depth analysis reflected that environmental variables significantly structured the potential bacterial pathogens, including water physiochemical properties (i.e., chlorophyll-a, total nitrogen and transparency), heavy metals (i.e., As and Ni), climate (i.e., air temperature) and land use type (i.e., waters). Compared to the overall bacterial community which was composed of both pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria, the pathogen community exhibited distinct microbial diversity patterns and shaping factors. This signifies the importance of different variables for shaping the pathogen community. This study represents one attempt to explore pathogen diversity patterns and their underlying drivers in the Yangtze River, which provides a foundation for the management of pathogenic bacteria.

Twenty years of waterborne and related disease reports in Florida, USA

Florida represents a unique challenge for preventing and responding to infectious disease associated with water. This study cataloged the prevalence of reportable waterborne and water-related disease within Florida residents over the last twenty years and identified relationships between confirmed cases by location and additional risk factors. Data was collected through FLHealthCHARTS for confirmed cases between January 1, 1999 and December 31, 2019. Case records were compiled and analyzed by year, county, pathogen name and disease category, patient age, and where the infection was acquired. During this time, 218,707 cases of water-related disease were recorded with 214,745 due to waterborne disease, 3255 cases of water-related vector-borne disease, and 707 cases caused by a water-based toxin. Children aged 0–4 and the elderly demonstrated a higher proportion of waterborne disease while 45–49 year olds had increased rates of water-based toxins and water-related vector-borne disease. Most cases were reported in the southeast region. Across the state, opportunities for water contact have led to high rates of water-related infectious disease. Public health initiatives and response efforts should target the pathogens of greatest impact for each region, largely zoonotic waterborne diseases, using a One Health approach.

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Over 200,000 cases of water-related disease have been reported to the Florida Department of Health over the last 20 years

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Most reported disease is due to waterborne pathogens followed by water-related vector-borne disease and water-based toxins

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Salmonellosis makes up the largest reported water-related disease burden for Florida

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Children and seniors have higher risk for waterborne disease; adults have higher risk for toxins and vector-borne disease

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Water disease prevention and response must use a One Health model for collaboration with human and animal health providers