TRIM59: A potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in human tumors

IGF2BP2-m6A-circMMP9 axis recruits ETS1 to promote TRIM59 transcription in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma

Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is a common malignancy of the head and neck. Recently, circular RNA (circRNA) has been studied extensively in multisystem diseases. However, there are few research on biological functions and molecular mechanisms of circRNAs in LSCC. CircRNA array was used to detect the differentially expressed circRNAs. Kaplan-Meier and cox regression analysis were used to identify survival based on circMMP9. The qRT-PCR, RNase R treatment, sanger sequencing and in situ hybridization were used to verify circMMP9 expression, characteristics and localization in LSCC tissues and cells. Functionally, colony formation, MTS, transwell and in vivo assays were proceeded to detect the biological function of circMMP9 in LSCC progression. The RNA-seq was conducted to identify the molecular targets of circMMP9. Mechanically, MeRIP, RNA Immunoprecipitation (RIP), RNA pulldown, Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and dual-luciferase reporter assays were carried on to verify the regulatory mechanism of circMMP9. CircMMP9 was discovered upregulated in LSCC tissues and cells, and high level of circMMP9 was associated with poor prognosis, low degree of pathological grading, high TNM stage and lymph node metastasis of LSCC. CircMMP9 knockdown prevented LSCC progression both in vitro and in vivo, whereas, circMMP9 overexpression had the opposite effect. CircMMP9 was stabilized by IGF2BP2 in m6A-dependent manner. TRIM59 was identified as downstream target of circMMP9. CircMMP9 recruited ETS1 to stimulate TRIM59 transcription. Moreover, TRIM59 accelerated LSCC progression via activating the PI3K/AKT signal pathway. Our findings offered a unique regulatory mechanism for circMMP9 in LSCC, as well as a novel proof that circMMP9 may be utilize as a diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for LSCC patients.

TRIM59 suppresses the brain ischaemia/reperfusion injury and pyroptosis of microglial through mediating the ubiquitination of NLRP3

Cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury induces irreversible brain injury and causes functional impairment. Ubiquitination plays a crucial role in protein degradation, but its role in cerebral I/R injury remains unclear. Differentially expressed genes in stroke were identified by analysing the microarray dataset GSE119121. Cerebral I/R was simulated in vitro by treating human microglial HMC3 cells with oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R). Cell viability was tested by Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK-8) assays, and pyroptosis was examined by flow cytometry. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and inflammatory cytokine secretion were measured by LDH cytotoxicity assays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. The cerebral I/R animal model was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) surgery in rats. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that tripartite motif-containing protein 59 (TRIM59) is downregulated in stroke, which was verified in cerebral I/R models. The upregulation of TRIM59 promoted viability and inhibited pyroptosis in OGD/R-treated microglia and alleviated cerebral I/R injury in vivo. TRIM59 attenuated NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) protein expression through ubiquitination, thus degrading NLRP3 and alleviating OGD/R-induced injury. TRIM59 relieves cerebral I/R injury in vivo and in vivo. Mechanistically, TRIM59 directly interacts with NLRP3 and inhibits NLRP3 through ubiquitination. Targeting the TRIM59/NLRP3 signalling axis may be an effective therapeutic strategy for cerebral I/R.

Circ_0006324 regulates cell proliferation, cell-cycle progression, apoptosis, and glycolysis of non-small cell lung cancer cells through miR-496/TRIM59 axis

Increasing evidence suggests that circular RNA (circRNA) plays an important role in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) progression. This study aimed to investigate the role and potential molecular mechanism of circ_0006324 in NSCLC. The expression levels of circ_0006324, miR-496, miR-488-5p, and tripartite motif-containing 59 (TRIM59) mRNA were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide assay, EdU assay, and flow cytometry were carried out to evaluate cell proliferation and apoptosis. The extracellular acidification rate and lactic acid production were examined to assess cell glycolysis. Western blot assay was used to detect protein levels. The target relationship of circ_0006324/miR-496/TRIM59 axis was validated by RNA pull-down assay, dual luciferase reporter assay, and radio immunoprecipitation assay. Xenograft tumor assay was performed to reveal the function of circ_0006324 in vivo. Circ_0006324 was upregulated in NSCLC and related to tumor node metastasis stage and distant metastasis. Knockdown of circ_00006324 impeded NSCLC cell proliferation, glycolysis, and promoted cell apoptosis. MiR-496 was verified as a target of circ_0006324 and circ_00006324 mediated the altering of cell proliferation, apoptosis, and glycolysis of NSCLC cells through targeting miR-496. TRIM59 was verified as a target of miR-496, and circ_0006324 positively regulated TRIM59 expression by targeting miR-496. Overexpression of TRIM59 could reverse the effects of circ_0006324 silencing on the proliferation, apoptosis, and glycolysis of NSCLC cells. Circ_0006324 knockdown impeded NSCLC tumor growth in vivo. Circ_0006324 functioned as a tumor promoter in NSCLC to promote cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, and glycolysis and inhibit cell apoptosis via miR-496/TRIM59 axis.

The role of TRIM59 in immunity and immune-related diseases

TRIM59 is a member of the tripartite motif containing (TRIM) protein family. It functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase through its RING domain and is expressed by multiple types of cells. Physiogically, TRIM59 is involved in development, immune response, and the invasion and metastasis of tumors. In this review, we first describe the structure, expression, and subcellular location of TRIM59. Then, we summarize emerging evidence for TRIM59 in immunological diseases including infection, vascular diseases, autoimmunity, and tumor immunity. Additionally, we discuss important molecular signaling pathways that mediate TRIM59 activity. Altogether, the accumulating evidence suggests that manipulating TRIM59 levels and activity may open an avenue for innovative therapies for immune diseases and tumors.