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Al Ashmar S, Anlar GG, Krzyslak H, Djouhri L, Kamareddine L, Pedersen S, Zeidan A. Proteomic Analysis of Prehypertensive and Hypertensive Patients: Exploring the Role of the Actin Cytoskeleton. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4896. [PMID: 38732116 PMCID: PMC11084483 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a pervasive and widespread health condition that poses a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease, which includes conditions such as heart attack, stroke, and heart failure. Despite its widespread occurrence, the exact cause of hypertension remains unknown, and the mechanisms underlying the progression from prehypertension to hypertension require further investigation. Recent proteomic studies have shown promising results in uncovering potential biomarkers related to disease development. In this study, serum proteomic data collected from Qatar Biobank were analyzed to identify altered protein expression between individuals with normal blood pressure, prehypertension, and hypertension and to elucidate the biological pathways contributing to this disease. The results revealed a cluster of proteins, including the SRC family, CAMK2B, CAMK2D, TEC, GSK3, VAV, and RAC, which were markedly upregulated in patients with hypertension compared to those with prehypertension (fold change ≥ 1.6 or ≤-1.6, area under the curve ≥ 0.8, and q-value < 0.05). Pathway analysis showed that the majority of these proteins play a role in actin cytoskeleton remodeling. Actin cytoskeleton reorganization affects various biological processes that contribute to the maintenance of blood pressure, including vascular tone, endothelial function, cellular signaling, inflammation, fibrosis, and mechanosensing. Therefore, the findings of this study suggest a potential novel role of actin cytoskeleton-related proteins in the progression from prehypertension to hypertension. The present study sheds light on the underlying pathological mechanisms involved in hypertension and could pave the way for new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Al Ashmar
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (S.A.A.); (G.G.A.); (L.D.)
| | - Gulsen Guliz Anlar
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (S.A.A.); (G.G.A.); (L.D.)
| | - Hubert Krzyslak
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark;
| | - Laiche Djouhri
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (S.A.A.); (G.G.A.); (L.D.)
| | - Layla Kamareddine
- Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar;
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Shona Pedersen
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (S.A.A.); (G.G.A.); (L.D.)
| | - Asad Zeidan
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (S.A.A.); (G.G.A.); (L.D.)
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Farhat H, Alinier G, El Aifa K, Makhlouf A, Gangaram P, Howland I, Jones A, Abid C, Khenissi MC, Howard I, Khadhraoui M, Castle N, Al Shaikh L, Laughton J, Gargouri I. Epidemiology of prehospital emergency calls according to patient transport decision in a middle eastern emergency care environment: Retrospective cohort-based. Health Sci Rep 2024; 7:e2056. [PMID: 38660000 PMCID: PMC11039809 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.2056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Though emergency medical services (EMS) respond to all types of emergency calls, they do not always result in the patient being transported to the hospital. This study aimed to explore the determinants influencing emergency call-response-based conveyance decisions in a Middle Eastern ambulance service. Methods This retrospective quantitative analysis of 93,712 emergency calls to the Hamad Medical Corporation Ambulance Service (HMCAS) between January 1 and May 31, 2023, obtained from the HMCAS electronic system, was analyzed to determine pertinent variables. Sociodemographic, emergency dispatch-related, clinical, and miscellaneous predictors were analyzed. Descriptive, bivariate, ridge logistic regression, and combination analyses were evaluated. Results 23.95% (N = 21,194) and 76.05% (N = 67,285) resulted in patient nontransport and transportation, respectively. Sociodemographic analysis revealed that males predominantly activated EMS resources, and 60% of males (n = 12,687) were not transported, whilst 65% of females (n = 44,053) were transported. South Asians represented a significant proportion of the transported patients (36%, n = 24,007). "Home" emerged as the primary emergency location (56%, n = 37,725). Bivariate analysis revealed significant associations across several variables, though multicollinearity was identified as a challenge. Ridge regression analysis underscored the role of certain predictors, such as missing provisional diagnoses, in transportation decisions. The upset plot shows that hypertension and diabetes mellitus were the most common combinations in both groups. Conclusions This study highlights the nuanced complexities governing conveyance decisions. By unveiling patterns such as male predominance, which reflects Qatar's expatriate population, and specific temporal EMS activity peaks, this study accentuates the importance of holistic patient assessment that transcends medical histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Farhat
- Ambulance ServiceHamad Medical CorporationDohaQatar
- Faculty of SciencesUniversity of SfaxSfaxTunisia
- Faculty of Medicine ‘Ibn El Jazzar’University of SousseSousseTunisia
| | - Guillaume Alinier
- Ambulance ServiceHamad Medical CorporationDohaQatar
- University of HertfordshireHatfieldUK
- Weill Cornell Medicine‐QatarDohaQatar
- Northumbria UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | | | - Ahmed Makhlouf
- Ambulance ServiceHamad Medical CorporationDohaQatar
- College of EngineeringQatar UniversityDohaQatar
| | - Padarath Gangaram
- Ambulance ServiceHamad Medical CorporationDohaQatar
- Faculty of Health SciencesDurban University of TechnologyDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Ian Howland
- Ambulance ServiceHamad Medical CorporationDohaQatar
| | - Andre Jones
- Ambulance ServiceHamad Medical CorporationDohaQatar
| | - Cyrine Abid
- Laboratory of Screening Cellular and Molecular Process, Centre of Biotechnology of SfaxUniversity of SfaxSfaxTunisia
| | | | - Ian Howard
- Ambulance ServiceHamad Medical CorporationDohaQatar
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Al Ashmar S, Anwardeen NR, Anlar GG, Pedersen S, Elrayess MA, Zeidan A. Metabolomic profiling reveals key metabolites associated with hypertension progression. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1284114. [PMID: 38390445 PMCID: PMC10881871 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1284114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pre-hypertension is a prevalent condition among the adult population worldwide. It is characterized by asymptomatic elevations in blood pressure beyond normal levels but not yet reaching the threshold for hypertension. If left uncontrolled, pre-hypertension can progress to hypertension, thereby increasing the risk of serious complications such as heart disease, stroke, kidney damage, and others. Objective The precise mechanisms driving the progression of hypertension remain unknown. Thus, identifying the metabolic changes associated with this condition can provide valuable insights into potential markers or pathways implicated in the development of hypertension. Methods In this study, we utilized untargeted metabolomics profiling, which examines over 1,000 metabolites to identify novel metabolites contributing to the progression from pre-hypertension to hypertension. Data were collected from 323 participants through Qatar Biobank. Results By comparing metabolic profiles between pre-hypertensive, hypertensive and normotensive individuals, six metabolites including stearidonate, hexadecadienoate, N6-carbamoylthreonyladenosine, 9 and 13-S-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (HODE), 2,3-dihydroxy-5-methylthio- 4-pentenoate (DMTPA), and linolenate were found to be associated with increased risk of hypertension, in both discovery and validation cohorts. Moreover, these metabolites showed a significant diagnostic performance with area under curve >0.7. Conclusion These findings suggest possible biomarkers that can predict the risk of progression from pre-hypertension to hypertension. This will aid in early detection, diagnosis, and management of this disease as well as its associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Al Ashmar
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Gulsen Guliz Anlar
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shona Pedersen
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohamed A Elrayess
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Asad Zeidan
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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Abdu Y, Naja S, Mohamed Ibrahim MI, Abdou M, Ahmed R, Elhag S, Saleh AO, Yassin M, Bougmiza I. Sleep Quality Among People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus During COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from Qatar's National Diabetes Center. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2023; 16:2803-2812. [PMID: 37727277 PMCID: PMC10506668 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s421878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Sleep disturbance is suspected to increase during the COVID-19 pandemic, and people with type 2 DM are known to have a higher risk of sleep disturbance. We aimed to determine the prevalence and determinants of sleep disturbance through Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Patients and Methods We randomly selected two hundred eighty-eight people with T2DM from the outpatient clinics of the National Diabetes Centre in Qatar. We used Chi-square, Mann-Whitney, Spearman, and Point Biserial correlation tests to examine the association between sleep quality and the independent variables. Finally, we conducted multiple logistics regression to identify the predictors of poor sleep quality and set the alpha level at 0.05. Results In our sample, the mean age (±SD) was 51.4 (± 9.5) years, and 64.3% of the study participants were males. The median (IQR) duration of diabetes was 10 (11) years. Additionally, 6.3% of the participants were on insulin. The median HbA1c was 7.6% (2.4). Three in ten patients reported poor sleep quality (PSQI>5); (n=103; 35.8%). Poor sleep quality was statistically associated with young age, previous history of sleep disturbance, prior diagnosis of sleep disorders, high depression score, and high perceived stress score. After adjusting for confounders, only high depressive symptoms score and previous history of sleep disorder were significant predictors of poor sleep quality (p < 0.001), with adjusted odd ratios of (aOR = 1.421; 95% CI: 1.242-1.625) and (aOR = 3.208; 95% CI: 1.574-6.537), respectively. Conclusion The prevalence of poor sleep quality among people with T2DM during the COVID-19 pandemic is high. Physicians must screen for depression, stress, and previous history of sleep disorder to tackle poor sleep among T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasamin Abdu
- Community Medicine Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sarah Naja
- Community Medicine Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Mariam Abdou
- Community Medicine Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Salma Elhag
- Wad Medani College of Medical Sciences and Technology, Jazeera, Sudan
| | - Ahmed O Saleh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Unity Hospital, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Mohamed Yassin
- Hematology Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Iheb Bougmiza
- Community Medicine Department, Primary Health Care Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Community Medicine Department, College of Medicine, Sousse University, Sousse, Tunisia
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AlNuaimi AA, Chemaitelly H, Semaan S, AlMukdad S, Al-Kanaani Z, Kaleeckal AH, Latif AN, Al-Romaihi HE, Butt AA, Al-Thani MH, Bertollini R, AbdulMalik M, Al-Khal A, Abu-Raddad LJ. All-cause and COVID-19 mortality in Qatar during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMJ Glob Health 2023; 8:bmjgh-2023-012291. [PMID: 37142299 PMCID: PMC10163334 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2023-012291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate all-cause mortality, COVID-19 mortality and all-cause non-COVID-19 mortality in Qatar during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS A national, retrospective cohort analysis and national, matched, retrospective cohort studies were conducted between 5 February 2020 and 19 September 2022. RESULTS There were 5025 deaths during a follow-up time of 5 247 220 person-years, of which 675 were COVID-19 related. Incidence rates were 0.96 (95% CI 0.93 to 0.98) per 1000 person-years for all-cause mortality, 0.13 (95% CI 0.12 to 0.14) per 1000 person-years for COVID-19 mortality and 0.83 (95% CI 0.80 to 0.85) per 1000 person-years for all-cause non-COVID-19 mortality. Adjusted HR, comparing all-cause non-COVID-19 mortality relative to Qataris, was lowest for Indians at 0.38 (95% CI 0.32 to 0.44), highest for Filipinos at 0.56 (95% CI 0.45 to 0.69) and was 0.51 (95% CI 0.45 to 0.58) for craft and manual workers (CMWs). Adjusted HR, comparing COVID-19 mortality relative to Qataris, was lowest for Indians at 1.54 (95% CI 0.97 to 2.44), highest for Nepalese at 5.34 (95% CI 1.56 to 18.34) and was 1.86 (95% CI 1.32 to 2.60) for CMWs. Incidence rate of all-cause mortality for each nationality group was lower than the crude death rate in the country of origin. CONCLUSIONS Risk of non-COVID-19 death was low and was lowest among CMWs, perhaps reflecting the healthy worker effect. Risk of COVID-19 death was also low, but was highest among CMWs, largely reflecting higher exposure during first epidemic wave, before advent of effective COVID-19 treatments and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiam Chemaitelly
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation - Education City, Doha, Qatar
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University,Qatar Foundation - Education City, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sandy Semaan
- Primary Health Care Corporation, Doha, Ad Dawhah, Qatar
| | - Sawsan AlMukdad
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation - Education City, Doha, Qatar
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University,Qatar Foundation - Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | | | | | - Adeel A Butt
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
- Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Laith J Abu-Raddad
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation - Education City, Doha, Qatar
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University,Qatar Foundation - Education City, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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Elashi AA, Toor SM, Diboun I, Al-Sarraj Y, Taheri S, Suhre K, Abou-Samra AB, Albagha OME. The Genetic Spectrum of Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY) in Qatar, a Population-Based Study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010130. [PMID: 36613572 PMCID: PMC9820507 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is a rare monogenic form of diabetes mellitus. In this study, we estimated the prevalence and genetic spectrum of MODY in the Middle Eastern population of Qatar using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of 14,364 subjects from the population-based Qatar biobank (QBB) cohort. We focused our investigations on 14 previously identified genes ascribed to the cause of MODY and two potentially novel MODY-causing genes, RFX6 and NKX6-1. Genetic variations within the 16 MODY-related genes were assessed for their pathogenicity to identify disease-causing mutations. Analysis of QBB phenotype data revealed 72 subjects (0.5%) with type 1 diabetes, 2915 subjects (20.3%) with type 2 diabetes and 11,377 (79.2%) without diabetes. We identified 22 mutations in 67 subjects that were previously reported in the Human Genetic Mutation Database (HGMD) as disease-causing (DM) or likely disease causing (DM?) for MODY. We also identified 28 potentially novel MODY-causing mutations, predicted to be among the top 1% most deleterious mutations in the human genome, which showed complete (100%) disease penetrance in 34 subjects. Overall, we estimated that MODY accounts for around 2.2-3.4% of diabetes patients in Qatar. This is the first population-based study to determine the genetic spectrum and estimate the prevalence of MODY in the Middle East. Further research to characterize the newly identified mutations is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma A. Elashi
- College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
| | - Salman M. Toor
- College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
| | - Ilhame Diboun
- College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
- Medical and Population Genomics Lab, Sidra Medicine, Doha P.O. Box 26999, Qatar
| | - Yasser Al-Sarraj
- Qatar Genome Program (QGP), Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha P.O. Box 5825, Qatar
| | - Shahrad Taheri
- Qatar Metabolic Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha P.O. Box 3050, Qatar
| | - Karsten Suhre
- Bioinformatics Core, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Omar M. E. Albagha
- College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +974-4454-2974
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Awad SF, A Toumi A, A Al-Mutawaa K, A Alyafei S, A Ijaz M, A H Khalifa S, B Kokku S, C M Mishra A, V Poovelil B, B Soussi M, G El-Nahas K, O Al-Hamaq A, A Critchley J, H Al-Thani M, Abu-Raddad LJ. Type 2 diabetes epidemic and key risk factors in Qatar: a mathematical modeling analysis. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2022; 10:10/2/e002704. [PMID: 35443971 PMCID: PMC9021773 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2021-002704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We aimed to characterize and forecast type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) disease burden between 2021 and 2050 in Qatar where 89% of the population comprises expatriates from over 150 countries. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS An age-structured mathematical model was used to forecast T2DM burden and the impact of key risk factors (obesity, smoking, and physical inactivity). The model was parametrized using data from T2DM natural history studies, Qatar's 2012 STEPwise survey, the Global Health Observatory, and the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, among other data sources. RESULTS Between 2021 and 2050, T2DM prevalence increased from 7.0% to 14.0%, the number of people living with T2DM increased from 170 057 to 596 862, and the annual number of new T2DM cases increased from 25 007 to 45 155 among those 20-79 years of age living in Qatar. Obesity prevalence increased from 8.2% to 12.5%, smoking declined from 28.3% to 26.9%, and physical inactivity increased from 23.1% to 26.8%. The proportion of incident T2DM cases attributed to obesity increased from 21.9% to 29.9%, while the contribution of smoking and physical inactivity decreased from 7.1% to 6.0% and from 7.3% to 7.2%, respectively. The results showed substantial variability across various nationality groups residing in Qatar-for example, in Qataris and Egyptians, the T2DM burden was mainly due to obesity, while in other nationality groups, it appeared to be multifactorial. CONCLUSIONS T2DM prevalence and incidence in Qatar were forecasted to increase sharply by 2050, highlighting the rapidly growing need of healthcare resources to address the disease burden. T2DM epidemiology varied between nationality groups, stressing the need for prevention and treatment intervention strategies tailored to each nationality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne F Awad
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine - Qatar, Doha, Qatar
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Dawha, Qatar
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Amine A Toumi
- Public Health Department, Ministry of Public Health Qatar, Doha, Ad Dawhah, Qatar
| | - Kholood A Al-Mutawaa
- Public Health Department, Ministry of Public Health Qatar, Doha, Ad Dawhah, Qatar
| | - Salah A Alyafei
- Public Health Department, Ministry of Public Health Qatar, Doha, Ad Dawhah, Qatar
| | - Muhammad A Ijaz
- Public Health Department, Ministry of Public Health Qatar, Doha, Ad Dawhah, Qatar
| | | | - Suresh B Kokku
- Public Health Department, Ministry of Public Health Qatar, Doha, Ad Dawhah, Qatar
| | - Amit C M Mishra
- Public Health Department, Ministry of Public Health Qatar, Doha, Ad Dawhah, Qatar
| | - Benjamin V Poovelil
- Public Health Department, Ministry of Public Health Qatar, Doha, Ad Dawhah, Qatar
| | - Mounir B Soussi
- Public Health Department, Ministry of Public Health Qatar, Doha, Ad Dawhah, Qatar
| | | | | | - Julia A Critchley
- Population Health Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Mohammed H Al-Thani
- Public Health Department, Ministry of Public Health Qatar, Doha, Ad Dawhah, Qatar
| | - Laith J Abu-Raddad
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine - Qatar, Doha, Qatar
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Dawha, Qatar
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York City, New York, USA
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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