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Hu Q, Liu Y, Yin S, Zou H, Shi H, Zhu F. Effects of Kinesio Taping on Neck Pain: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Pain Ther 2024:10.1007/s40122-024-00635-0. [PMID: 39039345 DOI: 10.1007/s40122-024-00635-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neck pain constitutes a prevalent and burdensome health issue, substantially impairing patients' quality of life and functional capabilities. Kinesio taping (KT), a commonly employed intervention within physical therapy, holds promise for mitigating such symptoms; however, a comprehensive evaluation of its efficacy and evidence base is lacking. Therefore, this study endeavors to systematically investigate the therapeutic effects of KT on both subjective neck pain intensity and objective measures of physical activity limitations through a rigorous meta-analytic approach. By synthesizing existing literature and scrutinizing methodological nuances, we aim to furnish healthcare practitioners with evidence-informed insights, facilitating more judicious clinical decision-making and optimizing patient outcomes. METHODS According to the PRISMA guidelines, we conducted searches on PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Web of Science for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the efficacy of KT in treating neck pain. Screening was performed based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Characteristics of the included RCTs were extracted. Trial heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic. Meta-analysis was conducted using Stata 17 software. Risk of bias and methodological quality were evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool and the PEDro scale, respectively. RESULTS In our analysis of 10 RCTs involving 620 patients meeting our inclusion criteria, KT demonstrated significant beneficial effects on neck pain, notably surpassing conventional treatment (weighted mean difference = -0.897, 95% CI -1.30 to -0.49, P < 0.001). Subgroup analysis further revealed that KT exhibited particularly pronounced efficacy in the treatment of nonspecific neck pain and mechanical neck pain, with a more substantial effect observed after 4 weeks of KT intervention compared to 1 week. Moreover, KT demonstrated superior efficacy in alleviating pain symptoms compared to both conventional treatment and sham interventions. CONCLUSION KT has demonstrated efficacy in reducing neck pain and improving cervical dysfunction among patients. Prolonged KT treatment or its combination with other therapeutic modalities may potentially enhance therapeutic outcomes. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42024524685.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Hu
- Meishan City People's Hospital, Meishan, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shao Yin
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Zou
- Department of Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, Renshou County Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Meishan, China
| | - Houyin Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Fengya Zhu
- Zigong First People's Hospital, Zigong, China.
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Krokstad MA, Sund E, Rangul V, Bauman A, Olsson C, Bjerkeset O. Secular trends in risk factors for adolescent anxiety and depression symptoms: the Young-HUNT studies 1995-2019, Norway. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024:10.1007/s00787-024-02373-2. [PMID: 38578474 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-024-02373-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, increases in mental health problems in adolescents have been reported from several large population-based surveys. This raises questions about changes in underlying risk and protective factors that can inform future intervention strategies. Population data were collected from 1995 to 2019 in three waves of the Young-HUNT studies in Norway to map decennial trends in the prevalence of established risk factors for, and their associations with, adolescent mental health problems. All adolescents (aged 13-19 years) attending lower and upper secondary school in the county of Trøndelag were invited, representing three historical cohorts of 25,245 unique adolescents. Mental health problems (HSCL-5) and established mental health risk factors were self-reported. Using a generalized linear model and linear regression, we calculated changes in relative and absolute differences between risk factors and mental health problems. Overall, the prevalence of established risk factors for mental health problems in adolescence increased markedly between 1995 and 2019, especially in girls. Prominent increases were observed for fatigue, bullying, musculoskeletal pain and migraine, loneliness, and overweight. Furthermore, with the exception of excess alcohol use and family economy, associations between each risk factor and adolescent mental health problems strengthened over the same time span in girls, but less among boys. Our findings suggest that several modifiable risk factors for poor mental health in adolescence are increasing, especially among girls, and should be targeted in community, school, and in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Austheim Krokstad
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Nursing, Nord Universitet-Levanger Campus, Levanger, Norway.
- Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Erik Sund
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Nursing, Nord Universitet-Levanger Campus, Levanger, Norway
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, HUNT Research Centre, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Levanger, Norway
| | - Vegar Rangul
- Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, HUNT Research Centre, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
| | - Adrian Bauman
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Craig Olsson
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Centre for Adolescent Health, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne Victoria, Parkville, Australia
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ottar Bjerkeset
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Nursing, Nord Universitet-Levanger Campus, Levanger, Norway
- Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Suzuki Y, Suzuki T, Takagi M, Murakami M, Ikeda T. Bidirectional Longitudinal Association between Back Pain and Loneliness in Later Life: Evidence from English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Ann Geriatr Med Res 2024; 28:27-35. [PMID: 38105012 PMCID: PMC10982446 DOI: 10.4235/agmr.23.0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined the bidirectional and temporal-ordinal relationship between loneliness and back pain. METHODS Data from 7,730 participants in waves 6 (2012-2013), 7 (2014-2015), and 8 (2016-2017) of the national English Longitudinal Study of Ageing were analyzed. Back pain was graded on a scale of 0-10 (0, no discomfort; 10, unbearable pain). Loneliness was measured using the Revised University of California Los Angeles Loneliness Scale. A targeted minimum loss-based estimator was used to examine the bidirectional longitudinal associations between back pain and loneliness. RESULTS No loneliness in waves 6 and 7 (relative risk [RR]=0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.61-0.94), no loneliness in wave 6 but loneliness in wave 7 (RR=0.58; 95% CI, 0.50-0.68), and loneliness in wave 6 but not in wave 7 (RR=0.69; 95% CI, 0.57-0.86) were associated with significant risk reductions of back pain in wave 8 compared with the scenario of loneliness in waves 6 and 7. Mild back pain in wave 6 but moderate back pain (RR=0.55; 95% CI, 0.35-0.86) or severe back pain in wave 7 (RR=0.49; 95% CI, 0.34-0.72) showed a significant risk reduction of loneliness in wave 8 compared with severe back pain in waves 6 and 7. CONCLUSION Loneliness may be a risk factor for back pain, and back pain may be a risk factor for loneliness. The results of this study will inform the development of more effective interventions for loneliness and back pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Suzuki
- Department of Health Policy Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Tomoto Suzuki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Michiaki Takagi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Masayasu Murakami
- Department of Health Policy Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Takaaki Ikeda
- Department of Health Policy Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
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Grasaas E, Mikkelsen HT, Haraldstad K, Helseth S, Småstuen MC, Skarstein S, Rohde GE. Pain in Adolescence: Maternal and Paternal Factors Affecting Adolescents' Pain in Norway-A Cross-Sectional Study. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1915. [PMID: 38136117 PMCID: PMC10741755 DOI: 10.3390/children10121915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain in adolescence is considered a worldwide concern. Adolescents' pain affects family functioning. However, bidirectional associations should be considered as parental determinates such as pain, stress, and sociodemographic factors are also shown to influence pain in adolescence. OBJECTIVES This study explored the associations between maternal and paternal sociodemographic factors, pain, and stress and adolescents' pain, and stress on adolescents' pain. METHODS In total, 508 school-based Norwegian adolescents with a corresponding parent were included. All adolescents completed an electronic survey during school hours, and their respective parents responded electronically. The survey included sociodemographic data, the Perceived Stress Questionnaire, and the Brief Pain Inventory. RESULTS Herein, 385 adolescents reported an average pain of 2.1 (SD, 1.9), and 308 of the participating parents reported an average pain of 1.6 (SD, 1.8). Regressions stratified by parental gender revealed nonsignificant associations in fathers' study variables predicting adolescents' pain. However, having the highest maternal educational level (p ≤ 0.01) and working part-time (p ≤ 0.01) were associated with lower pain in adolescents. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study demonstrated that sociodemographic factors such as high educational status in mothers and mothers working part-time were associated with lower pain in Norwegian adolescents. These findings highlight the importance of a holistic approach to pain management in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Grasaas
- Department of Public Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University in Agder, P.O. Box 422, 4604 Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Hilde Timenes Mikkelsen
- Department of Health and Nursing Science, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University in Agder, 4604 Kristiansand, Norway; (H.T.M.); (K.H.); (S.H.); (G.E.R.)
| | - Kristin Haraldstad
- Department of Health and Nursing Science, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University in Agder, 4604 Kristiansand, Norway; (H.T.M.); (K.H.); (S.H.); (G.E.R.)
| | - Sølvi Helseth
- Department of Health and Nursing Science, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University in Agder, 4604 Kristiansand, Norway; (H.T.M.); (K.H.); (S.H.); (G.E.R.)
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, 0167 Oslo, Norway; (M.C.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Milada Cvancarova Småstuen
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, 0167 Oslo, Norway; (M.C.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Siv Skarstein
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, 0167 Oslo, Norway; (M.C.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Gudrun Elin Rohde
- Department of Health and Nursing Science, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University in Agder, 4604 Kristiansand, Norway; (H.T.M.); (K.H.); (S.H.); (G.E.R.)
- Department of Clinical Research, Sorlandet Hospital, 4615 Kristiansand, Norway
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Sarto F, Sarto D, Cattelan M, Masiero S. Risk Factors for Disabling and Nondisabling Neck Pain in a Large Cohort of Adolescents. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2023; 102:192-197. [PMID: 36729580 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000002168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Neck pain is extremely common and represents a substantial economic burden to our society. We aimed to investigate risk factors for nondisabling and disabling neck pain in a large cohort of Italian adolescents with a cross-sectional study. DESIGN Six thousand two hundred eighty-one students (14-19 yrs old) answered an online questionnaire, investigating the following: anthropometric data, lifestyle-related items, neck pain frequency and intensity, need for medical examination, and several risk factors. Students who had to give up social activities because of neck complaints constituted the disabling neck pain group. RESULTS Our findings revealed that sex, age, sports practice, hours of sleep, and family history were risk factors ( P < 0.001) for neck pain in our cohort. Moreover, disabling neck pain group experienced neck pain more frequently ( P < 0.001) and with higher levels of pain ( P < 0.001) compared with the nondisabling group. The number of hours of sleep was the only risk factor that showed a trend to differ comparing the disabling neck pain group with the nondisabling neck pain one ( P = 0.057). CONCLUSIONS Different risk factors for neck pain were detected in a very large cohort of adolescents. This study may pave the way for future prospective studies and for the development of preventive strategies for neck pain in adolescents. TO CLAIM CME CREDITS Complete the self-assessment activity and evaluation online at http://www.physiatry.org/JournalCME. CME OBJECTIVES Upon completion of this article, the reader should be able to: (1) Identify different risk factors for neck pain in adolescents; (2) Determine the differences between adolescents with nondisabling neck pain and disabling neck pain; and (3) Recognize that most risk factors for disabling neck pain are still unknown, but insufficient sleep quantity could potentially contribute to the development of this condition. LEVEL Advanced. ACCREDITATION The Association of Academic Physiatrists is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians.The Association of Academic Physiatrists designates this Journal-based CME activity for a maximum of 1.0 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit(s) ™. Physicians should only claim credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Sarto
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (FS); School of Human Movement Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (DS); Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (MC); Department of Neuroscience, Section of Rehabilitation, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (SM); and Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (SM)
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Shang Q, Wang D, Wang D, Peng P, Wang H, Jia H, Mao J, Gao C, Du M, He X, Ma Y, Zheng C, Yang L, Luo Z, Hu X. Facet joint degeneration—An initial procedure of the cervical spine degeneration. JOR Spine 2023; 6:e1241. [PMID: 36994467 PMCID: PMC10041371 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aims to emphasize the initiating role of facet joint (FJ) degeneration in the process of cervical spine degeneration induced by tangential load, and we further validate it in a novel cervical spine degeneration animal model. Methods The characteristics of cervical degeneration in patients of different ages were summarized through case collection. In the rat models, Hematoxylin-Eosin, Safranin O staining, and micro-computed tomography were used to show the histopathological changes and bone fiber structure of FJ and the height of intervertebral disc (IVD) space. The ingrowth of nociceptive sensory nerve fibers was observed by immunofluorescence staining. Results FJ degeneration without IVDs degeneration was more common in people with cervical spondylosis in young patients. The obvious degeneration phenotypes of the FJs preceded the IVDs at the same cervical segment in our animal model. The SP+ and CGRP+ sensory nerve fibers were observed in the articular subchondral bone of degenerated FJs and porous endplates of degenerated IVDs. Conclusion The FJ degeneration may act as the major contributor to cervical spine degeneration in young people. The dysfunction of functional unit of spine, not a certain part of IVD tissue, results in the occurrence of cervical degeneration and neck pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiliang Shang
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Wang
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an People's Republic of China
| | - Di Wang
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an People's Republic of China
| | - Pandi Peng
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an People's Republic of China
- Medical Research Institute Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an People's Republic of China
| | - Han Wang
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an People's Republic of China
| | - Haoruo Jia
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxin Mao
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an People's Republic of China
| | - Chu Gao
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an People's Republic of China
| | - Mu Du
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an People's Republic of China
| | - Xin He
- Pharmacy Department Air Force Hospital of Eastern Theater Command Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Yachao Ma
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Zheng
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Yang
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuojing Luo
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an People's Republic of China
| | - Xueyu Hu
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an People's Republic of China
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Smedbråten K, Grotle M, Jahre H, Richardsen KR, Côté P, Steingrímsdóttir ÓA, Storheim K, Nielsen CS, Øiestad BE. Accumulation of health complaints is associated with persistent musculoskeletal pain two years later in adolescents: The Fit Futures study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278906. [PMID: 36580469 PMCID: PMC9799295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There is limited knowledge on the association between different health complaints and the development of persistent musculoskeletal pain in adolescents. The aims of this study were to assess whether specific health complaints, and an accumulation of health complaints, in the first year of upper-secondary school, were associated with persistent musculoskeletal pain 2 years later. We used data from a population-based cohort study (the Fit Futures Study in Norway), including 551 adolescents without persistent musculoskeletal pain at baseline. The outcome was persistent musculoskeletal pain (≥3 months) 2 years after inclusion. The following self-reported health complaints were investigated as individual exposures at baseline: asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic eczema, headache, abdominal pain and psychological distress. We also investigated the association between the accumulated number of self-reported health complaints and persistent musculoskeletal pain 2 years later. Logistic regression analyses estimated adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). At the 2-year follow-up, 13.8% (95% CI [11.2-16.9]) reported persistent musculoskeletal pain. Baseline abdominal pain was associated with persistent musculoskeletal pain 2 years later (OR 2.33, 95% CI [1.29-4.19], p = 0.01). Our analyses showed no statistically significant associations between asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic eczema, headache or psychological distress and persistent musculoskeletal pain at the 2-year follow-up. For the accumulated number of health complaints, a higher odds of persistent musculoskeletal pain at the 2-year follow-up was observed for each additional health complaint at baseline (OR 1.33, 95% CI [1.07-1.66], p = 0.01). Health care providers might need to take preventive actions in adolescents with abdominal pain and in adolescents with an accumulation of health complaints to prevent development of persistent musculoskeletal pain. The potential multimorbidity perspective of adolescent musculoskeletal pain is an important topic for future research to understand the underlying patterns of persistent pain conditions in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Smedbråten
- Department of Rehabilitation Science and Health Technology, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Margreth Grotle
- Department of Rehabilitation Science and Health Technology, Centre for Intelligent Musculoskeletal Health, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Research and Communication Unit for Musculoskeletal Health (FORMI), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Henriette Jahre
- Department of Rehabilitation Science and Health Technology, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Rehabilitation Science and Health Technology, Centre for Intelligent Musculoskeletal Health, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kåre Rønn Richardsen
- Department of Rehabilitation Science and Health Technology, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Rehabilitation Science and Health Technology, Centre for Intelligent Musculoskeletal Health, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pierre Côté
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Institute for Disability and Rehabilitation Research, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Canada
| | - Ólöf Anna Steingrímsdóttir
- Division of Mental and Physical Health, Department of Physical Health and Ageing, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Emergencies and Critical Care, Department of Research and Development, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjersti Storheim
- Department of Rehabilitation Science and Health Technology, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Research and Communication Unit for Musculoskeletal Health (FORMI), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christopher Sivert Nielsen
- Division of Mental and Physical Health, Department of Chronic Diseases, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Emergencies and Critical Care, Department of Pain Management and Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Britt Elin Øiestad
- Department of Rehabilitation Science and Health Technology, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Rehabilitation Science and Health Technology, Centre for Intelligent Musculoskeletal Health, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
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