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Usui Y, Ono M, Nibuya R, Kikkawa M, Ito S, Morishita C, Honyashiki M, Tamada Y, Inoue T, Masuya J. Effects of Inappropriate Nurturing Experiences, Depressive Rumination, and Trait Anxiety on Depressive Symptoms. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2024; 20:1571-1581. [PMID: 39156034 PMCID: PMC11330240 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s469417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Prior research has shown that inappropriate childhood nurturing experiences (low care and high overprotection), trait anxiety, and depressive rumination are risk factors for depression. However, no studies to date have analyzed the overall association between these factors and depressive symptoms. In the present study, we hypothesized that depressive rumination mediates the impacts of inappropriate childhood nurturing experiences on depressive symptoms, and that these mediating effects are moderated by trait anxiety, and tested these hypotheses in adult volunteers. Methods The subjects were adult volunteers who were investigated between April 2017 and April 2018. A self-report questionnaire on demographic data, childhood nurturing experiences, trait anxiety, depressive rumination, and depressive symptoms was distributed to conduct the survey, and written informed consent and valid responses were obtained from 585 subjects. Mediation and moderated-mediation analyses were performed by SPSS 28 and macro PROCESS 4.0 software. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tokyo Medical University. Results Parental care showed a significant negative indirect effect on depressive symptoms via its effect on depressive rumination (p < 0.01), whereas parental overprotection showed the opposite effect (p < 0.01). Furthermore, the mediation effect of depressive rumination on depressive symptoms was increased by trait anxiety (p < 0.05). Conclusion Our present study demonstrated that the main factor affecting depressive symptoms is inappropriate childhood nurturing experiences, which indirectly enhance depression by intensifying depressive rumination, and that depressive rumination and trait anxiety mutually reinforce each other to enhance depressive symptoms. These findings may be useful for the prevention of depressive symptoms. Large-scale prospective studies are needed to confirm the causal associations among these factors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunosuke Usui
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miki Ono
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rintaro Nibuya
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kikkawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunichiro Ito
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chihiro Morishita
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mina Honyashiki
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu Tamada
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University Hachioji Medical Center, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Inoue
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jiro Masuya
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Carollo A, De Marzo S, Esposito G. Parental care and overprotection predict worry and anxiety symptoms in emerging adult students. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2024; 248:104398. [PMID: 39025031 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Anxiety disorders represent a prevalent mental health concern, with escalating rates, especially among emerging adults. University students, in particular, face a myriad of academic and life stressors that can amplify feelings of worry and anxiety. While early parental bonding seem to predict anxiety disorders later in life, the applicability to emerging adult students and its applicability to predict sub-clinical and transdiagnostic anxiety features remain unclear. This study aims to examine i) the relationship between demographic variables and key features of anxiety disorders (i.e., worry and anxiety symptoms); and ii) the predictive association between early parental bonding and anxiety-related features. A sample of 370 university students in Italy (n = 279 females; M age = 20.84 years, SD age = 1.81 years) completed the Parental Bonding Instrument, the Penn State Worry Questionnaire, and the Beck Anxiety Inventory. Females reported higher levels of worry and anxiety compared to males. Significantly higher worry and anxiety symptoms were reported by individuals who experienced affectionless control (low care and high overprotection) as compared to those exposed to optimal parenting (high care and low overprotection). Predictive models indicated that scores of parental care (i.e., the principal component between maternal and paternal care scores) and parental overprotection (i.e., the principal component between maternal and paternal overprotection scores) are robust predictors of worry and anxiety symptoms. However, this relationship showed a gender-specific pattern: lower parental care was more significant in predicting anxiety features in males, while high overprotection was more significant in females. The findings contribute to the comprehension of the risk factors influencing the susceptibility of emerging adult students to anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Carollo
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Sonia De Marzo
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Gianluca Esposito
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy.
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Tan YB, Tay EH, Shahwan S, Zhang Y, Sambasivam R, Subramaniam M. Associations between parental bonding and health-related quality of life in a clinical sample of youths aged 14-35 years in Singapore. Singapore Med J 2024:00077293-990000000-00127. [PMID: 38993101 DOI: 10.4103/singaporemedj.smj-2023-223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Individuals with psychiatric disorders tend to report having poorer bonds with their parents during their early years. These individuals often experience lower quality of life as well. This study investigated the associations between aspects of parental bonding and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in a clinical sample of youths. It was hypothesised that high parental care and low parental overprotectiveness would be associated with higher levels of HRQOL. METHODS Data were obtained from a larger cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of 400 psychiatric outpatients: 191 patients aged 14-21 (mean ± standard deviation 18.1 ± 2.22) years and 209 patients aged 22-35 (28.0 ± 4.33) years. The Parental Bonding Instrument was used to measure parental care and overprotectiveness. Short Form-12 measured physical health (physical component summary [PCS]) and mental health (mental component summary [MCS]) components of HRQOL, and the 8-item Patient Health Questionnaire assessed depressive symptoms. These scales and a sociodemographic form were self-administered. Multivariable linear regression was used for analysis. RESULTS About half of the sample reported affectionless control for mothers (46.6%) and fathers (45.9%). After controlling for sociodemographic variables, no significant relationship was found between aspects of parental bonding and PCS scores. Maternal care was associated with MCS scores (β = 0.32, P < 0.01) and PHQ-8 scores (β = -0.12, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that youths who experienced quality care from their mothers exhibit better mental health functioning despite their clinical diagnoses, which suggests that early maternal care exerts an overall long-term protective effect. Early parental education that promotes positive parenting practices could improve the overall HRQOL of individuals in adulthood despite their clinical diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoke Boon Tan
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore
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Li Y, Ye Y, Zhou X. Parent-child relationship, parenting behaviors, and adolescents' depressive symptoms after an earthquake: unraveling within-adolescent associations from between-adolescent differences. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024; 33:2301-2318. [PMID: 37924379 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-023-02319-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed temporal associations between parent-child relationship, parenting behaviors (i.e., warmth, rejection, and overprotection), and adolescents' depressive symptoms after trauma, using random-intercept cross-lagged panel models to distinguish between- and within-adolescent differences. We surveyed Chinese adolescents 12 (Aug 2018; T1), 21 (May 2019; T2), 27 (Nov 2019; T3) months after the Jiuzhaigou earthquake that occurred in August 2017. Of the 585 adolescents who participated in at least two waves of the study, mean age at T1 was 15.50 years old (SD = 1.58 years) and 57.8% were girls. Controlling adolescents' gender, age, ethnicity, trauma exposure at T1, and parents' marital status, between-adolescent results showed that parent-child relationship and parenting behaviors, parent-child relationship and depressive symptoms were correlated across models of parental warmth, rejection, and overprotection, whereas depressive symptoms were only correlated with parental rejection and overprotection. Within-adolescent results indicated that parent-child relationship and adolescents' depressive symptoms had bidirectional associations via the mediation of parental warmth from T1 to T3. Over the longer term following the earthquake, we found that parental rejection was bidirectionally associated with adolescents' depressive symptoms, whereas parental overprotection was unidirectionally influenced by adolescents' depressive symptoms from T2 to T3. In addition, more depressive symptoms in adolescents were associated with worsening parent-child relationship from T2 to T3. In conclusion, shortly after trauma, interventions should focus on improving parent-child relationship and relieving adolescents' depressive symptoms. Over the longer term after trauma, relieving adolescents' depressive symptoms should be prioritized to avoid its eroding effects on parent-child relationship and parenting behaviors, and to break the "vicious cycle".
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Li
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, China
| | - Yingying Ye
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, China.
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Neoh MJY, Lieu AA, Perinelli E, Balagtas JPM, Nah H, Ho MHR, Esposito G. An intergenerational study of parental bonding on perceptions of parental and spousal criticism and marital relationship quality in Singapore. FAMILY PROCESS 2024; 63:947-966. [PMID: 37712326 DOI: 10.1111/famp.12942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Criticism is a form of interpersonal social rejection and destructive conflict behavior which has been associated with poor relationship outcomes in both parent-child and marital relationships. However, the role of the individual's perceptions of parental and spousal criticism in influencing the perceptions of criticism of other members in the family unit has not been examined. This study investigated the associations between parental bonding and perceptions of parental and spousal criticism across generations in Singapore. In all, 134 Singaporean married parent dyads (G2) and one child (G3) of each dyad were recruited. G2 parent participants completed the Perceived Criticism measure for their parents (G1) and spouses, the Parental Bonding Instrument and the Quality of Marriage Index. G3 children participants completed the Perceived Criticism measure for their parents (G2). Path analysis found that G2 perceptions of parental bonding were significant predictors of G2's perceptions of G1 parental criticism, which significantly predicted both G2's perceptions of spousal criticism and G3's perceptions of G2 parental criticism. Perceptions of spousal criticism were also found to predict marital relationship quality in G2 participants. Findings highlight the intergenerational transmission of perceptions of criticism across relationships in the family unit, providing support that parenting practices and communication patterns in one generation can predict those in the next generation in the Singaporean context. Future studies can look to replicate the findings in other cultures and include further investigations into sibling relationships as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Jin Yee Neoh
- Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - An An Lieu
- Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Enrico Perinelli
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto (TN), Italy
| | | | - Hilda Nah
- Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Moon-Ho Ringo Ho
- Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gianluca Esposito
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto (TN), Italy
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Neoh MJY, Teng JH, Setoh P, Esposito G. Perceptions of sexism interact with perceived criticism on women's response to sexist remarks in different relationship types. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18393. [PMID: 37884572 PMCID: PMC10603159 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44952-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sexism is a widespread form of gender discrimination, which can take the form of criticism towards women based on gender stereotypes. However, little is known about how perceived criticism and sexism shape one's construal of criticism from various interpersonal sources. The present study investigated whether perceived criticism, perceived sexism and the source of criticism (mother, father, workplace supervisor, romantic partner) interact to influence upset levels in response to criticism. 178 participants completed perceived criticism (PC) ratings for the four relationships and 95 female participants also completed the Schedule of Sexist Events scale. Participants read experimental vignettes describing scenarios of criticism from different sources and rated how upset they would feel in each scenario. Perceived sexism significantly moderated the effect of PC on upset levels only for sexist-related criticism from romantic partners and supervisors. Female participants with low perceived sexism show higher levels of upset as PC increased for sexist-related criticism from supervisors whereas female participants with high perceived sexism show lower levels of upset as PC increased for sexist-related criticism from romantic partners. These findings contribute towards understanding how perceived criticism and perceived sexism influence affective reactions to criticism across interpersonal sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Jin Yee Neoh
- Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jia Hui Teng
- Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peipei Setoh
- Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gianluca Esposito
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy.
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Di Giunta L, Lunetti C, Lansford JE, Eisenberg N, Pastorelli C, Bacchini D, Uribe Tirado LM, Iselin AMR, Basili E, Gliozzo G, Favini A, Cirimele F, Remondi C. Predictors and outcomes associated with the growth curves of self-efficacy beliefs in regard to anger and sadness regulation during adolescence: a longitudinal cross-cultural study. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1010358. [PMID: 37139011 PMCID: PMC10149876 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1010358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction This longitudinal study examined unique and joint effects of parenting and negative emotionality in predicting the growth curves of adolescents' self-efficacy beliefs about regulating two discrete negative emotions (anger and sadness) and the association of these growth curves with later maladjustment (i.e., internalizing and externalizing problems). Methods Participants were 285 children (T1: M age = 10.57, SD = 0.68; 53.3% girls) and their parents (mothers N = 286; fathers N = 276) from Colombia and Italy. Parental warmth, harsh parenting, and internalizing and externalizing problems were measured in late childhood at T1, whereas early adolescents' anger and sadness were measured at T2 (T2: M age = 12.10, SD = 1.09). Adolescent self-efficacy beliefs about anger and sadness regulation were measured at five time-points from T2 to T6 (T6: M age = 18.45, SD = 0.71), and internalizing and externalizing problems were measured again at T6. Results Multi-group latent growth curve models (with country as the grouping variable) demonstrated that in both countries there was on average a linear increase in self-efficacy about anger regulation and no change or variation in self-efficacy about sadness regulation. In both countries, for self-efficacy about anger regulation (a) T1 harsh parenting and T1 externalizing problems were negatively associated with the intercept, (b) T2 anger was negatively associated with the slope, and (c) the intercept and the slope were associated with lower T6 internalizing and externalizing problems, controlling for T1 problems. For self-efficacy about sadness regulation, (a) T1 internalizing problems were negatively associated with the intercept only in Italy, (b) T2 sadness was negatively associated with the intercept only in Colombia, and (c) the intercept negatively predicted T6 internalizing problems. Discussion This study advances knowledge of the normative development of self-efficacy beliefs about anger and sadness regulation during adolescence across two countries, highlighting the predictive value of pre-existing family and individual characteristics on this development and prediction by the development of self-efficacy beliefs on later adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Di Giunta
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Carolina Lunetti
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Nancy Eisenberg
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | | | - Dario Bacchini
- Department of Human Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Giulia Gliozzo
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ainzara Favini
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Cirimele
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Remondi
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Negative emotional reactions to criticism: Perceived criticism and source affects extent of hurt and relational distancing. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271869. [PMID: 35939429 PMCID: PMC9359543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Criticism is commonly perceived as hurtful and individuals may respond differently to criticism originating from different sources. However, the influence of an individual’s perception of criticism in their social relationships on negative emotional reactions to criticism has not been examined across different relational contexts. The present study investigated the influence of perceived criticism and relational contexts–mother, father, romantic partner, and workplace supervisor–on the feelings of hurt and relational distancing experienced upon receiving criticism. Participants (N = 178) completed the Perceived Criticism Measure and read vignettes describing scenarios of personally directed criticism in the four relational contexts. Significant main effects of perceived criticism and source were found on levels of relational distancing. Participants who perceived their relational partner to be more critical experienced greater distancing upon receiving criticism from them. Greater relational distancing was experienced for criticism received from workplace supervisors compared to mothers, fathers and romantic partners. Results indicate that emotional reactions and relationship outcomes in response to criticism can differ based on individual differences and relational context, suggesting their role in relationship maintenance and development of psychopathology.
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